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Fowler PW, Anstöter CS. Tuning (Anti)Aromaticity: Variations on the [8]-Circulene Framework. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300791. [PMID: 38279875 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Optoelectronic properties of organic molecules are underpinned by delocalisation and delocalisability of π-electrons. These properties are sensitive to small changes in electron count, whether achieved by heteroatom substitution or redox chemistry. One measure of the delocalisability of π-electrons is the current induced by an external magnetic field, which is diagnostic of (anti)aromaticity. The ab initio ipsocentric method is used here to model diverse ring-current patterns in the family of [8]-circulenes based on tetracyclopenta[def,jkl,pqr,vwx]tetraphenylene (TCPTP), in different charge states, with disjoint hetero-atom substitution, and with CC units systematically replaced by BN pairs. Maps calculated at the CHF/CTOCD-DZ2/6-31G** level reveal that these modifications of the TCPTP framework access the full range of possibilities for current from concentric global circulations (typically counter rotating) to full (non-aromatic) localisation. In the ipsocentric approach, induced current density is partitioned into robust orbital contributions that obey selection rules based on orbital symmetry, energy and nodal character. The selection rules are applied here to interpret current-density and exploit insights gained from simpler models to suggest design strategies for fine-tuning of π-delocalisability (aromaticity and antiaromaticity) in macrocyclic frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W Fowler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Cate S Anstöter
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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2
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Mizuno Y, Nogata A, Suzuki M, Nakayama KI, Hisaki I, Kishi R, Konishi A, Yasuda M. Synthesis and Characterization of Dibenzothieno[ a, f]pentalenes Enabling Large Antiaromaticity and Moderate Open-Shell Character through a Small Energy Barrier for Bond-Shift Valence Tautomerization. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20595-20609. [PMID: 37695346 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Experimental and theoretical rationalization of bond-shift valence tautomerization, characterized by double-well potential surfaces, is one of the most challenging topics of study among the rich electronic properties of antiaromatic molecules. Although the pseudo-Jahn-Teller effect (PJTE) is an essential effect to provide attractive characteristics of 4nπ systems, an understanding of the structure-property relationship derived from the PJTE for planar 4nπ electron systems is still in its infancy. Herein, we describe the synthesis and characterization of two regioisomers of the thiophene-fused diareno[a,f]pentalenes 6 and 7. The magnetic and optoelectronic properties characterize these sulfur-doped diareno[a,f]pentalenes as open-shell antiaromatic molecules, in sharp contrast to the closed-shell antiaromatic systems of 3 and 5, in which these main cores consist of the same number of π electrons as 6 and 7. Notably, thiophene-fused 6b and 7b showed pronounced antiaromaticity, the strongest among the previous systems, as well as moderate open-shell characteristics. Our experimental and theoretical investigations concluded that these properties of 6b and 7b are derived from the small energy barrier Ea‡ for the bond-shift valence tautomerization. The energy profile of the single crystal of 6b showed the temperature-dependent structural variations assigned to the dynamic mutual exchange between the two Cs-symmetric structures, which was also supported by changes in the chemical shifts of variable-temperature 1H NMR spectra in the solution phase. Both experimental and computational results revealed the importance of introducing heteroaromatic rings into 4nπ systems for controlling the PJTE and manifesting the antiaromatic and open-shell natures originating from the high-symmetric structure. The findings of this study advance the understanding of antiaromaticity characterized by the PJTE by controlling the energy barrier for bond-shift valence tautomerizations, potentially leading to the rational design of optoelectronic devices based on novel antiaromatic molecules possessing the strong contributions of their high-symmetric geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Mizuno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akira Nogata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Nakayama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ichiro Hisaki
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology (QIQB), Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akihito Konishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Makoto Yasuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Herzog S, Hinz A, Breher F, Podlech J. Cyclopenta-fused polyaromatic hydrocarbons: synthesis and characterisation of a stable, carbon-centred helical radical. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:2873-2880. [PMID: 35315476 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00172a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An air- and moisture-stable helical radical with seven six- and five-membered rings arranged alternately was synthesized by cyclizations in a suitably ortho,ortho'-substituted terphenyl and re-establishment of its conjugation. Mesityl groups at the five-membered rings prevent radical reactions. This cyclopenta-fused polyaromatic hydrocarbon (CP-PAH) was characterized by X-ray crystallographic analysis, EPR and UV/Vis spectroscopy, and by cyclic voltammetry. Further properties and spectra were determined by quantum chemical calculation (spin densities, orbital energies, UV/Vis/NIR and ECD spectra). It turned out that this radical is best described with its radical centre being in the outer five-membered rings, which allows for the largest number of fully intact benzene rings. Its triradical character is rather small and can be neglected. The five-membered rings show significant antiaromatic character, which is highest in the central ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Herzog
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, Germany
| | - Alexander Hinz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Engesserstraße 15, Germany.
