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Herrald AL, Ambrogi EK, Mirica KA. Electrochemical Detection of Gasotransmitters: Status and Roadmap. ACS Sens 2024; 9:1682-1705. [PMID: 38593007 PMCID: PMC11196117 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c02529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Gasotransmitters, including nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), are a class of gaseous, endogenous signaling molecules that interact with one another in the regulation of critical cardiovascular, immune, and neurological processes. The development of analytical sensing mechanisms for gasotransmitters, especially multianalyte mechanisms, holds vast importance and constitutes a growing area of study. This review provides an overview of electrochemical sensing mechanisms with an emphasis on opportunities in multianalyte sensing. Electrochemical methods demonstrate good sensitivity, adequate selectivity, and the most well-developed potential for the multianalyte detection of gasotransmitters. Future research will likely address challenges with sensor stability and biocompatibility (i.e., sensor lifetime and cytotoxicity), sensor miniaturization, and multianalyte detection in biological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey L Herrald
- Department of Chemistry, Burke Laboratory, Dartmouth College, 41 College Street, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Emma K Ambrogi
- Department of Chemistry, Burke Laboratory, Dartmouth College, 41 College Street, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Katherine A Mirica
- Department of Chemistry, Burke Laboratory, Dartmouth College, 41 College Street, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
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2
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A flexible and highly sensitive organic electrochemical transistor-based biosensor for continuous and wireless nitric oxide detection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2208060119. [PMID: 35972962 PMCID: PMC9407321 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2208060119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As nitric oxide (NO) plays significant roles in a variety of physiological processes, the capability for real-time and accurate detection of NO in live organisms is in great demand. Traditional assessments of NO rely on indirect colorimetric techniques or electrochemical sensors that often comprise rigid constituent materials and can hardly satisfy sensitivity and spatial resolution simultaneously. Here, we report a flexible and highly sensitive biosensor based on organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) capable of continuous and wireless detection of NO in biological systems. By modifying the geometry of the active channel and the gate electrodes of OECTs, devices achieve optimum signal amplification of NO. The sensor exhibits a low response limit, a wide linear range, high sensitivity, and excellent selectivity, with a miniaturized active sensing region compared with a conventional electrochemical sensor. The device demonstrates continuous detection of the nanomolar range of NO in cultured cells for hours without significant signal drift. Real-time and wireless measurement of NO is accomplished for 8 d in the articular cavity of New Zealand White rabbits with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture injuries. The observed high level of NO is associated with the onset of osteoarthritis (OA) at the later stage. The proposed device platform could provide critical information for the early diagnosis of chronic diseases and timely medical intervention to optimize therapeutic efficacy.
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Influence of Reduced Graphene Oxide on the Electropolymerization of 5-amino-1-naphthol and the Interaction of 1,4-phenylene Diisothiocyanate with the Poly(5-amino-1-naphtol)/Reduced Graphene Oxide Composite. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12061299. [PMID: 32517061 PMCID: PMC7361799 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A new composite base on reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and poly(5-amino-1-naphthol) (P5A1N) was synthesized by the electrochemical polymerization of 5-amino-1-naphthol (5A1N) in the presence of HClO4 and H4SiW12O40 onto the surface of Au electrode covered with the RGO sheets. The linear dependence of the current densities of the anodic and cathodic peaks with the scan rate of the potential range (0; 0.8) V vs. SCE, reported during electropolymerization of 5A1N, indicates an electron transfer that is controlled by diffusion. A covalent functionalization of the RGO sheets with P5A1N is argued by: (i) the simultaneous disappearance of the IR band at 1584 cm-1 and the appearance of the new IR bands at 812, 976 and 3744 cm-1, and (ii) the appearance of two Raman lines at 738 and 1428 cm-1. An application of the RGO sheets covalently functionalized with P5A1N is demonstrated to support 1,4-phenylene diisothiocyanate (PDITC), a compound used as a cross-linking agent for various biological applications. The chemical adsorption of PDITC onto the RGO sheets covalently functionalized with P5A1N, which involves the appearance of new functional groups of the type thiourea, was proven by Raman scattering and IR spectroscopy.
