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Tian H, Ma J, Li Y, Xiao X, Zhang M, Wang H, Zhu N, Hou C, Ulstrup J. Electrochemical sensing fibers for wearable health monitoring devices. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 246:115890. [PMID: 38048721 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Real-time monitoring of health conditions is an emerging strong issue in health care, internet information, and other strongly evolving areas. Wearable electronics are versatile platforms for non-invasive sensing. Among a variety of wearable device principles, fiber electronics represent cutting-edge development of flexible electronics. Enabled by electrochemical sensing, fiber electronics have found a wide range of applications, providing new opportunities for real-time monitoring of health conditions by daily wearing, and electrochemical fiber sensors as explored in the present report are a promising emerging field. In consideration of the key challenges and corresponding solutions for electrochemical sensing fibers, we offer here a timely and comprehensive review. We discuss the principles and advantages of electrochemical sensing fibers and fabrics. Our review also highlights the importance of electrochemical sensing fibers in the fabrication of "smart" fabric designs, focusing on strategies to address key issues in fiber-based electrochemical sensors, and we provide an overview of smart clothing systems and their cutting-edge applications in therapeutic care. Our report offers a comprehensive overview of current developments in electrochemical sensing fibers to researchers in the fields of wearables, flexible electronics, and electrochemical sensing, stimulating forthcoming development of next-generation "smart" fabrics-based electrochemical sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, PR China
| | - Junlin Ma
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, PR China
| | - Yaogang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, PR China.
| | - Xinxin Xiao
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Minwei Zhang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Gentic Engineering, College of Life Science & Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, PR China
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, PR China
| | - Nan Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, PR China.
| | - Chengyi Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, PR China.
| | - Jens Ulstrup
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark.
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Lin R, Lei M, Ding S, Cheng Q, Ma Z, Wang L, Tang Z, Zhou B, Zhou Y. Applications of flexible electronics related to cardiocerebral vascular system. Mater Today Bio 2023; 23:100787. [PMID: 37766895 PMCID: PMC10519834 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ensuring accessible and high-quality healthcare worldwide requires field-deployable and affordable clinical diagnostic tools with high performance. In recent years, flexible electronics with wearable and implantable capabilities have garnered significant attention from researchers, which functioned as vital clinical diagnostic-assisted tools by real-time signal transmission from interested targets in vivo. As the most crucial and complex system of human body, cardiocerebral vascular system together with heart-brain network attracts researchers inputting profuse and indefatigable efforts on proper flexible electronics design and materials selection, trying to overcome the impassable gulf between vivid organisms and rigid inorganic units. This article reviews recent breakthroughs in flexible electronics specifically applied to cardiocerebral vascular system and heart-brain network. Relevant sensor types and working principles, electronics materials selection and treatment methods are expounded. Applications of flexible electronics related to these interested organs and systems are specially highlighted. Through precedent great working studies, we conclude their merits and point out some limitations in this emerging field, thus will help to pave the way for revolutionary flexible electronics and diagnosis assisted tools development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runxing Lin
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, 999078, China
- Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ming Lei
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Sen Ding
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Quansheng Cheng
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Zhichao Ma
- Institute of Medical Robotics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zikang Tang
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Bingpu Zhou
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Yinning Zhou
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, 999078, China
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, 999078, China
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3
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Wearable and Flexible Textile Electrodes for Biopotential Signal Monitoring: A review. ELECTRONICS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/electronics8050479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Wearable electronics is a rapidly growing field that recently started to introduce successful commercial products into the consumer electronics market. Employment of biopotential signals in wearable systems as either biofeedbacks or control commands are expected to revolutionize many technologies including point of care health monitoring systems, rehabilitation devices, human–computer/machine interfaces (HCI/HMIs), and brain–computer interfaces (BCIs). Since electrodes are regarded as a decisive part of such products, they have been studied for almost a decade now, resulting in the emergence of textile electrodes. This study presents a systematic review of wearable textile electrodes in physiological signal monitoring, with discussions on the manufacturing of conductive textiles, metrics to assess their performance as electrodes, and an investigation of their application in the acquisition of critical biopotential signals for routine monitoring, assessment, and exploitation of cardiac (electrocardiography, ECG), neural (electroencephalography, EEG), muscular (electromyography, EMG), and ocular (electrooculography, EOG) functions.
