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Arkhypova V, Soldatkin O, Soldatkin A, Dzyadevych S. Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Enzyme Inhibition Effect. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202300214. [PMID: 37639188 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Several electrochemical biosensors based on various enzyme inhibition effects have been designed; their laboratory prototypes have been manufactured and thoroughly investigated. It should be noted that such biosensors are adapted to large-scale production technologies. A number of advantages and disadvantages of developed biosensors based on enzyme inhibition has been discussed. It is important that all developed biosensors are not opposite to traditional analytical methods, but complement them. This is an additional system of quick and early warning about the presence of toxic substances in the environment. Such systems can save time and money in emergencies due to the possibility of quick decision-making on local environmental problems. If necessary, more accurate, but time-consuming and expensive traditional methods could be used for further validation and additional research of samples previously tested by biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentyna Arkhypova
- Department of Biomolecular Electronics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 150 Zabolotnogo Str., 03143, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr Soldatkin
- Department of Biomolecular Electronics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 150 Zabolotnogo Str., 03143, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Alexei Soldatkin
- Department of Biomolecular Electronics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 150 Zabolotnogo Str., 03143, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University, 4G Glushkova av., 03022, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Sergei Dzyadevych
- Department of Biomolecular Electronics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 150 Zabolotnogo Str., 03143, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University, 4G Glushkova av., 03022, Kyiv, Ukraine
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Maanaki H, Xu T, Chen G, Du X, Wang J. Development of integrated smartphone/resistive biosensor for on-site rapid environmental monitoring of organophosphate pesticides in food and water. BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS: X 2023; 15:100402. [PMID: 38124900 PMCID: PMC10732357 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosx.2023.100402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) pesticides remain a worldwide health concern due to their acute or chronic poisoning and widespread use in agriculture around the world. There is a need for robust and field-deployable tools for onsite detection of OP pesticides in food and water. Herein, we present an integrated smartphone/resistive biosensor for simple, rapid, reagentless, and sensitive monitoring of OP pesticides in food and environmental water. The biosensor leverages the hydrolytic activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) to its substrate, acetylcholine (ACh), and unique transport properties of polyaniline nanofibers (PAnNFs) of chitosan/AChE/PAnNF/carbon nanotube (CNT) nanocomposite film on a gold interdigitated electrode. The principle of the sensor relies on OP inhibiting AChE, thus, reducing the rate of ACh hydrolysis and consequently decreasing the rate of protons doping the PAnNFs. Such resulted decrease in conductance of PAnNF can be used to quantify OP pesticides in a sample. A mobile app for the biosensor was developed for analyzing measurement data and displaying and sharing testing results. Under optimal conditions, the biosensor demonstrated a wide linear range (1 ppt-100 ppb) with a low detection limit (0.304 ppt) and high reproducibility (RSD <5%) for Paraoxon-Methyl (PM), a model analyte. Furthermore, the biosensor was successfully applied for analyzing PM spiked food/water samples with an average recovery rate of 98.3% and provided comparable results with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. As such, the nanosensing platform provides a promising tool for onsite rapid and sensitive detection of OP pesticides in food and environmental water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussian Maanaki
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
- NanoDiagnostic Technology, LLC, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Terry Xu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
| | - Guibing Chen
- Center for Excellent in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina A & T State University, NC Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Xiuxia Du
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
- Center for Environmental Monitoring and Informatics Technologies for Public Health, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
- NanoDiagnostic Technology, LLC, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
- Center for Environmental Monitoring and Informatics Technologies for Public Health, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
