1
|
Kubyshkin V, Rubini M. Proline Analogues. Chem Rev 2024; 124:8130-8232. [PMID: 38941181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Within the canonical repertoire of the amino acid involved in protein biogenesis, proline plays a unique role as an amino acid presenting a modified backbone rather than a side-chain. Chemical structures that mimic proline but introduce changes into its specific molecular features are defined as proline analogues. This review article summarizes the existing chemical, physicochemical, and biochemical knowledge about this peculiar family of structures. We group proline analogues from the following compounds: substituted prolines, unsaturated and fused structures, ring size homologues, heterocyclic, e.g., pseudoproline, and bridged proline-resembling structures. We overview (1) the occurrence of proline analogues in nature and their chemical synthesis, (2) physicochemical properties including ring conformation and cis/trans amide isomerization, (3) use in commercial drugs such as nirmatrelvir recently approved against COVID-19, (4) peptide and protein synthesis involving proline analogues, (5) specific opportunities created in peptide engineering, and (6) cases of protein engineering with the analogues. The review aims to provide a summary to anyone interested in using proline analogues in systems ranging from specific biochemical setups to complex biological systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Rubini
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mykhailiuk PK. Fluorine-Containing Prolines: Synthetic Strategies, Applications, and Opportunities. J Org Chem 2022; 87:6961-7005. [PMID: 35175772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fluorinated prolines play an important role in peptide studies, protein engineering, medicinal chemistry, drug discovery, and agrochemistry. Since the first synthesis of 4-fluoroprolines by Gottlieb and Witkop in 1965, their popularity started to grow exponentially. For example, during the past two decades, all isomeric trifluoromethyl-substituted prolines have been synthesized. In this Perspective, chemical properties and applications of fluorinated prolines are discussed. Synthetic approaches to all known fluorine-containing prolines are also discussed and analyzed. This analysis unexpectedly revealed an unsolved problem: in strict contrast to fluoro- and trifluoromethyl-substituted prolines, the corresponding analogues with fluoromethyl and difluoromethyl groups are mostly unknown. At the end of the paper, structures of several interesting, yet unknown, fluorinated prolines are disclosed─a good opportunity for chemists to make them.
Collapse
|
3
|
Hunjan MK, Panday S, Gupta A, Bhaumik J, Das P, Laha JK. Recent Advances in Functionalization of Pyrroles and their Translational Potential. CHEM REC 2021; 21:715-780. [PMID: 33650751 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Among the known aromatic nitrogen heterocycles, pyrrole represents a privileged aromatic heterocycle ranging its occurrence in the key component of "pigments of life" to biologically active natural products to active pharmaceuticals. Pyrrole being an electron-rich heteroaromatic compound, its predominant functionalization is legendary to aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions. Although a few excellent reviews on the functionalization of pyrroles including the reports by Baltazzi in 1963, Casiraghi and Rassu in 1995, and Banwell in 2006 are available, they are fragmentary and over fifteen years old, and do not cover the modern aspects of catalysis. A review covering a comprehensive package of direct functionalization on pyrroles via catalytic and non-catalytic methods including their translational potential is described. Subsequent to statutory yet concise introduction, the classical functionalization on pyrroles using Lewis acids largely following an ionic mechanism is discussed. The subsequent discussion follows the various metal-catalyzed C-H functionalization on pyrroles, which are otherwise difficult to implement by Lewis acids. A major emphasize is given on the radical based pyrrole functionalization under metal-free oxidative conditions, which is otherwise poorly highlighted in the literature. Towards the end, the current development of pyrrole functionalization under photocatalyzed and electrochemical conditions is appended. Only a selected examples of substrates and important mechanisms are discussed for different methods highlighting their scopes and limitations. The aromatic nucleophillic substitution on pyrroles (being an electron-rich heterocycle) happened to be the subject of recent investigations, which has also been covered accentuating their underlying conceptual development. Despite great achievements over the past several years in these areas, many challenges and problems are yet to be solved, which are all discussed in summary and outlook.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep Kaur Hunjan
- Department of Pharmaceutial Technology (Process Chemistry), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER) S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, 160062, India
| | - Surabhi Panday
- Department of Pharmaceutial Technology (Process Chemistry), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER) S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, 160062, India
| | - Anjali Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutial Technology (Process Chemistry), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER) S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, 160062, India
| | - Jayeeta Bhaumik
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Government of India, Sector 81 (Knowledge City), S.A.S., Nagar, 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Parthasarathi Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad, Dhanbad, 826004, India
| | - Joydev K Laha
- Department of Pharmaceutial Technology (Process Chemistry), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER) S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, 160062, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sanchez CA, Gadais C, Chaume G, Girard S, Chelain E, Brigaud T. Enantiopure 5-CF 3-Proline: Synthesis, Incorporation in Peptides, and Tuning of the Peptide Bond Geometry. Org Lett 2021; 23:382-387. [PMID: 33369434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The straightforward synthesis of enantiopure 5-(R)-and 5-(S)-trifluoromethylproline is reported. The key steps are a Ruppert-Prakash reagent addition on l-pyroglutamic esters followed by an elimination reaction and a selective reduction. The solution-phase and solid-phase incorporation of this unprotected enantiopure fluorinated amino acid in a short peptide chain was demonstrated. Compared to proline, the CF3 group provides a decrease of the trans to cis amide bond isomerization energy and an increase of the cis conformer population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clément A Sanchez
- CNRS, BioCIS, CY Cergy Paris Université, 95000 Cergy Pontoise, France.,CNRS, BioCIS, Université Paris-Saclay, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Charlène Gadais
- CNRS, BioCIS, CY Cergy Paris Université, 95000 Cergy Pontoise, France.,CNRS, BioCIS, Université Paris-Saclay, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Grégory Chaume
- CNRS, BioCIS, CY Cergy Paris Université, 95000 Cergy Pontoise, France.,CNRS, BioCIS, Université Paris-Saclay, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Sylvaine Girard
- CNRS, BioCIS, CY Cergy Paris Université, 95000 Cergy Pontoise, France.,CNRS, BioCIS, Université Paris-Saclay, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Evelyne Chelain
- CNRS, BioCIS, CY Cergy Paris Université, 95000 Cergy Pontoise, France.,CNRS, BioCIS, Université Paris-Saclay, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Thierry Brigaud
- CNRS, BioCIS, CY Cergy Paris Université, 95000 Cergy Pontoise, France.,CNRS, BioCIS, Université Paris-Saclay, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| |
Collapse
|