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Rovelli G, Wilson KR. Elucidating the Mechanism for the Reaction of o-Phthalaldehyde with Primary Amines in the Presence of Thiols. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:3257-3265. [PMID: 37014985 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c08785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of o-phthalaldehyde (OPA) in combination with a thiol reagent is a common method for detecting primary amines in amino acids, peptides, and proteins. Despite its widespread use, the exact reaction mechanism has been debated since the 1980s. Here, we measure the kinetics of the reaction between OPA, alanine, and a dithiol (1,4-dithiolthreitol, DTT) as a function of pH and reagent concentration. Using these new measurements and accompanying kinetic models, we find evidence that the pH dependence of the kinetics arises from both the protonation states of alanine and DTT, the hydration state of OPA, and the unproductive equilibrium with DTT, all of which are pH-dependent. These results support the mechanism originally proposed by Sternson [Rational design and evaluation of improved o-phthalaldehyde-like fluorogenic reagents. Anal. Biochem. 1985, 144, 233-246] and Wong [Reaction of o-phthalaldehyde with alanine and thiols: kinetics and mechanism. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 6421-6422], in which the primary amine first reacts with OPA, followed by a reaction with the thiol to form the fluorescent isoindole product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Rovelli
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kevin R Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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2
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Gonzalez Quevedo P, Rigby EL, Kearney S, Saylor RA. Optimized derivatization of primary amines with the fluorogenic reagent naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde toward reproducible quantitative analysis in biological systems. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023:10.1007/s00216-022-04508-3. [PMID: 36609859 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04508-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Primary amines are the target of many bioanalytical analyses, as they are ubiquitous in biological systems and responsible for numerous important processes including neurotransmission and cell signaling. Primary amines can be sensitively detected via fluorescence after their reaction with the fluorogenic reagent naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde (NDA) in the presence of cyanide through the formation of fluorescent N-substituted 1-cyanobenz[f]isoindole (CBI) derivatives. While fluorogenic reagents such as NDA can be advantageous for sensitive detection, improvements in both long-term stability and speed of reaction are necessary to enable practical and reproducible quantitative analysis. In this work, various CBI-amines were interrogated for their fluorescence characteristics over time under previously reported conditions (75:25 aqueous buffer:acetonitrile). An amine-specific decline in fluorescence and delay to reach maximum fluorescence were observed. Based on structural characteristics, we hypothesized that these effects were due to the solvents employed enabling analyte intermolecular interactions that resulted in fluorescence quenching over time. To mitigate fluorescence-quenching intermolecular interactions, we developed two strategies to improve the fluorescence of the CBI-product over long time periods: (1) the addition of the complexation reagent β-cyclodextrin to the reaction matrix and (2) the substitution of acetonitrile with dimethyl sulfoxide. Both strategies improved fluorescence stability over time, and the incorporation of dimethyl sulfoxide also enabled more rapid attainment of maximum fluorescence and a higher absolute fluorescence when compared to initial conditions. When employed in combination, these two approaches further improve fluorescence stability over time for the most hydrophobic analytes. In the future, these strategies can be employed for the practical and reproducible quantitative analysis of primary amines in biological systems, including those related to neurological disorders and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Gonzalez Quevedo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, 119 Woodland St, Oberlin, OH, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Rigby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, 119 Woodland St, Oberlin, OH, USA
| | - Samuel Kearney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, 119 Woodland St, Oberlin, OH, USA
| | - Rachel A Saylor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, 119 Woodland St, Oberlin, OH, USA.