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Arkhypova V, Soldatkin O, Mozhylevska L, Konvalyuk I, Kunakh V, Dzyadevych S. Enzyme biosensor based on pH‐sensitive field‐effect transistors for assessment of total indole alkaloids content in tissue culture of
Rauwolfia serpentina. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Valentyna Arkhypova
- Department of Biomolecular Electronics Department of Cell Population Genetics Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 150 Zabolotnogo Str. Kyiv Україна 03143 Ukraine
| | - Olexandr Soldatkin
- Department of Biomolecular Electronics Department of Cell Population Genetics Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 150 Zabolotnogo Str. Kyiv Україна 03143 Ukraine
- Institute of High Technologies Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv 4 G avenue Glushkova Kyiv 03022 Ukraine
| | - Lyudmyla Mozhylevska
- Department of Biomolecular Electronics Department of Cell Population Genetics Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 150 Zabolotnogo Str. Kyiv Україна 03143 Ukraine
| | - Iryna Konvalyuk
- Department of Biomolecular Electronics Department of Cell Population Genetics Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 150 Zabolotnogo Str. Kyiv Україна 03143 Ukraine
| | - Viktor Kunakh
- Department of Biomolecular Electronics Department of Cell Population Genetics Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 150 Zabolotnogo Str. Kyiv Україна 03143 Ukraine
| | - Sergei Dzyadevych
- Department of Biomolecular Electronics Department of Cell Population Genetics Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 150 Zabolotnogo Str. Kyiv Україна 03143 Ukraine
- Institute of High Technologies Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv 4 G avenue Glushkova Kyiv 03022 Ukraine
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Reshma R, Gupta B, Sharma R, Ghosh KK. Facile and visual detection of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors by carbon quantum dots. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj02347j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sensitive and rapid detection of organophosphate toxicants is highly relevant and important in environmental protection and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Reshma
- School of Studies in Chemistry
- Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University
- Raipur (C.G.) 492010
- India
| | - Bhanushree Gupta
- Centre for Basic Sciences
- Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University
- Raipur (C.G.) 492010
- India
| | - Rahul Sharma
- Department Of Plant Physiology
- Agri. Biochemistry
- Medicinal & Aromatic Plants
- Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya
- Raipur (C.G.) 492012
| | - Kallol K. Ghosh
- School of Studies in Chemistry
- Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University
- Raipur (C.G.) 492010
- India
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In situ monitoring of myenteric neuron activity using acetylcholinesterase-modified AlGaN/GaN solution-gate field-effect transistors. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 77:1048-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.10.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Stepurska K, Soldatkin O, Arkhypova V, Soldatkin A, Lagarde F, Jaffrezic-Renault N, Dzyadevych S. Development of novel enzyme potentiometric biosensor based on pH-sensitive field-effect transistors for aflatoxin B1 analysis in real samples. Talanta 2015; 144:1079-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Stepurska K, Soldatkin О, Kucherenko I, Arkhypova V, Dzyadevych S, Soldatkin A. Feasibility of application of conductometric biosensor based on acetylcholinesterase for the inhibitory analysis of toxic compounds of different nature. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 854:161-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Biosensors containing acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase as recognition tools for detection of various compounds. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2015. [DOI: 10.2478/s11696-014-0542-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAcetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) are enzymes expressed in the human body under physiological conditions. AChE is an important part of the cholinergic nerves where it hydrolyses neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Both cholinesterases are sensitive to inhibitors acting as neurotoxic compounds. In analytical applications, the enzymes can serve as a biorecognition element in biosensors as well as simple disposable sensors (dipsticks) and be used for assaying the neurotoxic compounds. In the present review, the mechanism of AChE and BChE inhibition by disparate compounds is explained and methods for assaying the enzymes activity are shown. Optical, electrochemical, and piezoelectric biosensors are described. Attention is also given to the application of sol-gel techniques and quantum dots in the biosensors’ construction. Examples of the biosensors are provided and the pros and cons are discussed.
