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Iwasaki T, Nozaki K. Counterintuitive chemoselectivity in the reduction of carbonyl compounds. Nat Rev Chem 2024; 8:518-534. [PMID: 38831138 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00608-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The reactivity of carbonyl functional groups largely depends on the substituents on the carbon atom. Reversal of the commonly accepted order of reactivity of different carbonyl compounds requires novel synthetic approaches. Achieving selective reduction will enable the transformation of carbon resources such as plastic waste, carbon dioxide and biomass into valuable chemicals. In this Review, we explore the reduction of less reactive carbonyl groups in the presence of those typically considered more reactive. We discuss reductions, including the controlled reduction of ureas, amides and esters to aldehydes, as well as chemoselective reductions of carbonyl groups, including the reduction of ureas over carbamates, amides and esters; the reduction of amides over esters, ketones and aldehydes; and the reduction of ketones over aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Iwasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kyoko Nozaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Minami Y, Imamura S, Matsuyama N, Nakajima Y, Yoshida M. Catalytic thiolation-depolymerization-like decomposition of oxyphenylene-type super engineering plastics via selective carbon-oxygen main chain cleavages. Commun Chem 2024; 7:37. [PMID: 38378901 PMCID: PMC10879179 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01120-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
As the effective use of carbon resources has become a pressing societal issue, the importance of chemical recycling of plastics has increased. The catalytic chemical decomposition for plastics is a promising approach for creating valuable products under efficient and mild conditions. Although several commodity and engineering plastics have been applied, the decompositions of stable resins composed of strong main chains such as polyamides, thermoset resins, and super engineering plastics are underdeveloped. Especially, super engineering plastics that have high heat resistance, chemical resistance, and low solubility are nearly unexplored. In addition, many super engineering plastics are composed of robust aromatic ethers, which are difficult to cleave. Herein, we report the catalytic depolymerization-like chemical decomposition of oxyphenylene-based super engineering plastics such as polyetheretherketone and polysulfone using thiols via selective carbon-oxygen main chain cleavage to form electron-deficient arenes with sulfur functional groups and bisphenols. The catalyst combination of a bulky phosphazene base P4-tBu with inorganic bases such as tripotassium phosphate enabled smooth decomposition. This method could be utilized with carbon- or glass fiber-enforced polyetheretherketone materials and a consumer resin. The sulfur functional groups in one product could be transformed to amino and sulfonium groups and fluorine by using suitable catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Minami
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan.
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan.
| | - Sae Imamura
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Nao Matsuyama
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Yumiko Nakajima
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Masaru Yoshida
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
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Zhu J, Wang Y, Yao J, Li H. Switching the hydrogenation selectivity of urea derivatives via subtly tuning the amount and type of additive in the catalyst system. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2089-2099. [PMID: 38332828 PMCID: PMC10848806 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05674k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Catalytic hydrogenation of urea derivatives is considered to be one of the most feasible methods for indirect reduction functionalization of CO2 and synthesis of valuable chemicals and fuels. Among value-added products, methylamines, formamides and methanol are highly attractive as important industrial raw materials. Herein, we report the highly selective catalytic hydrogenation of urea derivatives to N-monomethylamines for the first time. More importantly, two- and six-electron reduction products can be switched on/off by subtly tuning 0.5 mol% KOtBu (2% to 1.5%): when the molar ratio of KOtBu/(PPh3)3RuCl2 exceeds 2.0, it is favorable for the formation of two-electron reduction products (N-formamides), while when it is below 2.0, the two-electron reduction products are further hydrogenated to six-electron reduction products (N-monomethylamines and methanol). Furthermore, changing the type of additive can also regulate this interesting selectivity. Control experiments showed that this selectivity is achieved by regulating the acid-base environment of the reaction to control the fate of the common hemiaminal intermediate. A feasible mechanism is proposed based on mechanistic experiments and characterization. This method has the advantages of being simple, universal and highly efficient, and opens up a new synthesis strategy for the utilization of renewable carbon sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, ZJU-NHU United R&D Center, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Yongtao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, ZJU-NHU United R&D Center, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Jia Yao
- Department of Chemistry, ZJU-NHU United R&D Center, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Haoran Li
- Department of Chemistry, ZJU-NHU United R&D Center, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
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Iwasaki T, Tsuge K, Naito N, Nozaki K. Chemoselectivity change in catalytic hydrogenolysis enabling urea-reduction to formamide/amine over more reactive carbonyl compounds. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3279. [PMID: 37308470 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38997-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The selective transformation of a less reactive carbonyl moiety in the presence of more reactive ones can realize straightforward and environmentally benign chemical processes. However, such a transformation is highly challenging because the reactivity of carbonyl compounds, one of the most important functionalities in organic chemistry, depends on the substituents on the carbon atom. Herein, we report an Ir catalyst for the selective hydrogenolysis of urea derivatives, which are the least reactive carbonyl compounds, affording formamides and amines. Although formamide, as well as ester, amide, and carbamate substituents, are considered to be more reactive than urea, the proposed Ir catalyst tolerated these carbonyl groups and reacted with urea in a highly chemoselective manner. The proposed chemo- and regioselective hydrogenolysis allows the development of a strategy for the chemical recycling of polyurea resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Iwasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Kazuki Tsuge
