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Imali DY, Perera ECJ, Kaumal MN, Dissanayake DP. Conducting polymer functionalization in search of advanced materials in ionometry: ion-selective electrodes and optodes. RSC Adv 2024; 14:25516-25548. [PMID: 39139237 PMCID: PMC11321474 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02615b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Functionalized conducting polymers (FCPs) have recently garnered attention as ion-selective sensor materials, surpassing their intrinsic counterparts due to synergistic effects that lead to enhanced electrochemical and analytical parameters. Following a brief introduction of the fundamental concepts, this article provides a comprehensive review of the recent developments in the application of FCPs in ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) and ion-selective optodes (ISOs), particularly as ion-to-electron transducers, optical transducers, and ion-selective membranes. Utilizing FCPs in these devices offers a promising avenue for detecting and measuring ions in various applications, regardless of the sample nature and composition. Research has focused on functionalizing different conducting polymers, such as polyaniline and polypyrrole, through strategies such as doping and derivatization to alter their hydrophobicity, conductance, redox capacitance, surface area, pH sensitivity, gas and light sensitivity, etc. These modifications aim to enhance performance outcomes, including potential stability/emission signal stability, reproducibility and low detection limits. The advancements have led to the transition of ISEs from conventional zero-current potentiometric ion sensing to innovative current-triggered sensing approaches, enabling calibration-free applications and emerging concepts such as opto-electro dual sensing systems. The intrinsic pH cross-response and instability of the optical signal of ISOs have been overcome through the novel optical signal transduction mechanisms facilitated by FCPs. In this review, the characteristics of materials, functionalization approaches, particular implementation strategies, specific performance outcomes and challenges faced are discussed. Consolidating dispersed information in the field, the in-depth analysis presented here is poised to drive further innovations by broadening the scope of ion-selective sensors in real-world scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Yureka Imali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colombo Colombo 03 Sri Lanka
| | | | - M N Kaumal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colombo Colombo 03 Sri Lanka
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2
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Liu J, Xu Z, Yang M, Zhang S, Tang A. An Ion Selective Electrode Based on Ti3C2 Solid‐state Transduction for Rapid Detection of Lead Ion Concentration in Aqueous Solution. ELECTROANAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202200043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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3
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Rostampour M, Bailey B, Autrey C, Ferrer K, Vantoorenburg B, Patel PK, Calvo-Marzal P, Chumbimuni-Torres KY. Single-Step Integration of Poly(3-Octylthiophene) and Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Highly Reproducible Paper-Based Ion-Selective Electrodes. Anal Chem 2021; 93:1271-1276. [PMID: 33372767 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Calibration of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) is cumbersome, time-consuming, and constitutes a significant limitation for the development of single-use and wearable disposable sensors. To address this problem, we have studied the effect of ion-selective membrane solvent on ISE reproducibility by comparing tetrahydrofuran (THF) (a typical solvent for membrane preparation) and cyclohexanone. In addition, a single-step integration of semiconducting/transducer polymer poly(3-octylthiophene) (POT) with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) into the paper-based ISEs (PBISEs) substrate was introduced. PBISEs for potassium and sodium ions were developed, and these ISEs present outstanding sensor performance and high potential reproducibility, as low as ±1.0 mV (n = 3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rostampour
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816-2366, United States
| | - Brian Bailey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816-2366, United States
| | - Cody Autrey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816-2366, United States
| | - Karla Ferrer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816-2366, United States
| | - Brooke Vantoorenburg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816-2366, United States
| | - Parth K Patel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816-2366, United States
| | - Percy Calvo-Marzal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816-2366, United States
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Mao C, Yuan D, Wang L, Bakker E. Separating boundary potential changes at thin solid contact ion transfer voltammetric membrane electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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5
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Unintended Changes of Ion-Selective Membranes Composition-Origin and Effect on Analytical Performance. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10100266. [PMID: 32998393 PMCID: PMC7601616 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10100266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ion-selective membranes, as used in potentiometric sensors, are mixtures of a few important constituents in a carefully balanced proportion. The changes of composition of the ion-selective membrane, both qualitative and quantitative, affect the analytical performance of sensors. Different constructions and materials applied to improve sensors result in specific conditions of membrane formation, in consequence, potentially can result in uncontrolled modification of the membrane composition. Clearly, these effects need to be considered, especially if preparation of miniaturized, potentially disposable internal-solution free sensors is considered. Furthermore, membrane composition changes can occur during the normal operation of sensors—accumulation of species as well as release need to be taken into account, regardless of the construction of sensors used. Issues related to spontaneous changes of membrane composition that can occur during sensor construction, pre-treatment and their operation, seem to be underestimated in the subject literature. The aim of this work is to summarize available data related to potentiometric sensors and highlight the effects that can potentially be important also for other sensors using ion-selective membranes, e.g., optodes or voltammetric sensors.