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4
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Screen-printed enzymatic glucose biosensor based on a composite made from multiwalled carbon nanotubes and palladium containing particles. Mikrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-017-2188-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Electrochemical methods as a tool for determining the antioxidant capacity of food and beverages: A review. Food Chem 2016; 221:1371-1381. [PMID: 27979102 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The growing interest in functional foods had led to the use of analytical techniques to quantify some properties, among which is the antioxidant capacity (AC). In order to identify and quantify this capacity, some techniques are used, based on synthetic radicals capture; and they are monitored by UV-vis spectrophotometry. Electrochemical techniques are emerging as alternatives, given some of the disadvantages faced by spectrophotometric methods such as the use of expensive reagent not environmentally friendly, undefined reaction time, long sample pretreatment, and low precision and sensitivity. This review focuses on the four most commonly used electrochemical techniques (cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, square wave voltammetry and chronoamperometry). Some of the applications to determine AC in foods and beverages are presented, as well as the correlation between both spectrophotometric and electrochemical techniques that have been reported.
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Hughes G, Westmacott K, Honeychurch KC, Crew A, Pemberton RM, Hart JP. Recent Advances in the Fabrication and Application of Screen-Printed Electrochemical (Bio)Sensors Based on Carbon Materials for Biomedical, Agri-Food and Environmental Analyses. BIOSENSORS 2016; 6:E50. [PMID: 27690118 PMCID: PMC5192370 DOI: 10.3390/bios6040050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This review describes recent advances in the fabrication of electrochemical (bio)sensors based on screen-printing technology involving carbon materials and their application in biomedical, agri-food and environmental analyses. It will focus on the various strategies employed in the fabrication of screen-printed (bio)sensors, together with their performance characteristics; the application of these devices for the measurement of selected naturally occurring biomolecules, environmental pollutants and toxins will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Hughes
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK.
| | - Kelly Westmacott
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK.
| | - Kevin C Honeychurch
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK.
| | - Adrian Crew
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK.
| | - Roy M Pemberton
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK.
| | - John P Hart
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK.
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Pencil It in: Exploring the Feasibility of Hand-Drawn Pencil Electrochemical Sensors and Their Direct Comparison to Screen-Printed Electrodes. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2016; 6:bios6030045. [PMID: 27589815 PMCID: PMC5039664 DOI: 10.3390/bios6030045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We explore the fabrication, physicochemical characterisation (SEM, Raman, EDX and XPS) and electrochemical application of hand-drawn pencil electrodes (PDEs) upon an ultra-flexible polyester substrate; investigating the number of draws (used for their fabrication), the pencil grade utilised (HB to 9B) and the electrochemical properties of an array of batches (i.e, pencil boxes). Electrochemical characterisation of the PDEs, using different batches of HB grade pencils, is undertaken using several inner- and outer-sphere redox probes and is critically compared to screen-printed electrodes (SPEs). Proof-of-concept is demonstrated for the electrochemical sensing of dopamine and acetaminophen using PDEs, which are found to exhibit competitive limits of detection (3σ) upon comparison to SPEs. Nonetheless, it is important to note that a clear lack of reproducibility was demonstrated when utilising these PDEs fabricated using the HB pencils from different batches. We also explore the suitability and feasibility of a pencil-drawn reference electrode compared to screen-printed alternatives, to see if one can draw the entire sensing platform. This article reports a critical assessment of these PDEs against that of its screen-printed competitors, questioning the overall feasibility of PDEs' implementation as a sensing platform.
