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Wu J, Tan X, Wu W, Jiang H. Palladium-catalyzed cascade of aza-Wacker and Povarov reactions of aryl amines and 1,6-dienes for hexahydro-cyclopenta[b]quinoline framework. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6776. [PMID: 39117681 PMCID: PMC11310316 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51173-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Palladium catalyzed tandem reaction represents a one-pot synthetic approach to efficiently synthesize complex functionalized molecules while reducing synthetic steps, aligning with the principles of green chemistry. However, achieving a direct cascade of the aza-Wacker and Povarov reactions in one-pot synthesis presents a challenge due to substrate compatibility issues between the two reactions. In this work, we describe an aza-Wacker/Povarov reaction employing a highly electrophilic palladium catalyst, which effectively converts anilines and 1,6-dienes into hexahydro-cyclopenta[b]quinolines. The optimized conditions yield up to 79%, with a diastereoselectivity > 20:1. Substrate range testing reveals compatibility with various sensitive functional groups, and successful late-stage modifications are performed on several natural products and drug molecules, demonstrating the versatility and practicality of the method. Additionally, a preliminary investigation into the reaction mechanism suggests an aza-Wacker process followed by a Povarov process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Xiangwen Tan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Wanqing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China.
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Liang G, Anderson EA. Sequencing palladium-catalyzed cycloisomerization cascades in a synthesis of the gelsemine core. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6970-6974. [PMID: 37389268 PMCID: PMC10306092 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01353g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed cycloisomerization is a powerful strategy for the construction of cyclic organic molecules, and the use of palladium catalysts can deliver a wide range of monocyclic and bicyclic products. However, applications of cycloisomerizations in complex target synthesis in which more than one cycloisomerization process is deployed in a cascade context are rare. Here we report investigations of the relative rates of two different types of ene-ynamide cycloisomerization that form fused and spirocyclic rings, and use of these results to design a sequence-controlled cascade cycloisomerization that prepares the tetracyclic core of gelsemine in a single step. Crucial to this work was an evaluation of the kinetics of each cycloisomerization in competition experiments, which revealed a key influence of the ynamide electron-withdrawing group on the cycloisomerization reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoduan Liang
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Edward A Anderson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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Nikbakht A, Ebrahimi Valdani A, Zahedian Tejeneki H, Abbasi Kejani A, Alavijeh NS, Bauer F, Darvish F, Breit B, Balalaie S. A Diastereoselective Cascade Annulation Approach to Bridged Polycyclic Heterocycles Involving an Unexpected Rearrangement. Org Lett 2023; 25:16-20. [PMID: 36542429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A diastereoselective cascade annulation between allenoates and in-situ generated isoquinoline N-oxides generating sp3-rich bridged polycyclic heterocycles is disclosed. The reaction proceeds through an unprecedented non-rearomatized rearrangement and allows access to a broad range of bridged heterocycles in 38-93% yields with excellent functional group tolerance and high diastereoselectivity. Density functional theory calculations provided key insights into the possible reaction pathway and the stereoselectivity of this procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Nikbakht
- Peptide Chemistry Research Center, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4416, Tehran 19697-64499, Iran
| | - Ahmadreza Ebrahimi Valdani
- Peptide Chemistry Research Center, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4416, Tehran 19697-64499, Iran
| | - Hossein Zahedian Tejeneki
- Peptide Chemistry Research Center, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4416, Tehran 19697-64499, Iran
| | - Alireza Abbasi Kejani
- Peptide Chemistry Research Center, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4416, Tehran 19697-64499, Iran
| | - Nahid S Alavijeh
- Peptide Chemistry Research Center, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4416, Tehran 19697-64499, Iran
| | - Felix Bauer
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Fatemeh Darvish
- Peptide Chemistry Research Center, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4416, Tehran 19697-64499, Iran
| | - Bernhard Breit
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Saeed Balalaie
- Peptide Chemistry Research Center, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4416, Tehran 19697-64499, Iran.,Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
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Rostovshchikova TN, Shilina MI, Gurevich SA, Yavsin DA, Veselov GB, Vedyagin AA. New Approaches to the Synthesis of Ultralow-Palladium Automotive Emission Control Catalysts. DOKLADY PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s001250162260019x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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Liu L, Doucet H. One Pot Access to 2'‐Aryl‐2,3'‐Bithiophenes via Twofold Palladium‐Catalyzed C‐X/C‐H Coupling Associated to a Pd‐1,4‐Migration. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Łowicki D, Przybylski P. Cascade synthetic strategies opening access to medicinal-relevant aliphatic 3- and 4-membered N-heterocyclic scaffolds. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114438. [PMID: 35567964 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cascade reactions are often 'employed' by nature to construct structurally diverse nitrogen-containing heterocycles in a highly stereoselective fashion, i.e., secondary metabolites important for pharmacy. Nitrogen-containing heterocycles of three- and four-membered rings, as standalone and bicyclic compounds, inhibit different enzymes and are pharmacophores of approved drugs or drug candidates considered in many therapies, e.g. anticancer, antibacterial or antiviral. Domino transformations are in most cases in line with modern green chemistry concepts due to atom economy, one-pot procedures often without use the protective groups, time-saving and at markedly lower costs than multistep transformations. The tandem approaches can help to obtain novel N-heterocyclic scaffolds, functionalized according to structural requirements of the target in cells, taking into account the nature of functional group and stereochemistry. On the other hand cascade strategies allow to modify small N-heterocyclic rings in a systematic way, which is beneficial for structure-activity relationship (SAR) analyses. This review is focused on the biological relevance of the N-heterocyclic scaffolds with smaller 3- and 4-membered rings among approved drugs and leading structures of drug candidates. The cascade synthetic strategies offering N-heterocyclic scaffolds, at relatively good yields and high stereoselectivity, are discussed here. The review covers mainly years from 2015 to 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Łowicki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Przybylski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznan, Poland.