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Shao Y, Ying Y, Ping J. Recent advances in solid-contact ion-selective electrodes: functional materials, transduction mechanisms, and development trends. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:4405-4465. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00587k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This article presents a comprehensive overview of recent progress in the design and applications of solid-contact ion-selective electrodes (SC-ISEs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhou Shao
- Laboratory of Agricultural Information Intelligent Sensing
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Yibin Ying
- Laboratory of Agricultural Information Intelligent Sensing
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Jianfeng Ping
- Laboratory of Agricultural Information Intelligent Sensing
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
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7
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Jaworska E, Mazur M, Maksymiuk K, Michalska A. Fate of Poly(3-octylthiophene) Transducer in Solid Contact Ion-Selective Electrodes. Anal Chem 2018; 90:2625-2630. [PMID: 29334225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
An experimental approach allowing visualization and quantification of the underestimated spontaneous process of partition of conducting polymer transducer material to the ion-selective membrane phase is proposed. The approach proposed is based on optical properties of the transducer material applied, using polythiophene as a model system. It is shown that this process occurs not only during the sensor preparation step but also during pretreatment of the sensor before use. As shown, this uncontrolled partition of the transducer to the receptor leads to conducting polymer contents in the membrane phase reaching 0.5% w/w; this process is accompanied by a partial spontaneous change of the oxidation state of polythiophene. The conducting polymer present in the membrane participates to some extent in the overall response of the sensor, which can be observed as a change in the polythiophene optical emission spectra. Fluorescence microscopic images obtained clearly show that the conducting polymer is distributed throughout the membrane thickness, being present also at the membrane/solution interface. The experimental results presented were obtained for K+-selective sensors using poly(3-octylthiophene) as a model transducer; however, the proposed approach is also applicable for other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Jaworska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw , Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Mazur
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw , Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Maksymiuk
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw , Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Michalska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw , Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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He N, Papp S, Lindfors T, Höfler L, Latonen RM, Gyurcsányi RE. Pre-Polarized Hydrophobic Conducting Polymer Solid-Contact Ion-Selective Electrodes with Improved Potential Reproducibility. Anal Chem 2017; 89:2598-2605. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning He
- Åbo Akademi University, Johan Gadolin Process
Chemistry Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Laboratory of
Analytical Chemistry, Biskopsgatan 8, FIN-20500 Turku/Åbo, Finland
| | - Soma Papp
- Department
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, MTA-BME “Lendület”
Chemical Nanosensors Research Group, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szt. Gellért tér 4, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tom Lindfors
- Åbo Akademi University, Johan Gadolin Process
Chemistry Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Laboratory of
Analytical Chemistry, Biskopsgatan 8, FIN-20500 Turku/Åbo, Finland
| | - Lajos Höfler
- Department
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szt. Gellért tér 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rose-Marie Latonen
- Åbo Akademi University, Johan Gadolin Process
Chemistry Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Laboratory of
Analytical Chemistry, Biskopsgatan 8, FIN-20500 Turku/Åbo, Finland
| | - Róbert E. Gyurcsányi
- Department
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, MTA-BME “Lendület”
Chemical Nanosensors Research Group, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szt. Gellért tér 4, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
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9
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Kou L, Fu M, Liang R. Solid-contact Ca2+-selective electrodes based on two-dimensional black phosphorus as ion-to-electron transducers. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra07743b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A solid-contact Ca2+-selective electrode with two-dimensional black phosphorus as the solid contact was developed for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Kou
- School of Enology
- Binzhou Medical University
- Yantai
- P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation
| | - Minglang Fu
- School of Enology
- Binzhou Medical University
- Yantai
- P. R. China
| | - Rongning Liang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes
- YICCAS