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8
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Gold nanoparticle modified screen-printed carbon arrays for the simultaneous electrochemical analysis of lead and copper in tap water. Mikrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-016-1879-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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9
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The Mediatorless Electroanalytical Sensing of Sulfide Utilizing Unmodified Graphitic Electrode Materials. C — JOURNAL OF CARBON RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/c2020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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10
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Kanyong P, Rawlinson S, Davis J. Simultaneous electrochemical determination of dopamine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in urine using a screen-printed graphite electrode modified with gold nanoparticles. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016:10.1007/s00216-016-9351-0. [PMID: 26869343 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9351-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The authors describe a disposable screen-printed graphite electrode (SPGE) modified with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The electrode, designated as AuNPs-SPGE, was characterized by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The AuNPs-SPGE combines the electrochemical features of graphite and the disposability of screen-printed electrodes. It displays excellent electrocatalytic activity towards dopamine (DA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). Two well-defined, sharp, and fully resolved voltammetric peaks (at 525 mV for DA and at 415 mV for 5-HIAA, both vs. Ag/AgCl) were found. Square wave voltammetry was used to simultaneously determine DA and 5-HIAA in mixtures and in urine. The linear working range extends from 0.1 to 120.0 μM for both DA and 5-HIAA, and the limits of detection (based on 3× the baseline noise) are 14.0 and 5.7 nM, respectively. The fabrication method for the AuNPs-SPGE is highly reproducible. The performance of the AuNPs-SPGE was evaluated by analyzing spiked human urine, and the recoveries were found to be well over 94.0 % for both compounds. These results indicate that the AuNPs-SPGE represents a highly selective and sensitive sensor for simultaneous determination of DA and 5-HIAA in urine. Graphical Abstract Fabrication, characterization and electrochemical behavior of gold nanoparticles modified screen-printed graphite electrode towards dopamine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in human urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prosper Kanyong
- School of Engineering, Ulster University, Jordanstown, BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland.
| | - Sean Rawlinson
- School of Engineering, Ulster University, Jordanstown, BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland
| | - James Davis
- School of Engineering, Ulster University, Jordanstown, BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland
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Ruas de Souza AP, Bertotti M, Foster CW, Banks CE. Back-to-Back Screen-Printed Electroanalytical Sensors: Extending the Potential Applications of the Simplistic Design. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201500155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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12
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Rackus DG, Shamsi MH, Wheeler AR. Electrochemistry, biosensors and microfluidics: a convergence of fields. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:5320-40. [PMID: 25962356 DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00369a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemistry, biosensors and microfluidics are popular research topics that have attracted widespread attention from chemists, biologists, physicists, and engineers. Here, we introduce the basic concepts and recent histories of electrochemistry, biosensors, and microfluidics, and describe how they are combining to form new application-areas, including so-called "point-of-care" systems in which measurements traditionally performed in a laboratory are moved into the field. We propose that this review can serve both as a useful starting-point for researchers who are new to these topics, as well as being a compendium of the current state-of-the art for experts in these evolving areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darius G Rackus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
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Ruas de Souza AP, Foster CW, Kolliopoulos AV, Bertotti M, Banks CE. Screen-printed back-to-back electroanalytical sensors: heavy metal ion sensing. Analyst 2015; 140:4130-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an00381d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The back-to-back screen-printed electrochemical sensing approach is applied to the quantification of lead(ii) in drinking water which is independently verified with ICP-OES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P. Ruas de Souza
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and the Environment
- Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Manchester Metropolitan University
- Manchester M15 GD
| | - Christopher W. Foster
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and the Environment
- Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Manchester Metropolitan University
- Manchester M15 GD
| | - Athanasios V. Kolliopoulos
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and the Environment
- Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Manchester Metropolitan University
- Manchester M15 GD
| | - Mauro Bertotti
- Instituto de Química – Universidade de São Paulo
- São Paulo
- Brazil
| | - Craig E. Banks
- Instituto de Química – Universidade de São Paulo
- São Paulo
- Brazil
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Das A, Sangaranarayanan MV. Electroanalytical Sensor Based on Unmodified Screen‐Printed Carbon Electrode for the Determination of Levo‐Thyroxine. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashis Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai‐600036, India