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3
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Donkeng‐Dazie J, Urban J, Ludvík J. Electrochemical and Spectrometric Study of Reactivity of Orthophthalaldehyde with Hydroxylamine: Mechanistic Considerations. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202100453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joël Donkeng‐Dazie
- Department of Mineral Engineering School of Chemical Engineering and Mineral Industries University of Ngaoundere P.O. Box 454 Ngaoundere Cameroon
- Department of Molecular Electrochemistry and Catalysis J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry Czech Academy of Sciences Dolejškova 3 18223 Prague 8 Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Urban
- Department of Molecular Electrochemistry and Catalysis J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry Czech Academy of Sciences Dolejškova 3 18223 Prague 8 Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Ludvík
- Department of Molecular Electrochemistry and Catalysis J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry Czech Academy of Sciences Dolejškova 3 18223 Prague 8 Czech Republic
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4
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Fei M, Mao X, Chen Y, Lu Y, Wang L, Yang J, Qiu J, Sun D. Development of a dual-fluorescence reporter system for high-throughput screening of L-aspartate-α-decarboxylase. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2020; 52:1420-1426. [PMID: 33313655 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Alanine (3-aminopropionic acid) holds great potential in industrial application. It can be obtained through a chemical synthesis route, which is hazardous to the environment. It is well known that l-aspartate-α-decarboxylase (ADC) can convert l-aspartate to β-alanine in bacteria. However, due to the low activity of ADC, industrial production of β-alanine through the green biological route remains unclear. Thus, improving the activity of ADC is critical to reduce the cost of β-alanine production. In this study, we established a dual-fluorescence high-throughput system for efficient ADC screening. By measuring the amount of β-alanine and the expression level of ADC using two different fluorescence markers, we can rapidly quantify the relative activity of ADC variants. From a mutagenesis library containing 2000 ADC variants, we obtained a mutant with 33% increased activity. Further analysis revealed that mutations of K43R and P103Q in ADC significantly improved the yield of β-alanine produced by the whole-cell biocatalysis. Compared with the previous single-fluorescence method, our system can not only quantify the amount of β-alanine but also measure the expression level of ADC with different fluorescence, making it able to effectively screen out ADC variants with improved relative activity. The dual-fluorescence high-throughput system for rapid screening of ADC provides a good strategy for industrial production of β-alanine via the biological conversion route in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Fei
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xudan Mao
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yiyang Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yalan Lu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Lin Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Juanping Qiu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Dongchang Sun
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
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5
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Moitessier C, Rifai A, Danjou PE, Mallard I, Cazier-Dennin F. Efficient synthesis of 4-substituted- ortho-phthalaldehyde analogues: toward the emergence of new building blocks. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:721-726. [PMID: 30992719 PMCID: PMC6444388 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
4-Methoxy-ortho-phthalaldehyde and 4-hydroxy-ortho-phthalaldehyde are potentially useful molecules for fluorimetric analysis of a variety of amines and for the elaboration of complex molecular architectures. Nevertheless, literature generally describes their synthesis in very low yield (below 5%), mainly due to the inefficiency of the last oxidation step. In this paper, we report a reliable synthesis of 4-substituted-ortho-phthalaldehyde analogues in 51% overall yield owing to the addition of a protecting step of the unstable key intermediate 4,5-dihydroisobenzofuran-5-ol. Oxidation and deprotection steps were also studied in order to provide an effective availability of these two dialdehyde compounds that may increase their future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Moitessier
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV) - Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 145 Avenue Maurice Schumann, MREI 1, 59140 Dunkerque, France
| | - Ahmad Rifai
- Lebanese Atomic Energy Commission - National Council for Scientific Research - B. P. 11- 8281, Riad El Solh 1107, 2260 Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Pierre-Edouard Danjou
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV) - Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 145 Avenue Maurice Schumann, MREI 1, 59140 Dunkerque, France
| | - Isabelle Mallard
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV) - Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 145 Avenue Maurice Schumann, MREI 1, 59140 Dunkerque, France
| | - Francine Cazier-Dennin
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV) - Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 145 Avenue Maurice Schumann, MREI 1, 59140 Dunkerque, France
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Ma Y, Lv Z, Li T, Tian T, Lu L, Liu W, Zhu Z, Yang C. Design and synthesis of ortho-phthalaldehyde phosphoramidite for single-step, rapid, efficient and chemoselective coupling of DNA with proteins under physiological conditions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:9434-9437. [PMID: 30079422 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc05037f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