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10
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Yin T, Li J, Qin W. An All-solid-state Polymeric Membrane Ca2+-selective Electrode Based on Hydrophobic Alkyl-chain-functionalized Graphene Oxide. ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201600383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanji Yin
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation; Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC); Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS; Yantai Shandong 264003 P. R. China
| | - Jinghui Li
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation; Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC); Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS; Yantai Shandong 264003 P. R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Wei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation; Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC); Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS; Yantai Shandong 264003 P. R. China
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11
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An Q, Jiao L, Jia F, Ye J, Li F, Gan S, Zhang Q, Ivaska A, Niu L. Robust single-piece all-solid-state potassium-selective electrode with monolayer-protected Au clusters. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Poly(3-octylthiophene) as solid contact for ion-selective electrodes: contradictions and possibilities. J Solid State Electrochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-016-3340-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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He N, Gyurcsányi RE, Lindfors T. Electropolymerized hydrophobic polyazulene as solid-contacts in potassium-selective electrodes. Analyst 2016; 141:2990-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an02664d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electropolymerized hydrophobic polyazulene based solid-contact potassium-selective electrodes have been characterized in terms of their suitability for potassium measurements in serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning He
- Åbo Akademi University
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry
- FIN-20500 Turku/Åbo
| | - Róbert E. Gyurcsányi
- MTA-BME “Lendület” Chemical Nanosensors Research Group
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics
- Budapest
- Hungary
| | - Tom Lindfors
- Åbo Akademi University
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry
- FIN-20500 Turku/Åbo
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14
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Savan EK, Paşahan A, Aksoy B, Güngör Ö, Köytepe S, Seçkin T. Preparation and properties of selective polyurethane films and their use for the development of biomedical dopamine sensor. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2015.1129952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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Li J, Yin T, Qin W. An all-solid-state polymeric membrane Pb2+-selective electrode with bimodal pore C60 as solid contact. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 876:49-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Solid-Contact Ion-Selective Electrodes (ISEs) based on Ligand Functionalised Gold Nanoparticles. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.01.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Rahman MM, Li XB, Lopa NS, Ahn SJ, Lee JJ. Electrochemical DNA hybridization sensors based on conducting polymers. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 15:3801-29. [PMID: 25664436 PMCID: PMC4367386 DOI: 10.3390/s150203801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Conducting polymers (CPs) are a group of polymeric materials that have attracted considerable attention because of their unique electronic, chemical, and biochemical properties. This is reflected in their use in a wide range of potential applications, including light-emitting diodes, anti-static coating, electrochromic materials, solar cells, chemical sensors, biosensors, and drug-release systems. Electrochemical DNA sensors based on CPs can be used in numerous areas related to human health. This review summarizes the recent progress made in the development and use of CP-based electrochemical DNA hybridization sensors. We discuss the distinct properties of CPs with respect to their use in the immobilization of probe DNA on electrode surfaces, and we describe the immobilization techniques used for developing DNA hybridization sensors together with the various transduction methods employed. In the concluding part of this review, we present some of the challenges faced in the use of CP-based DNA hybridization sensors, as well as a future perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mahbubur Rahman
- Nanotechnology Research Center and Department of Applied Life Science, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea.
| | - Xiao-Bo Li
- Nanotechnology Research Center and Department of Applied Life Science, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea.
| | - Nasrin Siraj Lopa
- Nanotechnology Research Center and Department of Applied Life Science, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea.
| | - Sang Jung Ahn
- Center for Advanced Instrumentation, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon 305-340, Korea.
| | - Jae-Joon Lee
- Nanotechnology Research Center and Department of Applied Life Science, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea.