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15
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Chekin F, Gorton L, Tapsobea I. Direct and mediated electrochemistry of peroxidase and its electrocatalysis on a variety of screen-printed carbon electrodes: amperometric hydrogen peroxide and phenols biosensor. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:439-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8282-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ribeiro LF, Masini JC. Automated Determination of Cu(II), Pb(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II) in Environmental Samples by Square Wave Voltammetry Exploiting Sequential Injection Analysis and Screen Printed Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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17
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Design and characterisation of a thin-film electrode array with shared reference/counter electrodes for electrochemical detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 57:85-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Foster CW, Metters JP, Kampouris DK, Banks CE. Ultraflexible Screen-Printed Graphitic Electroanalytical Sensing Platforms. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201300563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Niu X, Lan M, Zhao H, Chen C, Li Y, Zhu X. Review: Electrochemical Stripping Analysis of Trace Heavy Metals Using Screen-Printed Electrodes. ANAL LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2013.805416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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Foster CW, Metters JP, Banks CE. Ultra Flexible Paper Based Electrochemical Sensors: Effect of Mechanical Contortion upon Electrochemical Performance. ELECTROANAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201300274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Electrochemically Assisted Injection in Combination with Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry (EAI-CE-MS) - Mechanistic and Quantitative Studies of the Reduction of 4-Nitrotoluene at Various Carbon-Based Screen-Printed Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201200393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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22
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Arduini F, Neagu D, Dall'Oglio S, Moscone D, Palleschi G. Towards a Portable Prototype Based on Electrochemical Cholinesterase Biosensor to be Assembled to Soldier Overall for Nerve Agent Detection. ELECTROANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201100540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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23
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Dang T, Ramsaran R, Roy S, Froehlich J, Wang J, Kubiak CP. Design of a High Throughput 25-Well Parallel Electrolyzer for the Accelerated Discovery of CO2 Reduction Catalysts via a Combinatorial Approach. ELECTROANAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201100346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Metters JP, Kadara RO, Banks CE. New directions in screen printed electroanalytical sensors: an overview of recent developments. Analyst 2011; 136:1067-76. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00894j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Choudhry NA, Banks CE. Electrolytically fabricated microrods on screen printed graphite electrodes: Electro-catalyticoxidation of alcohols. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2011; 3:74-77. [PMID: 32938113 DOI: 10.1039/c0ay00527d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nickel modified graphite screen printed electrodes are explored towards the sensing of alcohols in alkaline solutions. Electrolytically formed nickel microrods with average lengths and diameters of 12 μM and 2 μM respectively are shown to be readily formed on the surfaces of graphite screen printed electrodes. This is the first example of electrolytically formed nickel nanorods which exhibit electro-catalysis towards the sensing of ethanol over the range 2.6-23 mM and glycol over the range 230-1840 μM with limits of detection of 1.4 mM and 186 μM respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem A Choudhry
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and the Environment, Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, Lancs, UK.
| | - Craig E Banks
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and the Environment, Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, Lancs, UK.
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Direct electrochemistry and bioelectrocatalysis of a class II non-symbiotic plant haemoglobin immobilised on screen-printed carbon electrodes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:1643-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3800-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Yang YL, Chuang MC, Lou SL, Wang J. Thick-film textile-based amperometric sensors and biosensors. Analyst 2010; 135:1230-4. [PMID: 20498876 DOI: 10.1039/b926339j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of amperometric sensors into clothing through direct screen-printing onto the textile substrate is described. Particular attention is given to electrochemical sensors printed directly on the elastic waist of underwear that offers tight direct contact with the skin. The textile-based printed carbon electrodes have a well-defined appearance with relatively smooth conductor edges and no apparent defects or cracks. Convenient voltammetric and chronoamperometric measurements of 0-3 mM ferrocyanide, 0-25 mM hydrogen peroxide, and 0-100 muM NADH have been documented. The favorable electrochemical behavior is maintained under folding or stretching stress, relevant to the deformation of clothing. The electrochemical performance and tolerance to mechanical stress are influenced by the physical characteristics of the textile substrate. The results indicate the potential of textile-based screen-printed amperometric sensors for future healthcare, sport or military applications. Such future applications would benefit from tailoring the ink composition and printing conditions to meet the specific requirements of the textile substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Li Yang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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28