| | - Frank Breher
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Engesserstraße 15, Germany.
| | - Joachim Podlech
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, Germany
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Miyoshi H, Sugiura R, Kishi R, Spisak SN, Wei Z, Muranaka A, Uchiyama M, Kobayashi N, Chatterjee S, Ie Y, Hisaki I, Petrukhina MA, Nishinaga T, Nakano M, Tobe Y. Dianion and Dication of Tetracyclopentatetraphenylene as Decoupled Annulene‐within‐an‐Annulene Models. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Miyoshi
- Division of Frontier Materials Science Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Ryosuke Sugiura
- Division of Chemical Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Division of Chemical Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology (QIQB) Osaka University Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Sarah N. Spisak
- Department of Chemistry University of Albany State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry University of Albany State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Atsuya Muranaka
- Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR) Advanced Elements Chemistry Laboratory RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR) Advanced Elements Chemistry Laboratory RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The Universiy of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Nagao Kobayashi
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology Shinshu University Ueda 386-8567 Japan
| | - Shreyam Chatterjee
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Center The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN) Osaka University Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047 Japan
| | - Yutaka Ie
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Center The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN) Osaka University Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047 Japan
| | - Ichiro Hisaki
- Division of Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES) Hokkaido University Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020 Japan
| | - Marina A. Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry University of Albany State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Tohru Nishinaga
- Graduate School of Science Tokyo Metropolitan University Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Division of Chemical Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology (QIQB) Osaka University Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Center for Spintronics Research Network (CSRN) Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI) Osaka University Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Yoshito Tobe
- Division of Frontier Materials Science Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Center The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN) Osaka University Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047 Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University 1001 Ta Hsueh Road Hsinchu 30030 Taiwan
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Miyoshi H, Sugiura R, Kishi R, Spisak SN, Wei Z, Muranaka A, Uchiyama M, Kobayashi N, Chatterjee S, Ie Y, Hisaki I, Petrukhina MA, Nishinaga T, Nakano M, Tobe Y. Dianion and Dication of Tetracyclopentatetraphenylene as Decoupled Annulene-within-an-Annulene Models. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202115316. [PMID: 34873811 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The dianion and dication of tetramesityl-substituted tetracyclopentatetraphenylene, a circulene consisting of alternating five- and six-membered rings, have been generated by reduction with alkali metals and oxidation with antimony(V) halides, respectively. They are theoretically predicted to adopt double annulenoid structures called annulene-within-an-annulene models in which the outer and inner conjugation circuits are significantly decoupled. The theoretical structures were experimentally proven by X-ray crystallographic analyses and the electronic configurations were supported by MCD spectra. Based on the 13 C NMR chemical shifts, negative and positive charges are shown to be located mainly at the outer periphery, indicating that the dianion and dication have delocalized 22-π and 18-π electron outer perimeters, respectively, and 8-π electron structure at the inner ring. Notably, the dianion has an open-shell character, whereas the dication has a closed-shell ground state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Miyoshi
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Sugiura
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.,Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology (QIQB), Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Sarah N Spisak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Atsuya Muranaka
- Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), Advanced Elements Chemistry Laboratory RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), Advanced Elements Chemistry Laboratory RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Universiy of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Nagao Kobayashi
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, 386-8567, Japan
| | - Shreyam Chatterjee
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Center, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Yutaka Ie
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Center, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Ichiro Hisaki
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.,Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Marina A Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Tohru Nishinaga
- Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.,Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology (QIQB), Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.,Center for Spintronics Research Network (CSRN), Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.,Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Yoshito Tobe
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.,Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Center, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan.,Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu, 30030, Taiwan
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