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18
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Ye J, Li F, Gan S, Jiang Y, An Q, Zhang Q, Niu L. Using sp2-C dominant porous carbon sub-micrometer spheres as solid transducers in ion-selective electrodes. Electrochem commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Yin T, Pan D, Qin W. All-Solid-State Polymeric Membrane Ion-Selective Miniaturized Electrodes Based on a Nanoporous Gold Film as Solid Contact. Anal Chem 2014; 86:11038-44. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5029209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanji Yin
- Key
Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation
and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (YICCAS), Yantai, Shandong 264003, P. R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Dawei Pan
- Key
Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation
and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (YICCAS), Yantai, Shandong 264003, P. R. China
| | - Wei Qin
- Key
Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation
and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (YICCAS), Yantai, Shandong 264003, P. R. China
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Chester R, Sohail M, Ogden MI, Mocerino M, Pretsch E, De Marco R. A calixarene-based ion-selective electrode for thallium(I) detection. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 851:78-86. [PMID: 25440668 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Three new calixarene Tl(+) ionophores have been utilized in Tl(+) ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) yielding Nernstian response in the concentration range of 10(-2)-10(-6)M TlNO3 with a non-optimized filling solution in a conventional liquid contact ISE configuration. The complex formation constants (logβIL) for two of the calixarene derivatives with thallium(I) (i.e. 6.44 and 5.85) were measured using the sandwich membrane technique, with the other ionophore immeasurable due to eventual precipitation of the ionophore during these long-term experiments. Furthermore, the unbiased selectivity coefficients for these ionophores displayed excellent selectivity against Zn(2+), Ca(2+), Ba(2+), Cu(2+), Cd(2+) and Al(3+) with moderate selectivity against Pb(2+), Li(+), Na(+), H(+), K(+), NH4(+) and Cs(+), noting that silver was the only significant interferent with these calixarene-based ionophores. When optimizing the filling solution in a liquid contact ISE, it was possible to achieve a lower limit of detection of approximately 8nM according to the IUPAC definition. Last, the new ionophores were also evaluated in four solid-contact (SC) designs leading to Nernstian response, with the best response noted with a SC electrode utilizing a gold substrate, a poly(3-octylthiophene) (POT) ion-to-electron transducer and a poly(methyl methacrylate)-poly(decyl methacrylate) (PMMA-PDMA) co-polymer membrane. This electrode exhibited a slope of 58.4mVdecade(-1) and a lower detection limit of 30.2nM. Due to the presence of an undesirable water layer and/or leaching of redox mediator from the graphite redox buffered SC, a coated wire electrode on gold and graphite redox buffered SC yielded grossly inferior detection limits against the polypyrrole/PVC SC and POT/PMMA-PDMA SC ISEs that did not display signs of a water layer or leaching of SC ingredients into the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Chester
- Nanochemistry Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Manzar Sohail
- Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Locked Bag 4, Maroochydore DC, Queensland 4556, Australia
| | - Mark I Ogden
- Nanochemistry Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Mauro Mocerino
- Nanochemistry Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Ernö Pretsch
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Roland De Marco
- Nanochemistry Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia; Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Locked Bag 4, Maroochydore DC, Queensland 4556, Australia.
