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Abrera AT, Chang H, Kracher D, Ludwig R, Haltrich D. Characterization of pyranose oxidase variants for bioelectrocatalytic applications. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2019; 1868:140335. [PMID: 31785381 PMCID: PMC6949865 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.140335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pyranose oxidase (POx) catalyzes the oxidation of d-glucose to 2-ketoglucose with concurrent reduction of oxygen to H2O2. POx from Trametes ochracea (ToPOx) is known to react with alternative electron acceptors including 1,4-benzoquinone (1,4-BQ), 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol (DCPIP), and the ferrocenium ion. In this study, enzyme variants with improved electron acceptor turnover and reduced oxygen turnover were characterized as potential anode biocatalysts. Pre-steady-state kinetics of the oxidative half-reaction of ToPOx variants T166R, Q448H, L545C, and L547R with these alternative electron acceptors were evaluated using stopped-flow spectrophotometry. Higher kinetic constants were observed as compared to the wild-type ToPOx for some of the variants. Subsequently, the variants were immobilized on glassy carbon electrodes. Cyclic voltammetry measurements were performed to measure the electrochemical responses of these variants with glucose as substrate in the presence of 1,4-BQ, DCPIP, or ferrocene methanol as redox mediators. High catalytic efficiencies (Imaxapp/KMapp) compared to the wild-type POx proved the potential of these variants for future bioelectrocatalytic applications, in biosensors or biofuel cells. Among the variants, L545C showed the most desirable properties as determined kinetically and electrochemically. Pyranose oxidase (POx) shows attractive features for bioelectrocatalysis. Trametes ochracea POx variant L545C is most promising for these applications. Rapid kinetics experiments give good predictions for performance on an electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle T Abrera
- Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190 Vienna, Austria; University of the Philippines Los Baños, College Laguna, Los Baños, Philippines
| | - Hucheng Chang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Kracher
- Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dietmar Haltrich
- Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
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Şahin S, Wongnate T, Chuaboon L, Chaiyen P, Yu EH. Enzymatic fuel cells with an oxygen resistant variant of pyranose-2-oxidase as anode biocatalyst. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 107:17-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Kurbanoglu S, Zafar MN, Tasca F, Aslam I, Spadiut O, Leech D, Haltrich D, Gorton L. Amperometric Flow Injection Analysis of Glucose and Galactose Based on Engineered Pyranose 2-Oxidases and Osmium Polymers for Biosensor Applications. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sevinc Kurbanoglu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Ankara University, Tandogan; Ankara Turkey
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | | | - Federico Tasca
- Department of Materials Chemistry; University of Santiago of Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Iqra Aslam
- Department of Biochemistry; Govt. College University Faisalabad; Pakistan
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; Vienna A-1190 Austria
| | - Dónal Leech
- School of Chemistry & Ryan Institute; National University of Ireland Galway; University Road Galway Ireland
| | - Dietmar Haltrich
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; Vienna A-1190 Austria
| | - Lo Gorton
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology; Lund University; Lund Sweden
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Brugger D, Sützl L, Zahma K, Haltrich D, Peterbauer CK, Stoica L. Electrochemical characterization of the pyranose 2-oxidase variant N593C shows a complete loss of the oxidase function with full preservation of substrate (dehydrogenase) activity. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 18:32072-32077. [PMID: 27808302 PMCID: PMC5142420 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06009a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study presents the first electrochemical characterization of the pyranose oxidase (POx) variant N593C (herein called POx-C), which is considered a promising candidate for future glucose-sensing applications. The resulting cyclic voltammograms obtained in the presence of various concentrations of glucose and mediator (1,4-benzoquinone, BQ), as well as the control experiments by addition of catalase, support the conclusion of a complete suppression of the oxidase function and oxygen reactivity at POx-C. Additionally, these electrochemical experiments demonstrate, contrary to previous biochemical studies, that POx-C has a fully retained enzymatic activity towards glucose. POx-C was immobilized on a special screen-printed electrode (SPE) based on carbon ink and grafted with gold-nanoparticles (GNP). Suppression of the oxygen reactivity at N593C-POx variant is a prerequisite for utilizing POx in electrochemical applications for glucose sensing. To our knowledge, this is the first report presented in the literature showing an absolute conversion of an oxidase into a fully active equivalent dehydrogenase via a single residue exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Brugger
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria. and BioToP - The Doctoral Programme on Biomolecular Technology of Proteins, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Leander Sützl
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria. and BioToP - The Doctoral Programme on Biomolecular Technology of Proteins, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kawah Zahma
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Dietmar Haltrich
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria. and BioToP - The Doctoral Programme on Biomolecular Technology of Proteins, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens K Peterbauer
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria. and BioToP - The Doctoral Programme on Biomolecular Technology of Proteins, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Leonard Stoica
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