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Kamelipour N, Mohsenifar A, Tabatabaei M, Rahmani-Cherati T, Khoshnevisan K, Allameh A, Milani MM, Najavand S, Etemadikia B. Fluorometric determination of paraoxon in human serum using a gold nanoparticle-immobilized organophosphorus hydrolase and coumarin 1 as a competitive inhibitor. Mikrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-013-1103-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Soldatkin AP, Dzyadevych SV, Korpan YI, Sergeyeva TA, Arkhypova VN, Biloivan OA, Soldatkin OO, Shkotova LV, Zinchenko OA, Peshkova VM, Saiapina OY, Marchenko SV, El'skaya AV. Biosensors. A quarter of a century of R&D experience. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.7124/bc.000819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. P. Soldatkin
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
| | - S. V. Dzyadevych
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
| | - Y. I. Korpan
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
| | - T. A. Sergeyeva
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
| | - V. N. Arkhypova
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
| | - O. A. Biloivan
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
| | - O. O. Soldatkin
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
| | - L. V. Shkotova
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
| | - O. A. Zinchenko
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
| | - V. M. Peshkova
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
| | - O. Y. Saiapina
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
| | - S. V. Marchenko
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
| | - A. V. El'skaya
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
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Lavecchia T, Rea G, Antonacci A, Giardi MT. Healthy and adverse effects of plant-derived functional metabolites: the need of revealing their content and bioactivity in a complex food matrix. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013; 53:198-213. [PMID: 23072533 PMCID: PMC3662084 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2010.520829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, both food quality and its effect on human health have become a fundamental issue all over the world. As a consequence of this new and increased awareness, American, European, and Asian policymakers have strongly encouraged the research programs on food quality and safety thematic. Attempts to improve human health and to satisfy people's desire for healthcare without intake of pharmaceuticals, has led the food industry to focus attention on functional or nutraceutical food. For a long time, compounds with nutraceutical activity have been produced chemically, but the new demands for a sustainable life have gradually led the food industry to move towards natural compounds, mainly those derived from plants. Many phytochemicals are known to promote good health, but, sometimes, undesirable effects are also reported. Furthermore, several products present on the market show few benefits and sometimes even the reverse - unhealthy effects; the evidence of efficacy is often unconvincing and epidemiological studies are necessary to prove the truth of their claims. Therefore, there is a need for reliable analytical control systems to measure the bioactivity, content, and quality of these additives in the complex food matrix. This review describes the most widespread nutraceutics and an analytical control of the same using recently developed biosensors which are promising candidates for routine control of functional foods.
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Polypyrrole-based bilayer nitrate amperometric biosensor with an integrated permselective poly-ortho-phenylenediamine layer for exclusion of inorganic interferences. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 26:4270-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Disposable potentiometric sensors for monitoring cholinesterase activity. Talanta 2010; 83:357-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2010.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Biosensors based on cholinesterase inhibition for insecticides, nerve agents and aflatoxin B1 detection (review). Mikrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-010-0317-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Arduini F, Amine A, Moscone D, Palleschi G. Reversible Enzyme Inhibition–Based Biosensors: Applications and Analytical Improvement Through Diagnostic Inhibition. ANAL LETT 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710902901913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Sohail M, Adeloju S. Fabrication of Redox-Mediator Supported Potentiometric Nitrate Biosensor with Nitrate Reductase. ELECTROANAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200804542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Härtl A, Baur B, Stutzmann M, Garrido JA. Enzyme-modified field effect transistors based on surface-conductive single-crystalline diamond. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:9898-9906. [PMID: 18690730 DOI: 10.1021/la8014139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme-modified field effect transistors (ENFETs) were realized using surface-conductive single-crystalline diamond films. The enzymes penicillinase and acetylcholinesterase were immobilized onto the active area of diamond-based electrolytic solution gated FETs, using different organic linker molecules and cross-linking chemistries. The active area of the devices was patterned to generate enzyme-modified regions next to surface-conductive regions. Penicillinase was chosen as a robust model system, but the main focus of the present paper is on acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme essential for many neuronal signal transduction processes. All the different ENFETs show a clear and specific response to the corresponding substrate, penicillin and acetylcholine. The device response is based on the pH sensitivity of the surface-conductive active area and is enabled by the local pH change induced during the enzymatic reaction. The devices demonstrate promising stability and characteristic variations of the enzymatic activity with measurement conditions. Furthermore, the results from the ENFET measurements were compared with the results of spectrophotometric experiments, carried out with enzymes immobilized on diamond substrates and also with free enzymes in solution. This allows an analysis of the enzyme kinetics, as well as qualitative comparison of the different functionalization methods employed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Härtl
