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Takeda H, Irimajiri M, Mizutani T, Nozawa S, Matsuura Y, Kurosu M, Ishitani O. Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction Using Mixed Catalytic Systems Comprising an Iron Cation with Bulky Phenanthroline Ligands. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:7343-7355. [PMID: 38598607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
This study reports on efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction reactions using mixed catalytic systems of an Fe ion source and various 1,10-phenanthroline derivatives (R1R2p) as ligands in the presence of triethanolamine (TEOA). As the relatively bulky substituents at positions 2 and 9 of R1R2p weakened the ability to coordinate to the Fe ion, the Fe ion formed TEOA complexes. The free R1R2p accepted an electron from the reduced photosensitizer through proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) using protons of TEOA dissolved in a CH3CN solution in a CO2 atmosphere as the initial step of the catalytic cycle. Although the mixed system of the nonsubstituted 1,10-phenanthroline generates a stable tris(phenanthroline)-Fe(II) complex in solution, this complex could not function as a CO2 reduction catalyst. The mechanism in which R1R2p interacts with the Fe ion after PCET was proposed for this efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction. The proposed photocatalytic system using the 2,9-di-sec-butyl-phenanthroline ligand could produce CO with high efficiency (quantum yield of 8.2%) combined with a dinuclear Cu(I) complex as a photosensitizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Takeda
- Division of Molecular Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Mina Irimajiri
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-NE-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Toshihide Mizutani
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-NE-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Nozawa
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Yuna Matsuura
- Division of Molecular Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Masao Kurosu
- Division of Molecular Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Osamu Ishitani
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-NE-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
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Droghetti F, Amati A, Pascale F, Crochet A, Pastore M, Ruggi A, Natali M. Catalytic CO 2 Reduction with Heptacoordinated Polypyridine Complexes: Switching the Selectivity via Metal Replacement. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202300737. [PMID: 37846888 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of molecular catalysts for the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2 RR) in the presence of water, which are both effective and selective towards the generation of carbon-based products, is a critical task. Herein we report the catalytic activity towards the CO2 RR in acetonitrile/water mixtures by a cobalt complex and its iron analog both featuring the same redox-active ligand and an unusual seven-coordination environment. Bulk electrolysis experiments show that the cobalt complex mainly yields formate (52 % selectivity at an applied potential of -2.0 V vs Fc+ /Fc and 1 % H2 O) or H2 (up to 86 % selectivity at higher applied bias and water content), while the iron complex always delivers CO as the major product (selectivity >74 %). The different catalytic behavior is further confirmed under photochemical conditions with the [Ru(bpy)3 ]2+ sensitizer (bpy=2,2'-bipyridine) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine as electron donor, where the cobalt complex leads to preferential H2 formation (up to 89 % selectivity), while the iron analog quantitatively generates CO (up to 88 % selectivity). This is ascribed to a preference towards a metal-hydride vs. a metal-carboxyl pathway for the cobalt and the iron complex, respectively, and highlights how metal replacement may effectively impact on the reactivity of transition metal complexes towards solar fuel formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Droghetti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Agnese Amati
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabien Pascale
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoretiques, University of Lorraine & CNRS, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Aurélien Crochet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Mariachiara Pastore
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoretiques, University of Lorraine & CNRS, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Albert Ruggi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Mirco Natali
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
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Girnt P, Molina-Aguirre G, Gomez Bustos D, Sandoval Pauker C, Vuković L, Pinter B. Fusion Position-Dependent Aromatic Transitions of Ligand Backbone Rings for Controlling the Redox Energetics of Photoredox Catalysts. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:2586-2596. [PMID: 38251823 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
To reveal, quantify, and rationalize the effect of backbone π-extension on ligand redox activity, we studied the ground- and excited-state reduction potentials of eight ruthenium photoredox catalysts with the formula Ru(ppy)2L (L is the redox-active ligand of the bipyridine family) using density functional theory. Our research underlines the profound importance of the fusion position of backbone aromatic C6 rings on the redox activity of ligands in transition metal photoredox catalysts. Namely, certain fusion positions lead to the dearomatization of C6 rings in ligand-centered electron transfer events, resulting in a thermodynamic penalty equivalent to a half-volt negative shift in the reduction potential. Contrarily, the extent of backbone delocalization shows a minimal impact on redox energetics, which can be explained by the charge concentration at the nitrogen contact atoms in ligand-centered reductions. Grounded in Caulton's conceptual framework, we reaffirm the predictive potency of Lewis structures in ligand-centered redox energetics with qualitative and quantitative data. Our hypothesis regarding the effect of backbone ring dearomatization on redox energetics is further corroborated using magnetic and structure-based aromaticity indicators. Highlighting fusion-dependent dearomatization as a determining factor of ligand-centered electron transfer energetics, our findings hold implications for molecular-level design in advanced electroactive materials and catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Girnt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Gabriela Molina-Aguirre