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Benedet J, Lu D, Cizek K, La Belle J, Wang J. Amperometric sensing of hydrogen peroxide vapor for security screening. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 395:371-6. [PMID: 19396431 PMCID: PMC2727587 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2788-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2008] [Revised: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rapid detection of the hydrogen peroxide precursor of peroxide explosives is required in numerous security screening applications. We describe a highly sensitive and selective amperometric detection of hydrogen peroxide vapor at an agarose-coated Prussian-blue (PB) modified thick-film carbon transducer. The sensor responds rapidly and reversibly to dynamic changes in the level of the peroxide vapor, with no apparent carry over and with a detection limit of 6 ppbv. The remarkable selectivity of the PB-based screen-printed electrode towards hydrogen peroxide leads to effective discrimination against common beverage samples. For example, blind tests have demonstrated the ability to selectively and non-invasively identify concealed hydrogen peroxide in drinking cups and bottles. The attractive performance of the new microfabricated PB-based amperometric peroxide vapor sensor indicates great potential for addressing a wide range of security screening and surveillance applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Benedet
- The Biodesign Institute and Departments of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5801 USA
| | - Donglai Lu
- The Biodesign Institute and Departments of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5801 USA
| | - Karel Cizek
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448 USA
| | - Jeff La Belle
- The Biodesign Institute and Departments of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5801 USA
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448 USA
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Cai J, Cizek K, Long B, McAferty K, Campbell CG, Allee DR, Vogt BD, La Belle J, Wang J. Flexible Thick-Film Electrochemical Sensors: Impact of Mechanical Bending and Stress on the Electrochemical Behavior. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2009; 137:379-385. [PMID: 20160861 PMCID: PMC2673014 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2008.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The influence of the mechanical bending, rolling and crimping of flexible screen-printed electrodes upon their electrical properties and electrochemical behavior has been elucidated. Three different flexible plastic substrates, Mylar, polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), and Kapton, have been tested in connection to the printing of graphite ink working electrodes. Our data indicate that flexible printed electrodes can be bent to extremely small radii of curvature and still function well, despite a marginal increase the electrical resistance. Below critical radii of curvature of ~8 mm, full recovery of the electrical resistance occurs upon strain release. The electrochemical response is maintained for sub-mm bending radii and a 180° pinch of the electrode does not lead to device failure. The electrodes appear to be resistant to repeated bending. Such capabilities are demonstrated using model compounds, including ferrocyanide, trinitrotoluene (TNT) and nitronaphthalene (NN). These printed electrodes hold great promise for widespread applications requiring flexible, yet robust non-planar sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Cai
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5001, USA
| | - Karel Cizek
- Department of Nanoengineering, University California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Brenton Long
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5001, USA
| | - Kenyon McAferty
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5001, USA
| | - Casey G. Campbell
- Flexible Display Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85284, USA
| | - David R. Allee
- Flexible Display Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85284, USA
| | - Bryan D. Vogt
- Flexible Display Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85284, USA
| | - Jeff La Belle
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5001, USA
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Corresponding author: E-mail address:
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30
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Electrochemical sensors and biosensors based on heterogeneous carbon materials. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-009-0131-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Hybrid Microfluidic Sensors Fabricated by Screen Printing and Injection Molding for Electrochemical and Electrochemiluminescence Detection. ELECTROANAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200804415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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32
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Konash A, Harris AR, Zhang J, Elton D, Hyland M, Kennedy G, Bond AM. Theoretical and experimental evaluation of screen-printed tubular carbon ink disposable sensor well electrodes by dc and Fourier transformed ac voltammetry. J Solid State Electrochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-008-0751-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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33
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Kagie A, Bishop D, Burdick J, La Belle J, Dymond R, Felder R, Wang J. Flexible Rolled Thick‐Film Miniaturized Flow‐Cell for Minimally Invasive Amperometric Sensing. ELECTROANAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200804253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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34
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Harris AR, Zhang J, Konash A, Elton D, Hyland M, Bond AM. Efficient strategy for quality control of screen-printed carbon ink disposable sensor electrodes based on simultaneous evaluation of resistance, capacitance and Faradaic current by Fourier transform AC voltammetry. J Solid State Electrochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-008-0524-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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35