- Walter Schottky Institut, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
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Nonfaradaic Impedance Probing of Potato Glycoalkaloids Interaction with Butyrylcholinesterase Immobilized onto Gold Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200603601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Stoytcheva M, Zlatev R, Valdez B, Magnin JP, Velkova Z. Electrochemical sensor based on Arthrobacter globiformis for cholinesterase activity determination. Biosens Bioelectron 2006; 22:1-9. [PMID: 16376069 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2005.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2005] [Revised: 11/11/2005] [Accepted: 11/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The sensors applied recently for determination of cholinesterase activity are mostly enzymatic amperometric sensors, in spite of their disadvantages: short life-time at ambient temperature, instability of the response, interferences, as well as passivation of the electrode surface. In the present paper a new approach for determination of cholinesterase activity was proposed, overcoming the main drawbacks of the analysis performed with amperometric enzymatic sensors. Instead of the immobilization of enzymes on a conducting electrode surface, whole cells of Arthrobacter globiformis, containing choline oxidase were fixed on a Clark type oxygen probe. Current proportional to bacteria respiration is registered as a sensor response. The application of whole cells of bacteria as a sensing element permits to achieve high stability of the response and long life-time of the sensor at ambient temperature, due to the conservation of the enzyme in its natural micro-environment inside the immobilized cells. The proposed sensor keeps its functionality more than 7 weeks stored in deionized water at ambient temperature. For the first 2 weeks the amplitude of the response decreases with only 10% and at the end of the studied 7 weeks period the response was 50% of the initial. The other advantages of the proposed sensor are: the dissolved oxygen is used as a mediator which concentration can be reliably and interferences free measured by the aim of a Clark type oxygen probe applied as a transducer; reproducible bacterial membranes can be elaborated by filtration of resuspended bacterial culture after preliminary determination of its activity; application of membranes containing lyophilized bacteria capable to be conserved infinitely long time and activated just before their application; negligible cost compared with the sensors based on immobilized enzymes. The steady-state response of the proposed bacterial sensor to choline obtained in 200 s is linear in the investigated concentration range up to 2 x 10(-4) moldm(-3), with detection limit of 8 x 10(-8) moldm(-3) and sensitivity of 4 x 10(-1) microAcm(3)mol(-1), at pH 6, temperature of 25 degrees C and stirring rate of 300 rpm. Choline is formed as a result of the catalytic hydrolysis (depending on the cholinesterase activity) of the substrate acetylcholine. Linear calibration graph for cholinesterase activity determination was obtained in the range up to 11 mUcm(-3), with a slope of 1.97 x 10(-2) microAcm(3)mU(-1), at pH 6, temperature of 25 degrees C and stirring rate of 300 rpm. The tests with reconstituted lyophilized serum with known activity used as a control sample confirm the accuracy of the proposed method. The relative error of the determination was only 2.82%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Stoytcheva
- University of Mining and Geology, Department of Chemistry, Studentski grad, 1700 Sofia, Bulgaria.
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Amine A, Mohammadi H, Bourais I, Palleschi G. Enzyme inhibition-based biosensors for food safety and environmental monitoring. Biosens Bioelectron 2006; 21:1405-23. [PMID: 16125923 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2005.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2005] [Revised: 06/23/2005] [Accepted: 07/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Analytical technology based on sensors is an extremely broad field which impacts on many major industrial sectors such as the pharmaceutical, healthcare, food, and agriculture industries as well as environmental monitoring. This review will highlight the research carried out during the last 5 years on biosensors that are based on enzyme inhibition for determination of pollutants and toxic compounds in a wide range of samples. Here the different enzymes implicated in the inhibition, different transducers forming the sensing devices, and the different contaminants analyzed are considered. The general application of the various biosensors developed, with emphasis on food and environmental applications, is reviewed as well as the general approaches that have been used for enzyme immobilization, the enzyme catalysis, and the inhibition mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Amine
- Laboratoire des Analyses Chimiques et des Biocapteurs, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Mohammadia, Morocco.
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