Electroanalytical Performance of (SiPy+Cl−/CuTsPc)5 LbL Film for Detecting Promethazine Hydrochloride

Gold nanoparticles capped with polysaccharides extracted from pineapple gum: Evaluation of their hemocompatibility and electrochemical sensing properties

In the present work, gold nanoparticles were synthesized through a green route by using, for the first time, polysaccharides extracted from pineapple gum (PG) as the reducing and capping agent. The obtained nanoparticles (AuNPs-PG) were characterized by UV-VIS, FTIR, TEM, FESEM, EDX, XRD, and zeta potential measurements, which confirmed that PG was effective to produce AuNPs with an average diameter of 10.3 ± 1.6 nm. The AuNPs-PG were employed as the modifier of glassy carbon paste electrodes (CPE/AuNPs-PG), which were applied as sensitive electrochemical sensors to the determination of the antihistamine drug promethazine hydrochloride (PMZ). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements showed that the AuNPs-PG could enhance the electronic transfer properties of the glassy carbon paste, which was due to their large surface area and high electrical conductivity. After optimization of the instrumental parameters of square wave voltammetry (SWV) through a Box-Behnken factorial design, a linear relationship between the anodic peak current and PMZ concentration was obtained in the range from 2.0 to 15.7 μmol L^-1 in McIlvaine buffer solution pH 5.0. The detection and quantification limits were found to be equal to 1.33 and 4.44 μmol L^-1, respectively. The developed sensors could successfully quantify PMZ in different commercial pharmaceutical formulations, with satisfactory levels of accuracy and precision. In addition to improving the analytical features of the electrodes, hemocompatibility assays carried out on erythrocytes and leukocytes showed that the AuNPs-PG do not exhibit toxic effects on the referred cells. This interesting behavior enables their use in biocompatible electrochemical sensing platforms as well as for future biomedical investigations.

Amperometric determination of promethazine in tablets using an electrochemically reduced graphene oxide modified electrode

Graphene films were prepared on a glassy carbon electrode for amperometric determination of promethazine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical products.

[Simultaneous determination of chlorpromazine and promethazine and their main metabolites by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemiluminescence]

Based on the phenomenon that each of chlorpromazine (CPZ), promethazine (PMZ), chlorpromazine sulfoxide (CPZSO) and promethazine sulfoxide (PMZSO) could enhance the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) intensity of tris(2,2'-bipyridyl) ruthenium, a novel and sensitive method was proposed for the simultaneous determination of CPZ, PMZ and their main metabolites using capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled with ECL detection. The influences of several experimental parameters were explored. The optimum experimental conditions were as follows: detection potential of 1. 20 V (Ag/AgCl), 40 mmol/L of phosphate buffer solution (pH 6.5) containing 5 mmol/L tris(2,2'-bipyridyl) ruthenium in ECL detection cell, running buffer solution of 18 mmol/L (pH 4.8), sample injection of 8 s at 11 kV, and separation voltage of 13.5 kV. The detection limits (3sigma) of this method were 8.3 x 10(-7) g/L for CPZ, 7.2 x 10(-6) g/L for PMZ, 1.9 x 10(-5) g/L for CPZSO and 3.7 x 10(-6) g/L for PMZSO. The linear ranges of ECL intensity versus mass concentration of medicaments were 7. 1 x 10(-6) - 6. 3 x 10(-3) g/L for CPZ, 7.5 x 10(-5) - 4.6 x 10(-3) g/L for PMZ, 9.7 x 10(-5) - 3.6 x 10(-3) g/L for CPZSO and 8.1 x 10(-5) - 7.7 x 10(-3) g/L for PMZSO. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the four target compounds were not more than 3% for ECL intensity and 1% for migration time. This method has the merits of simplicity, speediness, sensitivity, small sample injection, and free from interference. This method was successfully utilized to directly and simultaneously detect CPZ, PMZ, CPZSO and PMZSO in urine samples of pet dogs.