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Łowicki D, Przybylski P. Tandem construction of biological relevant aliphatic 5-membered N-heterocycles. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 235:114303. [PMID: 35344904 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nature often uses cascade reactions in a highly stereocontrolled manner for assembly structurally diverse nitrogen-containing heterocyclic scaffolds, i.e. secondary metabolites, important for medicinal chemistry and pharmacy. Five-membered nitrogen-containing heterocycles as standalone rings, as well as spiro and polycyclic systems are pharmacophores of drugs approved in various therapies, i.a. antibacterial or antiviral, antifungal, anticancer, antidiabetic, as they target many key enzymes. Furthermore, a large number of pyrrolidine derivatives are currently considered as drug candidates. Cascade transformations, also known as domino or tandem reactions, offer straightforward methods to build N-heterocyclic libraries of the great structural variety desired for drawing SAR conclusions. The tandem transformations are often atom economic and time-saving because they are performed as the one-pot, so no need for purification after each 'virtual' step and the limited necessity of protective groups are characteristic for these processes. Thus, the same results as in classical multistep synthesis can be achieved at markedly lower costs and shorter time, which is in line with modern green chemistry rules. Great advantage of cascade reactions is often reflected in their high regio- and stereoselectivities, enabling the preparing of the heterocyclic compound better fitted to the expected target in cells. This review reveals the biological relevance of N-heterocyclic scaffolds based on saturated 5-membered rings since we showed a number of examples of approved drugs together with the recent biologically attractive leading structures of drug candidates. Next, novel cascade synthetic procedures, taking into account the structure of the reactants and reaction mechanisms, enabling to obtain biological-relevant heterocyclic frameworks with good yields and relatively high stereoselectivity, were reviewed and compared. The review covers the advances of designing biological active N-heterocycles mainly from 2018 to 2021, whereas the synthetic part is focused on the last 7 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Łowicki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Przybylski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznan, Poland.
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Abstract
Despite providing interesting solutions to reduce the number of synthetic steps, to decrease energy consumption or to generate less waste, therefore contributing to a more sustainable way of producing important chemicals, the expansion of the use of homogeneous catalysis in industrial processes is hampered by several drawbacks. One of the most important is the difficulty to recycle the noble metals generating potential high costs and pollution of the synthesized products by metal traces detrimental to their applications. Supporting the metals on abundant and cheap biosourced polymers has recently appeared as an almost ideal solution: They are much easier to recover from the reaction medium and usually maintain high catalytic activity. The present bibliographical review focuses on the development of catalysts based on group 10 transition metals (nickel, palladium, platinum) supported on biopolymers obtained from wood, such as cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and their derivatives. The applications of these catalysts in organic synthesis or depollution are also addressed in this review with examples of C-C couplings, oxidation, or hydrogenation reactions.
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Błocka A, Chaładaj W. Tandem Pd-Catalyzed Cyclization/Coupling of Non-Terminal Acetylenic Activated Methylenes with (Hetero)Aryl Bromides. Molecules 2022; 27:630. [PMID: 35163894 PMCID: PMC8839394 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a new method for a tandem Pd-catalyzed intramolecular addition of active methylene compounds to internal alkynes followed by coupling with aryl and heteroaryl bromides. Highly substituted vinylidenecyclopentanes were obtained with good yields, complete selectivity, and excellent functional group tolerance. A plausible mechanism, supported by DFT calculations, involves the oxidative addition of bromoarene to Pd(0), followed by cyclization and reductive elimination. The excellent regio- and stereoselectivity arises from the 5-exo-dig intramolecular addition of the enol form of the substrate to alkyne activated by the π-acidic Pd(II) center, postulated as the rate-determining step.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wojciech Chaładaj
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland;
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