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Pawlak M, Bakker E. Chemical Modification of Polymer Ion-Selective Membrane Electrode Surfaces. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201300449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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22
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McElhoney K, O'Neil GD, Chaniotakis NA, Kounaves SP. Stability and Lifetime of Potassium Solid-Contact Ion Selective Electrodes for Continuous and Autonomous Measurements. ELECTROANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201200264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Critical assessment of graphene as ion-to-electron transducer for all-solid-state potentiometric sensors. Talanta 2012; 97:414-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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24
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Gold nanoparticles solid contact for ion-selective electrodes of highly stable potential readings. Talanta 2011; 85:1986-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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25
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Polymeric membranes conditioning for sensors applications: mechanism and influence on analytes detection. J Solid State Electrochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-011-1456-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Fierke MA, Lai CZ, Bühlmann P, Stein A. Effects of architecture and surface chemistry of three-dimensionally ordered macroporous carbon solid contacts on performance of ion-selective electrodes. Anal Chem 2010; 82:680-8. [PMID: 20000696 PMCID: PMC2832318 DOI: 10.1021/ac902222n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the architecture and surface chemistry of three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) carbon solid contacts on the properties of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) were examined. Infiltration of the plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membrane into the pores of the carbon created a large interfacial area between the sensing membrane and the solid contact, as shown by cryo-scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM) and elemental analysis. This large interfacial area, along with the high capacitance of the 3DOM carbon solid contacts (as determined by cyclic voltammetry, chronopotentiometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) results in an excellent long-term stability of the potentiometric response, with drifts as low as 11.7 muV/h. The comparison of 3DOM carbon solid contacts with an untemplated carbon solid contact shows that the pore structure is an essential feature for the excellent electrode performance. However, the surface chemistry of the 3DOM carbon cannot be ignored. While there is no evidence for an aqueous layer forming between the sensing membrane and unoxidized 3DOM carbon, electrodes based on oxidized 3DOM carbon exhibit potentiometric responses with the typical hysteresis indicative of a water layer. A comparison of the different techniques to characterize the solid contacts confirms that constant-current charge-discharge experiments offer an intriguing approach to assess the long-term stability of solid-contact ISEs but shows that their results need to be interpreted with care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Fierke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Chun-Ze Lai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Andreas Stein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
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Crespo GA, Macho S, Bobacka J, Rius FX. Transduction Mechanism of Carbon Nanotubes in Solid-Contact Ion-Selective Electrodes. Anal Chem 2008; 81:676-81. [DOI: 10.1021/ac802078z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gastón A. Crespo
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Rovira i Virgili University, 43007 Tarragona, Spain, and Process Chemistry Centre, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Åbo Akademi University, FIN-20500 Åbo-Turku, Finland
| | - Santiago Macho
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Rovira i Virgili University, 43007 Tarragona, Spain, and Process Chemistry Centre, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Åbo Akademi University, FIN-20500 Åbo-Turku, Finland
| | - Johan Bobacka
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Rovira i Virgili University, 43007 Tarragona, Spain, and Process Chemistry Centre, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Åbo Akademi University, FIN-20500 Åbo-Turku, Finland
| | - F. Xavier Rius
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Rovira i Virgili University, 43007 Tarragona, Spain, and Process Chemistry Centre, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Åbo Akademi University, FIN-20500 Åbo-Turku, Finland
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28
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Grygołowicz-Pawlak E, Palys B, Biesiada K, Olszyna AR, Malinowska E. Covalent binding of sensor phases - a recipe for stable potentials of solid-state ion-selective sensors. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 625:137-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Revised: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Lindner E, Gyurcsányi RE. Quality control criteria for solid-contact, solvent polymeric membrane ion-selective electrodes. J Solid State Electrochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-008-0608-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Privett
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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31
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Light sensitivity and potential stability of electrically conducting polymers commonly used in solid contact ion-selective electrodes. J Solid State Electrochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-008-0561-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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32
