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Jaekel A, Legelli M, Wirtz M, Meyer D, Schräder N, Streckel K, Lamotte S. Selectivity optimization in liquid chromatography via stationary phase tuning. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300204. [PMID: 37568243 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
In striving for the best possible separation, the selectivity of stationary phases as an optimization parameter is often underestimated although there are many ways to influence this powerful tool. This review serves to provide an insight into the various ways of adapting the selectivity of a separation in liquid chromatography. Approaches via temperature and flow rate tuning are discussed as a basis followed by focusing on the stationary phase as the superior optimization parameter. Highly selective stationary phases hereby provide an advantage for groups of similar analytes. For more complex mixtures, separations can be improved using mixed-mode technologies where different retention mechanisms are combined. Serial coupling, mixed-bed columns, and stationary phase optimized selectivity liquid chromatography provide solutions to various degrees. Finally, the advantages of stationary phase tuning over adaption of mobile phase and/or temperature are presented in terms of optimum application range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Jaekel
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Mo Legelli
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Michaela Wirtz
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Daniel Meyer
- Department of Analytical and Material Science, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Nicole Schräder
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Kevin Streckel
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Stefan Lamotte
- Department of Analytical and Material Science, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
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Gong X, Chen W, Zhang K, Li T, Song Q. Serially coupled column liquid chromatography: An alternative separation tool. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1706:464278. [PMID: 37572536 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite the rapid development of liquid chromatography (LC) in recent decades, it remains a challenge to achieve the desired chromatographic separation of complex matrices using a single column. Multi-column LC techniques, particularly serially coupled column LC (SCC-LC), have emerged as a promising solution to overcome this challenge. While more attention has been focused on heart-cutting or comprehensive two-dimensional LC, reviews specifically focusing on SCC-LC, which offers advantages in terms of precision and facile instrumentation, are scarce. Here, our concerns are devoted to the progress summary regarding the instrumentation and applications of SCC-LC. Emphasis is placed on column selection aiming to enlarge peak capacity, selectivity, or both through the optimization of combination types (e.g. RPLC-RPLC, -RPLC-HILIC, and achiral-chiral LC), connection devices (e.g. zero dead volume connector, tubing, and T-type connector), elution program (i.e. isocratic or gradient) and detectors (e.g. mass spectrometer, ultraviolet detector, and fluorescence detector). The application of SCC-LC in pharmaceutical, biological, environmental, and food fields is also reviewed, and future perspectives and potential directions for SCC-LC are discussed. We envision that the review can give meaningful information to analytical scientists when facing heavy chromatographic separation tasks for complicated matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingcheng Gong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Ting Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Qingqing Song
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
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3
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Stationary-phase optimized selectivity in supercritical fluid chromatography using a customized Phase OPtimized Liquid Chromatography kit: comparison of different prediction approaches. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:6553-6565. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02739-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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4
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Stationary phase modulation in liquid chromatography through the serial coupling of columns: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 923:1-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Zhou T, Tao Y, Pu Y, Morello R, Mei S, Boos KS. Rapid determination of X-ray contrast agent iomeprol in human plasma by on-line solid-phase extraction coupled with phase optimized liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 992:14-22. [PMID: 25939093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Phase optimized liquid chromatography (POPLC) allows for the optimized combination of column segments of any length and stationary phases with different functionalities. In this study, a simple and rapid method using POPLC coupled with on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) for the analysis of X-ray contrast media agent iomeprol (IOM) in human plasma was developed. Because the phenyl (PH) stationary phase has strong hydrophobic and π-π interactions with IOM and iopromide (IOP, internal standard), the best separation efficiency was achieved with a 250mm×3mm homogenous PH POPLC-column. Different kinds of on-line SPE sorbents were studied, including restricted access material-alkyl diol silica (ADS), LiChrolut EN with excellent absorption capacity and hydrophilic-lipophilic-balanced Oasis HLB. The most efficient on-line sample clean-up was carried out using a fast-flow on-line purification approach with an Oasis HLB pre-column ((20mm×2mm, 30μm). This pre-column showed excellent durability and reproducibility. At least 400 samples could be analyzed with one pre-column. Each plasma sample was directly injected and analyzed within 15min. The calibration curves were linear in the range of 10-1000μg/mL. The limit of quantitation was 2.26μg/mL. The inter-day precision of this method was excellent and less than 1.44%, and the intra-day precision was less than 4.44%. The inter-day and intra-day accuracy ranged from 94.33% to 104.36% and 94.60% to 101.71%, respectively. This validated method is expected to be useful in the analysis of human plasma samples for glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measurements and assessment of kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yun Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yabing Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Rosa Morello
