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Zgheib A, Fischer MH, Namyslo JC, Fittschen UEA, Wollmann A, Weber AP, Schmidt A. Photo-switchable Collectors for the Flotation of Lithium Aluminate for the Recycling of the Critical Raw Material Lithium. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202301900. [PMID: 38624078 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Flotation of the mineral lithium aluminate by application of the natural product punicine from Punica granatum and some derivatives as collectors is examined. Punicines, 1-(2',5'-dihydroxyphenyl)-pyridinium compounds, are switchable molecules whose properties can be changed reversibly. They exist as cations, neutral mesomeric betaines, anions, and dianions depending on the pH. In light, they form radicals. Five punicine derivatives were prepared which possess β-methyl, β-chlorine, γ-tert.-butyl, and γ-acetyl groups attached to the pyridinium ring, and a pyrogallol derivative. On the other hand, LiAlO2 reacts with water to give species such as LiAl2(OH)7 on its surface. Flotations were performed applying the punicines in daylight (3000 lux), in darkness (<40 lux) and under UV-irradiation (4500 lux, 390-400 nm). The pH of the suspension, the collector's concentration, the conditioning time as well as the flotation time were varied. The recovery rates strongly depend on these parameters. For example, the recovery rate of lithium aluminate was increased by 116 % on changing the lighting condition from daylight to darkness, when the pyrogallol derivative of punicine was applied. UV, FTIR, TGA and zeta potential measurements as well as DFT calculations were performed in order to gain insight into the chemistry of punicines on the surface of LiAlO2 and LiAl2(OH)7 in water which influence the flotation's results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Zgheib
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibnizstraße 6, D-38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Maximilian H Fischer
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibnizstraße 6, D-38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Jan C Namyslo
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibnizstraße 6, D-38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Ursula E A Fittschen
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße 4, D-38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Annett Wollmann
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering, Leibnizstraße 19, D-38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Alfred P Weber
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering, Leibnizstraße 19, D-38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmidt
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibnizstraße 6, D-38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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Tombrink A, Nagorny S, Batsyts S, Namyslo JC, Lederle F, Hübner EG, Adams J, Schmidt A. Highly Sensitive Switchable Sensors for Hydroxide on Glass Surfaces Based on Isoquinolinium-Quinolinium-substituted Acetylenes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304034. [PMID: 38231534 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Bi-substituted acetylenes with a quinolinium and an isoquinolinium substituent are described, which reversibly form intensely colored adducts with O-nucleophiles and thus enable the detection of >0,5 ppm hydroxide on the surfaces of various glasses. Acids reconstitute the colorless bi-substituted acetylenes. The quinolinium and isoquinolinium rings are bound via their 2-, 3-, 4- and 1-, 3-, 4-positions to the triple bond, respectively. The choice of substitution sites of the hetarenium rings enables the design of mixed conjugated/cross-conjugated π-electron systems. Depending on the combination of binding sites, the frontier orbital profile, the triple bond polarization, the fluorescence behaviour, and the sensitivity to hydroxide differs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Tombrink
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibnizstraße 6, D-38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Sven Nagorny
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibnizstraße 6, D-38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Sviatoslav Batsyts
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibnizstraße 6, D-38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Jan C Namyslo
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibnizstraße 6, D-38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Felix Lederle
- Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute HHI, Fiber Optical Sensor Systems, Am Stollen 19 H, D-38640, Goslar, Germany
| | - Eike G Hübner
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibnizstraße 6, D-38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
- Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute HHI, Fiber Optical Sensor Systems, Am Stollen 19 H, D-38640, Goslar, Germany
| | - Jörg Adams
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße 4, D-38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmidt
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibnizstraße 6, D-38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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Zgheib A, Acker S, Fischer MH, Namyslo JC, Strube F, Rudolph M, Fittschen UEA, Wollmann A, Weber AP, Nieger M, Schmidt A. Lithium aluminate flotation by pH- and light-switchable collectors based on the natural product punicine. RSC Adv 2024; 14:9353-9364. [PMID: 38510489 PMCID: PMC10952527 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00116h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Derivatives of the natural product punicine [1-(2',5'-dihydroxyphenyl)pyridinium chloride] were developed as switchable collectors for the flotation of lithium-containing engineered artifical minerals (EnAMs). These EnAMs are e.g. formed by pyrometallurgical processing of end-of-life lithium-ion batteries. Depending on the pH value and the lighting conditions, punicines exist in water as cations, two different electrostatically neutral mesomeric betaines, anionic tripoles, radical cations or radical anions. The radical species form by photochemically induced disproportionation reactions. We prepared punicine derivatives introducing alkyl chains in the pyridinium moiety (4-methyl, 4-ethyl, 4-octyl and 4-undecanyl) to install hydrophobic groups and examined the recovery rates of the flotation of lithium aluminate (LiAlO2). We varied the lighting conditions (darkness, daylight, LED irradiation at λ = 390-400 nm) and the pH value, the collector's and frother's concentration, and the flotation time. With our collectors, recovery rates of lithium aluminate up to 90% were accomplished when the flotation was conducted in Hallimond tubes exposed to daylight at pH 11 in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Zgheib