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Brown MD, Schoenfisch MH. Electrochemical Nitric Oxide Sensors: Principles of Design and Characterization. Chem Rev 2019; 119:11551-11575. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Micah D. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Mark H. Schoenfisch
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Brown MD, Schoenfisch MH. Selective and Sensocompatible Electrochemical Nitric Oxide Sensor with a Bilaminar Design. ACS Sens 2019; 4:1766-1773. [PMID: 31244005 PMCID: PMC6759084 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages mediate mammalian inflammation in part by the release of the gasotransmitter, nitric oxide (NO). Electrochemical methods represent the best means of direct, continuous measurement of NO, but monitoring continuous release from immunostimulated macrophages remains analytically challenging. Long release durations necessitate consistent sensor performance (i.e., sensitivity and selectivity for NO) in proteinaceous media. Herein, we describe the fabrication of an electrochemical sensor modified by an electropolymerized 5-amino-1-naphthol (poly(5A1N)) film in conjunction with a fluorinated xerogel topcoat. The unique combination of these membranes ensures selective detection of NO that is maintained over extended periods of use (>24 h) in biological media without performance deterioration. The hydrophobic xerogel topcoat protects the underlying NO-selective poly(5A1N) film from hydration-induced desorption. The bilaminar sensor is then readily adapted for measurement of the temporal NO-release profiles from immunostimulated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah D. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Mark H. Schoenfisch
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Brown MD, Hall JR, Schoenfisch MH. A direct and selective electrochemical hydrogen sulfide sensor. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1045:67-76. [PMID: 30454574 PMCID: PMC6641862 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Continuous, in situ detection of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in biological milieu is made possible with electrochemical methods, but direct amperometry is constrained by the generation of elemental sulfur as an oxidative byproduct. Deposition of a sulfur layer passivates the working electrode, reducing sensitivity and causing performance variability. Herein, we report on the use of a surface preconditioning procedure to deposit elemental sulfur on a glassy carbon electrode prior to measurement and evaluate performance with common analytical metrics. The lack of traditional anti-poisoning techniques (e.g. redox mediators, cleaning pulses) also allowed for facile surface modification with electropolymerized films. For the first time, a series of electropolymerized films were characterized for their H2S permselective behavior against common biological interferents. Highly selective, film-modified electrodes were then evaluated for their anti-biofouling ability in simulated wound fluid. The final optimized electrode was capable of measuring H2S with a low detection limit (i.e., <100 nM) and ∼80% of its initial sensitivity in proteinaceous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah D Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States
| | - Jackson R Hall
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States
| | - Mark H Schoenfisch
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States.
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Brown MD, Schoenfisch MH. Nitric oxide permselectivity in electropolymerized films for sensing applications. ACS Sens 2016; 1:1453-1461. [PMID: 31875180 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.6b00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The presence of biological interferents in physiological media necessitates chemical modification of the working electrode to facilitate accurate electrochemical measurement of nitric oxide (NO). In this study, we evaluated a series of self-terminating electropolymerized films prepared from one of three isomers of phenylenediamine (PD), phenol, eugenol, or 5-amino-1-naphthol (5A1N) to improve the NO selectivity of a platinum working electrode. The electrodeposition procedure for each monomer was individually optimized using cyclic voltammetry (CV) or constant potential amperometry (CPA). Cyclic voltammetry deposition parameters favoring slower film formation generally yielded films with improved selectivity for NO over nitrite and l-ascorbate. Nitric oxide sensors were fabricated and compared using the optimized deposition procedure for each monomer. Sensors prepared using poly-phenol and poly-5A1N film-modified platinum working electrodes demonstrated the most ideal analytical performance, with the former demonstrating the best selectivity. In simulated wound fluid, platinum electrodes modified with poly-5A1N films proved superior with respect to the NO sensitivity and detection limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah D. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, North
Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Mark H. Schoenfisch
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, North
Carolina 27599, United States
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Özel RE, Hayat A, Andreescu S. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSORS FOR THE DETECTION OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS FOR APPLICATIONS IN BIOMEDICINE. ANAL LETT 2015; 48:1044-1069. [PMID: 26973348 PMCID: PMC4787221 DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2014.976867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters are important biological molecules that are essential to many neurophysiological processes including memory, cognition, and behavioral states. The development of analytical methodologies to accurately detect neurotransmitters is of great importance in neurological and biological research. Specifically designed microelectrodes or microbiosensors have demonstrated potential for rapid, real-time measurements with high spatial resolution. Such devices can facilitate study of the role and mechanism of action of neurotransmitters and can find potential uses in biomedicine. This paper reviews the current status and recent advances in the development and application of electrochemical sensors for the detection of small-molecule neurotransmitters. Measurement challenges and opportunities of electroanalytical methods to advance study and understanding of neurotransmitters in various biological models and disease conditions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rıfat Emrah Özel
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA. Fax: 3152686610; Tel: 3152682394