- Laboratory of BioSeparation, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Medical Center of the University of Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Surong Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
| | - Karl-Siegfried Boos
- Laboratory of BioSeparation, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Medical Center of the University of Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
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Delahaye S, Lynen F. Implementing Stationary-Phase Optimized Selectivity in Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2014; 86:12220-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac503313j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sander Delahaye
- Separation Science Group,
Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Universiteit Gent, Krijgslaan
281 S4-bis, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Lynen
- Separation Science Group,
Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Universiteit Gent, Krijgslaan
281 S4-bis, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
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Simultaneous optimization of mobile phase composition, column nature and length to analyse complex samples using serially coupled columns. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1317:39-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ortiz-Bolsico C, Torres-Lapasió J, Ruiz-Ángel M, García-Álvarez-Coque M. Comparison of two serially coupled column systems and optimization software in isocratic liquid chromatography for resolving complex mixtures. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1281:94-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Chen K, Lynen F, Szucs R, Hanna-Brown M, Sandra P. Gradient stationary phase optimized selectivity liquid chromatography with conventional columns. Analyst 2013; 138:2914-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an36797e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Electrochemically Assisted Injection in Combination with Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry (EAI-CE-MS) - Mechanistic and Quantitative Studies of the Reduction of 4-Nitrotoluene at Various Carbon-Based Screen-Printed Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201200393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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Palatzky P, Matysik FM. Development and characterization of a novel semiautomated arrangement for electrochemically assisted injection in combination with capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:2689-94. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Kuklenyik Z, Calafat AM, Barr JR, Pirkle JL. Design of online solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS/MS) hyphenated systems for quantitative analysis of small organic compounds in biological matrices. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:3606-18. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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13
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Trojanowicz M. Recent developments in electrochemical flow detections—A review. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 688:8-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Lu J, Ji M, Ludewig R, Scriba GK, Chen DY. Application of phase optimized liquid chromatography to oligopeptide separations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 51:764-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Malik AK, Rai PK. Development of a new SPME-HPLC-UV method for the analysis of nitro explosives on reverse phase amide column and application to analysis of aqueous samples. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 172:1652-1658. [PMID: 19744774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 08/02/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A rapid, simple, sensitive and accurate quantitative method has been developed for the determination of eleven nitroaromatic components by solid phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection from aqueous samples. PDMS/DVB resin fiber (60 microm) was used for concurrent extraction of all the analytes from aqueous matrix. Static desorption was carried out in the desorption chamber of SPME-HPLC interface containing mobile phase; methanol:water 43:57 (v/v) with subsequent liquid chromatographic analysis at isocratic flow rate of 1.3 mL/min and detection at 254 nm. A reverse phase amide column (5 microm) was used as a separation medium. The limit of detection (S/N=3) for TNT and Tetryl was found to be 0.35 and 0.54 ng/mL, respectively. Developed method has been applied successfully to the analysis of aqueous samples obtained from environmental and industrial sources like river water, ground water, drinking water and industrial waste water.
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Zedda M, Tuerk J, Teutenberg T, Peil S, Schmidt T. A strategy for the systematic development of a liquid chromatographic mass spectrometric screening method for polymer electrolyte membrane degradation products using isocratic and gradient phase optimized liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:8910-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Johns C, Shellie RA, Pohl CA, Haddad PR. Two-dimensional ion chromatography using tandem ion-exchange columns with gradient-pulse column switching. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:6931-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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