1
|
Martins GM, Braga FC, de Castro PP, Brocksom TJ, de Oliveira KT. Continuous flow reactions in the preparation of active pharmaceutical ingredients and fine chemicals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:3226-3239. [PMID: 38441166 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00418c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we present an overview of continuous flow chemistry, including photoflow and electroflow technologies in the preparation of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and fine chemical intermediates. Examples highlighting the benefits and challenges associated with continuous flow processes, mainly involving continuous thermal, photo- and electrochemical transformations, are drawn from the relevant literature, especially our experience and collaborations in this area, with emphasis on the synthesis and prospective scale-up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme M Martins
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Felipe C Braga
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Pedro P de Castro
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Timothy J Brocksom
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Kleber T de Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang CS, Xu Y, Wang SP, Zheng CL, Wang G, Sun Q. Recent advances in selective mono-/dichalcogenation and exclusive dichalcogenation of C(sp 2)-H and C(sp 3)-H bonds. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:645-681. [PMID: 38180073 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01847d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Organochalcogen compounds are prevalent in numerous natural products, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, polymers, biological molecules and synthetic intermediates. Direct chalcogenation of C-H bonds has evolved as a step- and atom-economical method for the synthesis of chalcogen-bearing compounds. Nevertheless, direct C-H chalcogenation severely lags behind C-C, C-N and C-O bond formations. Moreover, compared with the C-H monochalcogenation, reports of selective mono-/dichalcogenation and exclusive dichalcogenation of C-H bonds are relatively scarce. The past decade has witnessed significant advancements in selective mono-/dichalcogenation and exclusive dichalcogenation of various C(sp2)-H and C(sp3)-H bonds via transition-metal-catalyzed/mediated, photocatalytic, electrochemical or metal-free approaches. In light of the significance of both mono- and dichalcogen-containing compounds in various fields of chemical science and the critical issue of chemoselectivity in organic synthesis, the present review systematically summarizes the advances in these research fields, with a special focus on elucidating scopes and mechanistic aspects. Moreover, the synthetic limitations, applications of some of these processes, the current challenges and our own perspectives on these highly active research fields are also discussed. Based on the substrate types and C-H bonds being chalcogenated, the present review is organized into four sections: (1) transition-metal-catalyzed/mediated chelation-assisted selective C-H mono-/dichalcogenation or exclusive dichalcogenation of (hetero)arenes; (2) directing group-free selective C-H mono-/dichalcogenation or exclusive dichalcogenation of electron-rich (hetero)arenes; (3) C(sp3)-H dichalcogenation; (4) dichalcogenation of both C(sp2)-H and C(sp3)-H bonds. We believe the present review will serve as an invaluable resource for future innovations and drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Sheng Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing 211816, PR China.
| | - Yuan Xu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore.
| | - Shao-Peng Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing 211816, PR China.
| | - Chun-Ling Zheng
- School of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing 211816, PR China.
| | - Guowei Wang
- School of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing 211816, PR China.
| | - Qiao Sun
- School of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing 211816, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang JQ, Shen C, Shuai S, Fang L, Hu D, Wang J, Zhou Y, Ni B, Ren H. Electrochemical Selenium-Catalyzed N,O-Difunctionalization of Ynamides: Access to Polysubstituted Oxazoles. Org Lett 2022; 24:9419-9424. [PMID: 36541615 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A green and efficient approach for the difunctionalization of ynamides by merging the electrochemical and organoselenium-catalyzed processes is described. This strategy features mild reaction conditions, broad functional group tolerance and high atom-economy, and requires no external chemical oxidant. Hence, we provide a sustainable alternative for the synthesis of polysubstituted oxazoles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Qi Zhang
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang 318000, China
| | - Chunjiao Shen
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang 318000, China
| | - Shihao Shuai
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang 318000, China
| | - Ling Fang
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang 318000, China
| | - Dandan Hu
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang 318000, China
| | - Jiali Wang
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang 318000, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang 318000, China
| | - Bukuo Ni
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University-Commerce, Commerce, Texas 75429-3011, United States
| | - Hongjun Ren
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang 318000, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453000, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Doerner CV, Scheide MR, Nicoleti CR, Durigon DC, Idiarte VD, Sousa MJA, Mendes SR, Saba S, Neto JSS, Martins GM, Rafique J, Braga AL. Versatile Electrochemical Synthesis of Selenylbenzo[b]Furan Derivatives Through the Cyclization of 2-Alkynylphenols. Front Chem 2022; 10:880099. [PMID: 35655705 PMCID: PMC9152116 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.880099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We report an electrochemical oxidative intramolecular cyclization reaction between 2-alkynylphenol derivatives and different diselenides species to generate a wide variety of substituted-benzo[b]furans. Driven by the galvanostatic electrolysis assembled in an undivided cell, it provided efficient transformation into oxidant-, base-, and metal-free conditions in an open system at room temperature. With satisfactory functional group compatibility, the products were obtained in good to excellent yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos V. Doerner
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina—UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Marcos R. Scheide
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina—UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Celso R. Nicoleti
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina—UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Daniele C. Durigon
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina—UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Vinícius D. Idiarte
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina—UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Martinho J. A. Sousa
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul.—UFMS, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Samuel R. Mendes
- Departamento de Química, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Joinville, Brazil
| | - Sumbal Saba
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás—UFG, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - José S. S. Neto
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina—UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Guilherme M. Martins
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina—UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Guilherme M. Martins, ; Jamal Rafique, , ; Antonio L. Braga,
| | - Jamal Rafique
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul.—UFMS, Campo Grande, Brazil
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás—UFG, Goiânia, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Guilherme M. Martins, ; Jamal Rafique, , ; Antonio L. Braga,
| | - Antonio L. Braga
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina—UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Guilherme M. Martins, ; Jamal Rafique, , ; Antonio L. Braga,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
"Green Is the Color": An Update on Ecofriendly Aspects of Organoselenium Chemistry. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27051597. [PMID: 35268698 PMCID: PMC8911681 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Organoselenium compounds have been successfully applied in biological, medicinal and material sciences, as well as a powerful tool for modern organic synthesis, attracting the attention of the scientific community. This great success is mainly due to the breaking of paradigm demonstrated by innumerous works, that the selenium compounds were toxic and would have a potential impact on the environment. In this update review, we highlight the relevance of these compounds in several fields of research as well as the possibility to synthesize them through more environmentally sustainable methodologies, involving catalytic processes, flow chemistry, electrosynthesis, as well as by the use of alternative energy sources, including mechanochemical, photochemistry, sonochemical and microwave irradiation.
Collapse
|