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Kim JH, Hong SG, Wee Y, Hu S, Kwon Y, Ha S, Kim J. Enzyme precipitate coating of pyranose oxidase on carbon nanotubes and their electrochemical applications. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 87:365-372. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.08.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Halada P, Brugger D, Volc J, Peterbauer CK, Leitner C, Haltrich D. Oxidation of Phe454 in the Gating Segment Inactivates Trametes multicolor Pyranose Oxidase during Substrate Turnover. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148108. [PMID: 26828796 PMCID: PMC4735113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The flavin-dependent enzyme pyranose oxidase catalyses the oxidation of several pyranose sugars at position C-2. In a second reaction step, oxygen is reduced to hydrogen peroxide. POx is of interest for biocatalytic carbohydrate oxidations, yet it was found that the enzyme is rapidly inactivated under turnover conditions. We studied pyranose oxidase from Trametes multicolor (TmPOx) inactivated either during glucose oxidation or by exogenous hydrogen peroxide using mass spectrometry. MALDI-MS experiments of proteolytic fragments of inactivated TmPOx showed several peptides with a mass increase of 16 or 32 Da indicating oxidation of certain amino acids. Most of these fragments contain at least one methionine residue, which most likely is oxidised by hydrogen peroxide. One peptide fragment that did not contain any amino acid residue that is likely to be oxidised by hydrogen peroxide (DAFSYGAVQQSIDSR) was studied in detail by LC-ESI-MS/MS, which showed a +16 Da mass increase for Phe454. We propose that oxidation of Phe454, which is located at the flexible active-site loop of TmPOx, is the first and main step in the inactivation of TmPOx by hydrogen peroxide. Oxidation of methionine residues might then further contribute to the complete inactivation of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Halada
- Institute of Microbiology of the ASCR, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dagmar Brugger
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, BOKU—University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Doctoral Programme BioToP–Molecular Biotechnology of Proteins, BOKU—University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jindrich Volc
- Institute of Microbiology of the ASCR, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Clemens K. Peterbauer
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, BOKU—University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Doctoral Programme BioToP–Molecular Biotechnology of Proteins, BOKU—University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Leitner
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, BOKU—University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dietmar Haltrich
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, BOKU—University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Doctoral Programme BioToP–Molecular Biotechnology of Proteins, BOKU—University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Milton RD, Wu F, Lim K, Abdellaoui S, Hickey DP, Minteer SD. Promiscuous Glucose Oxidase: Electrical Energy Conversion of Multiple Polysaccharides Spanning Starch and Dairy Milk. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b01777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ross D. Milton
- Departments of Chemistry
and Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E
Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Fei Wu
- Departments of Chemistry
and Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E
Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Koun Lim
- Departments of Chemistry
and Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E
Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Sofiene Abdellaoui
- Departments of Chemistry
and Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E
Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - David P. Hickey
- Departments of Chemistry
and Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E
Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Shelley D. Minteer
- Departments of Chemistry
and Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E
Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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Minteer SD. Oxidative bioelectrocatalysis: From natural metabolic pathways to synthetic metabolons and minimal enzyme cascades. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1857:621-624. [PMID: 26334845 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Anodic bioelectrodes for biofuel cells are more complex than cathodic bioelectrodes for biofuel cells, because laccase and bilirubin oxidase can individually catalyze four electron reduction of oxygen to water, whereas most anodic enzymes only do a single two electron oxidation of a complex fuel (i.e. glucose oxidase oxidizing glucose to gluconolactone while generating 2 electrons of the total 24 electrons), so enzyme cascades are typically needed for complete oxidation of the fuel. This review article will discuss the lessons learned from natural metabolic pathways about multi-step oxidation and how those lessons have been applied to minimal or artificial enzyme cascades. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Biodesign for Bioenergetics--the design and engineering of electronic transfer cofactors, proteins and protein networks, edited by Ronald L. Koder and J.L. Ross Anderson.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley D Minteer
- Departments of Chemistry and Materials Science & Engineering, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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Brugger D, Krondorfer I, Shelswell C, Huber-Dittes B, Haltrich D, Peterbauer CK. Engineering pyranose 2-oxidase for modified oxygen reactivity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109242. [PMID: 25296188 PMCID: PMC4190269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyranose 2-oxidase (POx), a member of the GMC family of flavoproteins, catalyzes the regioselective oxidation of aldopyranoses at position C2 to the corresponding 2-ketoaldoses. During the first half-reaction, FAD is reduced to FADH2 and reoxidized in the second half-reaction by reducing molecular oxygen to H2O2. Alternative electron acceptors including quinones, radicals or chelated metal ions show significant and in some cases even higher activity. While oxygen as cheap and abundantly available electron acceptor is favored for many processes, reduced oxygen reactivity is desirable for some applications such as in biosensors/biofuel cells because of reduced oxidative damages to the biocatalyst from concomitant H2O2 production as well as reduced electron "leakage" to oxygen. The reactivity of flavoproteins with oxygen is of considerable scientific interest, and the determinants of oxygen activation and reactivity are the subject of numerous studies. We applied site-saturation mutagenesis on a set of eleven amino acids around the active site based on the crystal structure of the enzyme. Using microtiter plate screening assays with peroxidase/2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) and 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol, variants of POx with decreased oxidase activity and maintained dehydrogenase activity were identified. Variants T166R, Q448H, L545C, L547R and N593C were characterized with respect to their apparent steady-state constants with oxygen and the alternative electron acceptors DCPIP, 1,4-benzoquinone and ferricenium ion, and the effect of the mutations was rationalized based on structural properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Brugger