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Hart JP, Crew A, Crouch E, Honeychurch KC, Pemberton RM. Some Recent Designs and Developments of Screen‐Printed Carbon Electrochemical Sensors/Biosensors for Biomedical, Environmental, and Industrial Analyses. ANAL LETT 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/al-120030682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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36
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Palchetti I, Marrazza G, Mascini M. NEW PROCEDURES TO OBTAIN ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSORS FOR HEAVY METAL DETECTION. ANAL LETT 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/al-100103594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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37
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Immunological Biosensor for Detection of Vibrio cholerae O1in Environmental Water Samples. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-006-9156-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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38
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Rao VK, Sharma MK, Pandey P, Sekhar K. Comparison of different carbon ink based screen-printed electrodes towards amperometric immunosensing. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-006-9154-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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39
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Salimi A, Alizadeh V, Compton RG. Disposable Amperometric Sensor for Neurotransmitters Based on Screen-Printed Electrodes Modified with a Thin Iridium Oxide Film. ANAL SCI 2005; 21:1275-80. [PMID: 16317893 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.21.1275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Potential cycling in the range from -0.2 to +1.2 V is used for the electrodeposition of hydrous iridium oxide films onto a screen-printed electrode from a saturated solution of alkaline iridium(III) solution. The iridium oxide redox couple shows a stable and obvious reversible redox, with the formal potential being pH dependent in the range 1-14. The properties, stability and electrochemical properties of iridium oxide films were investigated by cyclic voltammetry. A modified electrode showed excellent catalytic activity toward the oxidation of neurotransmitters (catecholamines) over a wide pH range (2-8). The electrocatalytic behavior is further exploited as a sensitive detection scheme for adrenaline and dopamine by hydrodynamic amperometry. Under the optimized conditions, the calibration curves are linear in the concentration range 0.1-70 and 0.1-15 microM for dopamine and adrenaline determination, respectively. The detection limit and sensitivity are 30 nM and 30 nA/microM for adrenaline and 15 nM and 80 nA/microM for dopamine. Finally, the analytical performance of the modified electrode was demonstrated for the elimination of interference by uric acid in catecholamines determination when present in a 1000-fold concentration excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Salimi
- Department of Chemistry, Kurdistan University, Sanandaj, Iran.
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40
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Mersal GAM, Khodari M, Bilitewski U. Optimisation of the composition of a screen-printed acrylate polymer enzyme layer with respect to an improved selectivity and stability of enzyme electrodes. Biosens Bioelectron 2004; 20:305-14. [PMID: 15308235 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2004.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2003] [Revised: 01/19/2004] [Accepted: 01/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucose oxidase (GOD) was immobilized on screen-printed platinum electrodes by entrapment in a screen printable paste polymerized by irradiation with UV-light. The influences of different additives, in particular polymers and graphite, on the sensitivity and stability of the sensor and the permeability of the enzyme layer for a possible electrochemical interferent were investigated. The chosen additives were Gafquat 755N, poly-L-lysine, bovine serum albumin (BSA), sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), polyethylene glycol (PEG), Nafion and graphite. All additives led to increases of glucose signals, i.e. improved the sensitivity of glucose detection with Gafquat 755N, poly-L-lysine, SDS and graphite showing the strongest influences with increases by a factor 4, 6.5, 5 and 10, respectively. Ascorbic acid was used as a model interferent showing the influence of the enzyme layer composition on the selectivity of the sensor. The addition of Gafquat 755N or poly-L-lysine led to higher signals not only for glucose, but also for ascorbic acid. SDS addition already reduced the influence of ascorbic acid, which was almost completely eliminated when Nafion (5%) and PEG (10%) were added. A comparable beneficial effect on the selectivity of the sensors was also observed for the addition of 0.5% graphite. Thus, the enzyme electrodes with PEG, Nafion or graphite as additives in the enzyme layer were applied to glucose determinations in food samples and samples obtained from E. coli cultivations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A M Mersal
- Gesellschaft Für Biotechnologische Forschung GmbH, Mascheroder Weg 1, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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41
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Detection of homocysteine at carbon nanotube paste electrodes. Talanta 2004; 63:443-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2003.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2003] [Revised: 11/07/2003] [Accepted: 11/07/2003] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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42
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Ricci F, Arduini F, Amine A, Moscone D, Palleschi G. Characterisation of Prussian blue modified screen-printed electrodes for thiol detection. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2003.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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43