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Daniel Gomez Bustos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Christian Sandoval Pauker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Lela Vuković
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Balazs Pinter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
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Droghetti F, Amati A, Ruggi A, Natali M. Bioinspired motifs in proton and CO 2 reduction with 3d-metal polypyridine complexes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:658-673. [PMID: 38117176 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05156k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of active and efficient catalysts for solar fuel generation is nowadays of high relevance for the scientific community, but at the same time poses great challenges. Critical requirements are mainly associated with the kinetic barriers due to the multi-proton and multi-electron nature of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) as well as to selectivity issues. In this regard, natural enzymes can be a source of inspiration for the design of effective and selective catalysts to target such fundamental reactions. In this Feature Article we review some recent works on molecular catalysts for both the HER and the CO2RR performed in our labs and other research teams which mainly address (i) the role of redox non-innocent ligands, to lower the overpotential for catalysis and control the selectivity, and (ii) the role of internal relays, to assist formation of catalytic intermediates via intramolecular routes. The selected exemplars have been chosen to emphasize that, although the molecular structures and the synthetic motifs are different from those of the active sites of natural enzymes, many affinities in terms of catalytic mechanism and functionality are instead present, which account for the observed remarkable performances under operative conditions. The data discussed herein thus demonstrate the great potential and the privileged role of molecular catalysts towards the design and construction of hybrid photochemical systems for solar energy conversion into fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Droghetti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences (DOCPAS), University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Agnese Amati
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences (DOCPAS), University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Albert Ruggi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin de Musée 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Mirco Natali
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences (DOCPAS), University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
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Gracia LL, Henkel P, Fuhr O, Bizzarri C. Selectivity control towards CO versus H 2 for photo-driven CO 2 reduction with a novel Co(II) catalyst. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:1766-1775. [PMID: 38025089 PMCID: PMC10667713 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing efficient catalysts for reducing carbon dioxide, a highly stable combustion waste product, is a relevant task to lower the atmospheric concentration of this greenhouse gas by upcycling. Selectivity towards CO2-reduction products is highly desirable, although it can be challenging to achieve since the metal-hydrides formation is sometimes favored and leads to H2 evolution. In this work, we designed a cobalt-based catalyst, and we present herein its physicochemical properties. Moreover, we tailored a fully earth-abundant photocatalytic system to achieve specifically CO2 reduction, optimizing efficiency and selectivity. By changing the conditions, we enhanced the turnover number (TON) of CO production from only 0.5 to more than 60 and the selectivity from 6% to 97% after four hours of irradiation at 420 nm. Further efficiency enhancement was achieved by adding 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol, producing CO with a TON up to 230, although at the expense of selectivity (54%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa-Lou Gracia
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Philip Henkel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Olaf Fuhr
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Claudia Bizzarri
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Castro J, Ferraro V, Bortoluzzi M. Visible-emitting Cu( i) complexes with N-functionalized benzotriazole-based ligands. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj03165e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bidentate benzotriazole-based N-ligands are suited for the preparation of luminescent heteroleptic copper(i) complexes with noticeable emissions related to 3MLCT transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Castro
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidade de Vigo, Facultade de Química, Edificio de Ciencias Experimentais, 36310 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Valentina Ferraro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Via Torino 155, I-30172 Mestre (VE), Italy
| | - Marco Bortoluzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Via Torino 155, I-30172 Mestre (VE), Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Reattività Chimica e Catalisi (CIRCC), via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, Italy
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