ortho-Phthalaldehyde (OPA) phosphoramidite with high reaction activity was designed and synthesized for labelling oligodeoxynucleotides (DNA). The DNA modified with OPA (OPA-DNA) can covalently couple with native proteins rapidly and efficiently via a condensation reaction with the formation of phthalimidines, which provides a highly efficient method for bioconjugation of DNA and native proteins under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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7
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Mo Q, Li Y, Wang J, Shi G. Identification of mutations restricting autocatalytic activation of bacterial L-aspartate α-decarboxylase. Amino Acids 2018; 50:1433-1440. [PMID: 30073608 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2620-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial L-aspartate α-decarboxylase (PanD) specifically catalyzes the decarboxylation of L-aspartic acid to β-alanine. It is translated as an inactive pro-protein, then processed by self-cleavage to form two small subunits with catalytic activity. There is a significant difference in the efficiency of this process among the reported PanDs, while the structural basis remains unclear. More PanDs with known sequences and characterized properties are needed to shed light on the molecular basis of the self-cleavage process. In this study, PanD genes from 33 selected origins were synthesized and expressed; using purified recombinant enzymes, their self-processing properties were characterized and classified. Three classes of PanDs were acquired based on their self-cleavage efficiency. Combined with the phylogenetic analysis and structure comparison, sited-directed mutagenesis was performed to investigate the effects of four mutants on self-processing. In comparison with the wild-type (96.4%), the self-cleavage efficiencies of mutants V23E, I26C, T27A, and E56S were decreased to 90.5, 83.6, 74.4 and 81.2%, respectively. The results indicated that residues of V23, I26, T27 and E56 were critical to the self-cleavage processing of PanDs. This work provided further understanding to the self-cleavage processing of PanDs, which may contribute to protein engineering of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Mo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Youran Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junhua Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guiyang Shi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China. .,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
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8
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Reactivity of orthophthalaldehyde with aliphatic, alicyclic and aromatic primary diamines: Electrochemical study and mechanistic considerations. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Faure M, Le Potier I, Pallandre A, Chebil S, Haghiri-Gosnet AM, Deslouis C, Maisonhaute E, Gamby J. Determination of the isomeric forms proportion of fluorogenic naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde in a binary mixture of water:methanol using electrochemical methods. Talanta 2016; 148:494-501. [PMID: 26653477 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical response of the fluorogenic label naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxyaldehyde (NDA) in a binary mixture of water/methanol was characterized with cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) electrochemical techniques. Naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxyaldehyde does exist in three isomeric forms in aqueous solution: the unhydrated dialdehyde (DA), the acyclic monohydrated (MA) and the cyclic hemiacetal (HAC). The study underlines that the proportion of each of them varies according to the working pH. At low and high pH, the dialdehyde form is in larger proportion than the acyclic monohydrated form. Conversely at intermediate pH, the concentration of the acyclic form is in greater proportion than the dialdehyde form. These results allowed us to determine the optimal pH of 9 for which the labeling of biomolecules could be more efficient due to the base catalyzed regeneration of the unhydrated form. At this pH, the data processing from the analysis of measured currents and estimation of diffusion coefficients of each form according to the semi-empirical models of Wilke-Chang, Scheibel, Reddy-Doraiswamy and Lusis-Ratcliff allowed us to obtain the concentration of dialdehyde (0.28 mM), acyclic monohydrated (0.57 mM) and cyclic hemiacetal monohydrated (0.15 mM) forms starting from 1mM naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxyaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Faure
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimiques, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Le Potier
- CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Sud, UMR 8612, F-92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France; Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Antoine Pallandre
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures, UPR20, Marcoussis 91460, France; Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Syrine Chebil
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimiques, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Claude Deslouis
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimiques, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Maisonhaute
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimiques, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean Gamby
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimiques, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France.
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Zabierowski P, Matoga D, Nitek W. Cobalt(ii) and copper(ii) supramolecular networks with a 1-iminoisoindoline asymmetric pincer. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra02063h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The first synthesis and characterization of cobalt(ii) and copper(ii) complexes with an in situ prepared novel asymmetric trinitrogen isoindoline-based pincer type ligand, N-(2-picolyl)isoindoline-1-(2-picolyl)imine (pap), are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dariusz Matoga
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Jagiellonian University
- 30-060 Kraków
- Poland
| | - Wojciech Nitek
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Jagiellonian University
- 30-060 Kraków
- Poland
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