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Naoki Naito
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kyoko Nozaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
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Wu JW, Kulow RW, Redding MJ, Fine AJ, Grayson SM, Michaudel Q. Synthesis of Degradable Polysulfamides via Sulfur(VI) Fluoride Exchange Click Polymerization of AB-Type Monomers. ACS POLYMERS AU 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.2c00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiun Wei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Ryan W. Kulow
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - McKenna J. Redding
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Alexander J. Fine
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Scott M. Grayson
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Quentin Michaudel
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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Sen R, Goeppert A, Surya Prakash GK. Homogeneous Hydrogenation of CO 2 and CO to Methanol: The Renaissance of Low-Temperature Catalysis in the Context of the Methanol Economy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207278. [PMID: 35921247 PMCID: PMC9825957 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The traditional economy based on carbon-intensive fuels and materials has led to an exponential rise in anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Outpacing the natural carbon cycle, atmospheric CO2 levels increased by 50 % since the pre-industrial age and can be directly linked to global warming. Being at the core of the proposed methanol economy pioneered by the late George A. Olah, the chemical recycling of CO2 to produce methanol, a green fuel and feedstock, is a prime channel to achieve carbon neutrality. In this direction, homogeneous catalytic systems have lately been a major focus for methanol synthesis from CO2 , CO and their derivatives as potential low-temperature alternatives to the commercial processes. This Review provides an account of this rapidly growing field over the past decade, since its resurgence in 2011. Based on the critical assessment of the progress thus far, the present key challenges in this field have been highlighted and potential directions have been suggested for practically viable applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raktim Sen
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Southern CaliforniaUniversity ParkLos AngelesCA90089-1661USA
| | - Alain Goeppert
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Southern CaliforniaUniversity ParkLos AngelesCA90089-1661USA
| | - G. K. Surya Prakash
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Southern CaliforniaUniversity ParkLos AngelesCA90089-1661USA
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Rong H, Zhang Y, Ai X, Li W, Cao F, Li L. Theoretical Study on the Hydrogenolysis of Polyurethanes to Improve the Catalytic Activities. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:14662-14672. [PMID: 36062933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The metal-catalyzed hydrogenolysis of polymers is important in waste recycling; however, it is limited by the harsh reaction conditions and the low activities of catalysts, especially for earth-abundant metal-based catalysts. Herein, we perform a comprehensive study on the hydrogenolysis of polyurethane model catalyzed by Fe-, Mn-, Ru-, and Ir-iPrMACHO pincer complexes and propose a cascade mechanism comprising two-level hydrogenolysis and the hydrogenation of formaldehyde. In addition, the substrates and ligands are modulated to improve the activities of chemical recycling to monomer. It is found that the pincer ligands could dissociate from the metal centers at high reaction temperatures and further result in the deactivation of catalysts. The rigid Fe and Mn catalysts with tetradentate cyclic ligands are designed following the guidance, and the computations suggest that those designed catalysts could have high stabilities and activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Rong
- College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Yahui Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Xinliang Ai
- College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Wan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Fei Cao
- College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Longfei Li
- College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, P. R. China
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Prakash SG, Sen R, Goeppert A. Homogeneous Hydrogenation of CO2 and CO to Methanol: The Renaissance of Low Temperature Catalysis in the Context of the Methanol Economy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Surya G. Prakash
- University of Southern California Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute 837 Bloom WalkUniversity Park 90089-1661 Los Angeles UNITED STATES
| | - Raktim Sen
- University of Southern California Loker Hydrocarbon Res. Inst., and Department box Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Alain Goeppert
- University of Southern California Loker Hydrocarbon Res. Inst., and Department of Chemistry UNITED STATES
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Liu X, Zuo Y, Kallmeier F, Mejía E, Tin S, de Vries JG, Barath E. Hydrogenative Depolymerization of Silicon-modified Polyureas. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:5415-5418. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01063a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Silicon-modified polyureas were depolymerized by hydrogenation in the presence of Ru and Mn catalysts. Yields of up to 84% of the aliphatic diamine and 81% of silicon-containing diamine were achieved...
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Langsted CR, Paulson SW, Bomann BH, Suhail S, Aguirre JA, Saumer EJ, Baclasky AR, Salmon KH, Law AC, Farmer RJ, Furchtenicht CJ, Stankowski DS, Johnson ML, Corcoran LG, Dolan CC, Carney MJ, Robertson NJ. Isocyanate‐free
synthesis of ureas and polyureas via ruthenium catalyzed dehydrogenation of amines and formamides. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Blake H. Bomann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Wisconsin‐Eau Claire Eau Claire Wisconsin USA
| | - Shanzay Suhail
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Wisconsin‐Eau Claire Eau Claire Wisconsin USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Connor C. Dolan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Wisconsin‐Eau Claire Eau Claire Wisconsin USA
| | - Michael J. Carney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Wisconsin‐Eau Claire Eau Claire Wisconsin USA
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