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McGraw C, Radu T, Radu A, Diamond D. Evaluation of Liquid- and Solid-Contact, Pb2+-Selective Polymer-Membrane Electrodes for Soil Analysis. ELECTROANAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200704068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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33
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Crespo GA, Macho S, Rius FX. Ion-Selective Electrodes Using Carbon Nanotubes as Ion-to-Electron Transducers. Anal Chem 2008; 80:1316-22. [DOI: 10.1021/ac071156l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gastón A. Crespo
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Rovira i Virgili University, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Santiago Macho
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Rovira i Virgili University, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - F. Xavier Rius
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Rovira i Virgili University, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Bobacka
- Åbo Akademi University, Process Chemistry Centre, c/o Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Biskopsgatan 8, FI-20500 Turku-Åbo, Finland; Faculty of Material Science and Ceramics, AGH-University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, PL-30059 Cracow, Poland; and Åbo Akademi University, Process Chemistry Centre, c/o Center for Process Analytical Chemistry and Sensor Technology (ProSens), Biskopsgatan 8, FI-20500 Turku-Åbo, Finland
| | - Ari Ivaska
- Åbo Akademi University, Process Chemistry Centre, c/o Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Biskopsgatan 8, FI-20500 Turku-Åbo, Finland; Faculty of Material Science and Ceramics, AGH-University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, PL-30059 Cracow, Poland; and Åbo Akademi University, Process Chemistry Centre, c/o Center for Process Analytical Chemistry and Sensor Technology (ProSens), Biskopsgatan 8, FI-20500 Turku-Åbo, Finland
| | - Andrzej Lewenstam
- Åbo Akademi University, Process Chemistry Centre, c/o Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Biskopsgatan 8, FI-20500 Turku-Åbo, Finland; Faculty of Material Science and Ceramics, AGH-University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, PL-30059 Cracow, Poland; and Åbo Akademi University, Process Chemistry Centre, c/o Center for Process Analytical Chemistry and Sensor Technology (ProSens), Biskopsgatan 8, FI-20500 Turku-Åbo, Finland
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De Marco R, Veder JP, Clarke G, Nelson A, Prince K, Pretsch E, Bakker E. Evidence of a water layer in solid-contact polymeric ion sensors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 10:73-6. [PMID: 18075683 PMCID: PMC2883726 DOI: 10.1039/b714248j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the very first direct structural evidence for the formation of a 100 +/- 10 A water layer in coated-wire polymeric-membrane ion-selective electrodes (ISEs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland De Marco
- Nanochemistry Research Institute, Department of Applied Chemistry, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, 6845, Australia. Fax: +61 8 9266 7322; Tel: +61 9266 2602
| | - Jean-Pierre Veder
- Nanochemistry Research Institute, Department of Applied Chemistry, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, 6845, Australia. Fax: +61 8 9266 7322; Tel: +61 9266 2602
| | - Graeme Clarke
- Nanochemistry Research Institute, Department of Applied Chemistry, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, 6845, Australia. Fax: +61 8 9266 7322; Tel: +61 9266 2602
| | - Andrew Nelson
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization (ANSTO), PMB 1, Menai, New South Wales, 2234, Australia.. A. Nelson, Fax: +61 2 9717 3606; Tel: +61 2 9717 9477; K. Prince, Fax: +61 2 9717 3599; Tel: +61 2 9717 9217
| | - Kathryn Prince
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization (ANSTO), PMB 1, Menai, New South Wales, 2234, Australia.. A. Nelson, Fax: +61 2 9717 3606; Tel: +61 2 9717 9477; K. Prince, Fax: +61 2 9717 3599; Tel: +61 2 9717 9217
| | - Ernö Pretsch
- Inst. Biogechem. & Pollutant Dynam., ETH Zürich, CHN F 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland. Fax: +41 44 632 11 64; Tel: +41 44 632 2926
| | - Eric Bakker
- Nanochemistry Research Institute, Department of Applied Chemistry, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, 6845, Australia. Fax: +61 8 9266 7322; Tel: +61 9266 2602
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36
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Lindfors T, Aarnio H, Ivaska A. Potassium-selective electrodes with stable and geometrically well-defined internal solid contact based on nanoparticles of polyaniline and plasticized poly(vinyl chloride). Anal Chem 2007; 79:8571-7. [PMID: 17929876 DOI: 10.1021/ac071344b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Solid contact potassium-selective electrodes with the internal ion-to-electron transduction layer composed of plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and 2-20% (m/m) of polyaniline (PANI) nanoparticles, with the mean particle size of 8 nm, have been studied in this paper. UV-vis measurements in pH buffer solutions between pH 0 and 12 show that the electrically conducting emeraldine salt (ES) form of PANI has exceptionally good pH stability. Membranes of PANI nanoparticles were mainly in the ES form even at pH 12, in contrast to electrochemically prepared PANI(Cl) films, which are converted completely to the nonconducting form already at pH 6. Long-term UV-vis measurements with the PANI membranes in contact with aqueous buffer solution at pH 7.5 showed no degradation of the ES form. The PANI nanoparticles are homogenously mixed in the PVC-based solid contact (SC) layer. Only the uppermost part of the SC layer is to a minor extent dissolved in the outer potassium-selective PVC membrane. This enabled the preparation of geometrically well-defined inner SC layers, thus improving the reproducibility of the solid contact electrodes and resulting in good mechanical strength between the inner and outer membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Lindfors
- Process Chemistry Centre, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Abo Akademi University, 20500 Turku/Abo, Finland.