| | - Akhtar Hayat
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA. Fax: 3152686610; Tel: 3152682394
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Silvana Andreescu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA. Fax: 3152686610; Tel: 3152682394
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Wynne AM, Reid CH, Finnerty NJ. In vitro characterisation of ortho phenylenediamine and Nafion®-modified Pt electrodes for measuring brain nitric oxide. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Xu T, Scafa N, Xu LP, Su L, Li C, Zhou S, Liu Y, Zhang X. Electrochemical Sensors for Nitric Oxide Detection in Biological Applications. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201300564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Yap CM, Xu GQ, Ang SG. Amperometric Nitric Oxide Sensor Based on Nanoporous Platinum Phthalocyanine Modified Electrodes. Anal Chem 2012; 85:107-13. [DOI: 10.1021/ac302081h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - G. Q. Xu
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3,
117543, Singapore
| | - S. G. Ang
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3,
117543, Singapore
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12
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Bedioui F, Griveau S. Electrochemical Detection of Nitric Oxide: Assessement of Twenty Years of Strategies. ELECTROANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201200306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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13
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Guo CX, Ng SR, Khoo SY, Zheng X, Chen P, Li CM. RGD-peptide functionalized graphene biomimetic live-cell sensor for real-time detection of nitric oxide molecules. ACS NANO 2012; 6:6944-6951. [PMID: 22793649 DOI: 10.1021/nn301974u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
It is always challenging to construct a smart functional nanostructure with specific physicochemical properties to real time detect biointeresting molecules released from live-cells. We report here a new approach to build a free-standing biomimetic sensor by covalently bonding RGD-peptide on the surface of pyrenebutyric acid functionalized graphene film. The resulted graphene biofilm sensor comprises a well-packed layered nanostructure, in which the RGD-peptide component provides desired biomimetic properties for superior human cell attachment and growth on the film surface to allow real-time detection of nitric oxide, an important signal yet short-life molecule released from the attached human endothelial cells under drug stimulations. The film sensor exhibits good flexibility and stability by retaining its original response after 45 bending/relaxing cycles and high reproducibility from its almost unchanged current responses after 15 repeated measurements, while possessing high sensitivity, good selectivity against interferences often existing in biological systems, and demonstrating real time quantitative detection capability toward nitric oxide molecule released from living cells. This study not only demonstrates a facial approach to fabricate a smart nanostructured graphene-based functional biofilm, but also provides a powerful and reliable platform to the real-time study of biointeresting molecules released from living cells, thus rendering potential broad applications in neuroscience, screening drug therapy effect, and live-cell assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Xian Guo
- Institute for Clean Energy & Advanced Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
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Trzebinski J, Sharma S, Moniz ARB, Michelakis K, Zhang Y, Cass AEG. Microfluidic device to investigate factors affecting performance in biosensors designed for transdermal applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:348-352. [PMID: 22130554 DOI: 10.1039/c1lc20885c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this work we demonstrate a novel microfluidic based platform to investigate the performance of 3D out-of-plane microspike array based glucose and lactate biosensors. The microspike array was bonded with a glass slide and modified with glucose oxidase or lactate oxidase using covalent coupling chemistry. An epoxy-polyurethane based membrane was used to extend the linear working range (from 0 to 25 mM of substrate) of these biosensors. Both lactate and glucose sensors performed well in the clinically relevant substrate concentration range. Glucose microspikes were further investigated with respect to the effects of substrate transfer by incorporation into a microfluidic system. Data from the microfluidic system revealed that the sensor response is mainly dependent on enzyme kinetics rather than membrane permeability to glucose. The robustness of the sensors was demonstrated by its consistency in performance extending over 48 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Trzebinski
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering & Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Shim JH, Cha A, Lee Y, Lee C. Nonenzymatic Amperometric Glucose Sensor Based on Nanoporous Gold/Ruthenium Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201100174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Real-time evaluation of nitric oxide (NO) levels in cortical and hippocampal areas with a nanopore-based electrochemical NO sensor. Neurosci Lett 2011; 498:22-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2011] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Eletrodeposited nickel oxide on a film of carbon nanotubes for monitoring nitric oxide release from rat kidney and drug samples. Mikrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-010-0525-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Tian J, Zhang Y, Luo Y, Li H, Zhai J, Sun X. Poly(2,3-diaminonaphthalene) microspheres as a novel quencher for fluorescence-enhanced nucleic acid detection. Analyst 2011; 136:2221-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00944j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ng SR, Guo CX, Li CM. Highly Sensitive Nitric Oxide Sensing Using Three-Dimensional Graphene/Ionic Liquid Nanocomposite. ELECTROANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201000344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Bedioui F, Quinton D, Griveau S, Nyokong T. Designing molecular materials and strategies for the electrochemical detection of nitric oxide, superoxide and peroxynitrite in biological systems. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:9976-88. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp00271b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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