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Gao Q, Ma Y, Cheng Z, Wang W, Yang X. Flow injection electrochemical enzyme immunoassay based on the use of an immunoelectrode strip integrate immunosorbent layer and a screen-printed carbon electrode. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(03)00578-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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44
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Ertl P, Wagner M, Corton E, Mikkelsen SR. Rapid identification of viable Escherichia coli subspecies with an electrochemical screen-printed biosensor array. Biosens Bioelectron 2003; 18:907-16. [PMID: 12713914 DOI: 10.1016/s0956-5663(02)00206-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rapid identification of Escherichia coli strains is an important diagnostic goal in applied medicine as well as the environmental and food sciences. This paper reports an electrochemical, screen-printed biosensor array, where selective recognition is accomplished using lectins that recognize and bind to cell-surface lipopolysaccharides and coulometric transduction exploits non-native external oxidants to monitor respiratory cycle activity in lectin-bound cells. Ten different lectins were separately immobilized onto porous membranes that feature activated surfaces (ImmunodyneABC). Modified membranes were exposed to untreated E. coli cultures for 30 min, rinsed, and layered over the individual screen-printed carbon electrodes of the sensor array. The membranes were were incubated 5 min in a reagent solution that contained the oxidants menadione and ferricyanide as well as the respiratory substrates succinate and formate. Electrochemical oxidation of ferrocyanide for 2 min provided chronocoulometric data related to the quantities of bound cells. These screen-printed sensor arrays were used in conjunction with factor analysis for the rapid identification of four E. coli subspecies (E. coli B, E. coli Neotype, E. coli JM105 and E. coli HB101). Systematic examination of lectin-binding patterns showed that these four E. coli subspecies are readily distinguished using only five essential lectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ertl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Ont., Waterloo, Canada N2L 3G1
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45
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46
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Turkus˘ić E, Kalcher K, Schachl K, Komersova A, Bartos M, Moderegger H, Svancara I, Vytras K. AMPEROMETRIC DETERMINATION OF GLUCOSE WITH AN MnO2AND GLUCOSE OXIDASE BULK-MODIFIED SCREEN-PRINTED CARBON INK BIOSENSOR. ANAL LETT 2001. [DOI: 10.1081/al-100108410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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47
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Zhang C, Haruyama T, Kobatake E, Aizawa M. Disposable electrochemical capillary-fill device for glucose sensing incorporating a water-soluble enzyme/mediator layer. Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)01105-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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48
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Ranganathan S, McCreery RL. Electroanalytical performance of carbon films with near-atomic flatness. Anal Chem 2001; 73:893-900. [PMID: 11289433 DOI: 10.1021/ac0007534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Physicochemical and electrochemical characterization of carbon films obtained by pyrolyzing a commercially available photoresist has been performed. Photoresist spin-coated on to a silicon wafer was pyrolyzed at 1,000 degrees C in a reducing atmosphere (95% nitrogen and 5% hydrogen) to produce conducting carbon films. The pyrolyzed photoresist films (PPF) show unusual surface properties compared to other carbon electrodes. The surfaces are nearly atomically smooth with a root-mean-square roughness of <0.5 nm. PPF have a very low background current and oxygen/carbon atomic ratio compared to conventional glassy carbon and show relatively weak adsorption of methylene blue and anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate. The low oxygen/carbon ratio and the relative stability of PPF indicate that surfaces may be partially hydrogen terminated. The pyrolyzed films were compared to glassy carbon (GC) heat treated under the same conditions as pyrolysis to evaluate the electroanalytical utility of PPF. Heterogeneous electron-transfer kinetics of various redox systems were evaluated. For Ru(NH3)6(3+/2+), Fe(CN)6(3-/4-), and chlorpromazine, fresh PPF surfaces show electron-transfer rates similar to those on GC, but for redox systems such as Fe3+/2+, ascorbic acid, dopamine, and oxygen, the kinetics on PPF are slower. Very weak interactions between the PPF surface and these redox systems lead to their slow electron-transfer kinetics. Electrochemical anodization results in a simultaneous increase in background current, adsorption, and electron-transfer kinetics. The PPF surfaces can be chemically modified via diazonium ion reduction to yield a covalently attached monolayer. Such a modification could help in the preparation of low-cost, high-volume analyte-specific electrodes for diverse electroanalytical applications. Overall, pyrolysis of the photoresist yields an electrode surface with properties similar to a very smooth version of glassy carbon, with some important differences in surface chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ranganathan
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210-1185, USA
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49
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Wang J, Lu J, Hocevar SB, Ogorevc B. Bismuth-Coated Screen-Printed Electrodes for Stripping Voltammetric Measurements of Trace Lead. ELECTROANAL 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-4109(200101)13:1<13::aid-elan13>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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50
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Zen JM, Chung HH, Kumar AS. Determination of lead(II) on a copper/mercury-plated screen-printed electrode. Anal Chim Acta 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)01052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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