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37
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Lai CZ, Fierke MA, Stein A, Bühlmann P. Ion-selective electrodes with three-dimensionally ordered macroporous carbon as the solid contact. Anal Chem 2007; 79:4621-6. [PMID: 17508716 DOI: 10.1021/ac070132b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electrodes with three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) carbon as the intermediate layer between an ionophore-doped solvent polymeric membrane and a metal contact are presented as a novel approach to solid-contact ion-selective electrodes (SC-ISEs). Due to the well-interconnected pore and wall structure of 3DOM carbon, filling of the 3DOM pores with an electrolyte solution results in a nanostructured material that exhibits high ionic and electric conductivity. The long-term drift of freshly prepared SC-ISEs with 3DOM carbon contacts is only 11.7 microV/h, and does not increase when in contact with solution for 1 month, making this the most stable SC-ISE reported so far. The electrodes show good resistance to the interference from oxygen. Moreover, in contrast to previously reported SC-ISEs with conducting polymers as the intermediate layer, 3DOM carbon is an electron conductor rather than a semiconductor, eliminating any light interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ze Lai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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38
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Guo J, Amemiya S. Voltammetric Heparin-Selective Electrode Based on Thin Liquid Membrane with Conducting Polymer-Modified Solid Support. Anal Chem 2006; 78:6893-902. [PMID: 17007512 DOI: 10.1021/ac061003i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel, solid-supported voltammetric ion-selective electrode to detect anticoagulant/antithrombotic heparin at polarizable poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membrane/water interfaces was developed. An approximately 3-4.5-microm-thick PVC membrane plasticized with 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether was supported on a gold electrode modified with a poly(3-octylthiophene) (POT) film as an ion-to-electron transducer. Charge transport through the PVC-covered POT film is electrochemically reversible, as demonstrated by cyclic voltammetry with nonpolarizable membrane/water interfaces. In addition to the fast charge transport, adequate redox capacity of the POT film and a small ohmic potential drop in the thin PVC membrane enable ion transfer voltammetry at polarizable macroscopic membrane/water interfaces in a standard three-electrode cell. Reversible ClO4- transfer at the interfaces coupled with oxidation of a neutral POT film was examined by cyclic voltammetry to determine the distribution of the applied potential to the two polarizable interfaces by convolution technique. Interfacial adsorption and desorption of heparin facilitated by octadecyltrimethylammonium were studied also by cyclic voltammetry and convolution technique to demonstrate that the processes are electrochemically irreversible. Stripping voltammetry based on the interfacial processes gives a low detection limit of 0.005 unit/mL heparin in a saline solution, which is slightly lower than the detection limit of most sensitive heparin sensors reported so far (0.01 unit/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jidong Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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39
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Szigeti Z, Vigassy T, Bakker E, Pretsch E. Approaches to Improving the Lower Detection Limit of Polymeric Membrane Ion-Selective Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2006; 18:1254-1265. [PMID: 20336172 PMCID: PMC2844646 DOI: 10.1002/elan.200603539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2006] [Accepted: 04/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
More than ten different approaches for improving the lower detection limit of polymeric membrane ion-selective electrodes have been suggested during the recent years. In this contribution, their principles are briefly summarized with a focus to their general practical applicability. The methods that are the most rugged and the easiest to implement in a routine laboratory will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia Szigeti
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH-Hönggerberg, HCI E313, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tamás Vigassy
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH-Hönggerberg, HCI E313, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Eric Bakker
- Department of Chemistry, 560 Oval Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ernö Pretsch
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH-Hönggerberg, HCI E313, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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