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Food Sciences and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iris Krondorfer
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Food Sciences and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christopher Shelswell
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Food Sciences and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benjamin Huber-Dittes
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Food Sciences and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dietmar Haltrich
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Food Sciences and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens K. Peterbauer
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Food Sciences and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Brugger D, Krondorfer I, Zahma K, Stoisser T, Bolivar JM, Nidetzky B, Peterbauer CK, Haltrich D. Convenient microtiter plate-based, oxygen-independent activity assays for flavin-dependent oxidoreductases based on different redox dyes. Biotechnol J 2014; 9:474-82. [PMID: 24376171 PMCID: PMC4162990 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201300336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Flavin-dependent oxidoreductases are increasingly recognized as important biocatalysts for various industrial applications. In order to identify novel activities and to improve these enzymes in engineering approaches, suitable screening methods are necessary. We developed novel microtiter-plate-based assays for flavin-dependent oxidases and dehydrogenases using redox dyes as electron acceptors for these enzymes. 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol, methylene green, and thionine show absorption changes between their oxidized and reduced forms in the visible range, making it easy to judge visually changes in activity. A sample set of enzymes containing both flavoprotein oxidases and dehydrogenases - pyranose 2-oxidase, pyranose dehydrogenase, cellobiose dehydrogenase, D-amino acid oxidase, and L-lactate oxidase - was selected. Assays for these enzymes are based on a direct enzymatic reduction of the redox dyes and not on the coupled detection of a reaction product as in the frequently used assays based on hydrogen peroxide formation. The different flavoproteins show low Michaelis constants with these electron acceptor substrates, and therefore these dyes need to be added in only low concentrations to assure substrate saturation. In conclusion, these electron acceptors are useful in selective, reliable and cheap MTP-based screening assays for a range of flavin-dependent oxidoreductases, and offer a robust method for library screening, which could find applications in enzyme engineering programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Brugger
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Optimization of a Membraneless Glucose/Oxygen Enzymatic Fuel Cell Based on a Bioanode with High Coulombic Efficiency and Current Density. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:2260-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Ludwig R, Harreither W, Tasca F, Gorton L. Cellobiose Dehydrogenase: A Versatile Catalyst for Electrochemical Applications. Chemphyschem 2010; 11:2674-97. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201000216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Salaheddin C, Takakura Y, Tsunashima M, Stranzinger B, Spadiut O, Yamabhai M, Peterbauer CK, Haltrich D. Characterisation of recombinant pyranose oxidase from the cultivated mycorrhizal basidiomycete Lyophyllum shimeji (hon-shimeji). Microb Cell Fact 2010; 9:57. [PMID: 20630076 PMCID: PMC2914677 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-9-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The flavin-dependent enzyme pyranose 2-oxidase (P2Ox) has gained increased attention during the last years because of a number of attractive applications for this enzyme. P2Ox is a unique biocatalyst with high potential for biotransformations of carbohydrates and in synthetic carbohydrate chemistry. Recently, it was shown that P2Ox is useful as bioelement in biofuel cells, replacing glucose oxidase (GOx), which traditionally is used in these applications. P2Ox offers several advantages over GOx for this application, e.g., its much broader substrate specificity. Because of this renewed interest in P2Ox, knowledge on novel pyranose oxidases isolated from organisms other than white-rot fungi, which represent the traditional source of this enzyme, is of importance, as these novel enzymes might differ in their biochemical and physical properties. RESULTS We isolated and over-expressed the p2ox gene encoding P2Ox from the ectomycorrhizal fungus Lyophyllum shimeji. The p2ox cDNA was inserted into the bacterial expression vector pET21a(+) and successfully expressed in E. coli Rosetta 2. We obtained active, flavinylated recombinant P2Ox in yields of approximately 130 mg per L of medium. The enzyme was purified by a two-step procedure based on anion exchange chromatography and preparative native PAGE, yielding an apparently homogenous enzyme preparation with a specific activity of 1.92 U/mg (using glucose and air oxygen as the substrates). Recombinant P2Ox from L. shimeji was characterized in some detail with respect to its physical and catalytic properties, and compared to the well-characterised enzymes from Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Trametes multicolor. CONCLUSION L. shimeji P2Ox shows properties that are comparable to those of P2Ox from white-rot fungal origin, and is in general characterised by lower K(m) and k(cat) values both for electron donor (sugar) as well as electron acceptor (ferrocenium ion, 1,4-benzoquinone, 2,6-dichloroindophenol). While L. shimeji P2Ox is the least thermostable of these three enzymes (melting temperature T(m) of 54.9 degrees C; half-life time of activity tau1/2 of 0.12 at 50 degrees C and pH 6.5), P. chrysosporium P2Ox showed remarkable thermostability with T(m) of 75.4 degrees C and tau1/2 of 96 h under identical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Salaheddin
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Research Centre Applied Biocatalysis, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Barbara Stranzinger
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Montarop Yamabhai
- School of Biotechnology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Clemens K Peterbauer
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dietmar Haltrich
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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