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry Leibnizstrasse 6 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Sophie Acker
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry Leibnizstrasse 6 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Maximilian Hans Fischer
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry Leibnizstrasse 6 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Jan C Namyslo
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry Leibnizstrasse 6 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Franziska Strube
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology Chemnitzer Str. 40 D-09599 Freiberg Germany
| | - Martin Rudolph
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology Chemnitzer Str. 40 D-09599 Freiberg Germany
| | - Ursula E A Fittschen
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Arnold-Sommerfeld-Str. 4 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Annett Wollmann
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Particle Technology Leibnizstrasse 19 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Alfred P Weber
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Particle Technology Leibnizstrasse 19 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Martin Nieger
- University of Helsinki, Department of Chemistry P. O. Box 55 FIN-00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Andreas Schmidt
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry Leibnizstrasse 6 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
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Weingartz T, Nagorny S, Adams J, Eitzeroth A, Schewe M, Rembe C, Schmidt A. Bis(thienyl)ethenes with α-methoxymethyl groups. Syntheses, spectroscopic Hammett plots, and stabilities in PMMA films. RSC Adv 2023; 13:25704-25716. [PMID: 37649660 PMCID: PMC10462923 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04444k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of bis(thienyl)ethenes (BTEs) possessing perfluorocyclopentene backbones and methoxymethyl groups (MOM) in the 2/2'-positions of the thiophenes was prepared and examined. The substitution pattern of the 5/5'-positions was varied, covering the range from electron-donating to electron-withdrawing. The substituent effects of the absorption wavelengths of the ring-opened and the ring-closed isomers, which are interconverted by reversible 6π-electrocyclizations and cycloreversions, are studied by means of the spectroscopic Hammett equation and the Hammett-Brown equation. Excellent correlations of these linear free energy relationships were found, when the σp values of the Hammett equation, which summarize inductive, mesomeric and field effects, were replaced to the Hammett-Brown σp+ and σp- values which also take direct conjugation into account. We studied solvent effects on the spectroscopic properties and embedded the BTEs into polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) coatings to examine their fatigue resistance. By our studies, the spectroscopic properties of BTEs can be adjusted by variation of the substitution pattern to a desired excitation wavelength for switching processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea Weingartz
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry Leibnizstrasse 6 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Sven Nagorny
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry Leibnizstrasse 6 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Jörg Adams
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Physical Chemistry Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße 4 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - André Eitzeroth
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Physical Chemistry Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße 4 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Marvin Schewe
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute for Electrical Information Technology Leibnizstraße 28 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Christian Rembe
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute for Electrical Information Technology Leibnizstraße 28 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Andreas Schmidt
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry Leibnizstrasse 6 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
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Cheng HB, Zhang S, Bai E, Cao X, Wang J, Qi J, Liu J, Zhao J, Zhang L, Yoon J. Future-Oriented Advanced Diarylethene Photoswitches: From Molecular Design to Spontaneous Assembly Systems. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2108289. [PMID: 34866257 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Diarylethene (DAE) photoswitch is a new and promising family of photochromic molecules and has shown superior performance as a smart trigger in stimulus-responsive materials. During the past few decades, the DAE family has achieved a leap from simple molecules to functional molecules and developed toward validity as a universal switching building block. In recent years, the introduction of DAE into an assembly system has been an attractive strategy that enables the photochromic behavior of the building blocks to be manifested at the level of the entire system, beyond the DAE unit itself. This assembly-based strategy will bring many unexpected results that promote the design and manufacture of a new generation of advanced materials. Here, recent advances in the design and fabrication of diarylethene as a trigger in materials science, chemistry, and biomedicine are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bo Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Shuchun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Enying Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqiao Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Ji Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Juyoung Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea
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