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Maguire S, Strachan G, Norvaiša K, Donohoe C, Gomes-da-Silva LC, Senge MO. Porphyrin Atropisomerism as a Molecular Engineering Tool in Medicinal Chemistry, Molecular Recognition, Supramolecular Assembly, and Catalysis. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401559. [PMID: 38787350 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Porphyrin atropisomerism, which arises from restricted σ-bond rotation between the macrocycle and a sufficiently bulky substituent, was identified in 1969 by Gottwald and Ullman in 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(o-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrins. Henceforth, an entirely new field has emerged utilizing this transformative tool. This review strives to explain the consequences of atropisomerism in porphyrins, the methods which have been developed for their separation and analysis and present the diverse array of applications. Porphyrins alone possess intriguing properties and a structure which can be easily decorated and molded for a specific function. Therefore, atropisomerism serves as a transformative tool, making it possible to obtain even a specific molecular shape. Atropisomerism has been thoroughly exploited in catalysis and molecular recognition yet presents both challenges and opportunities in medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Maguire
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, D02R590, Ireland
| | - Grant Strachan
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, D02R590, Ireland
| | - Karolis Norvaiša
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, D02R590, Ireland
| | - Claire Donohoe
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, D02R590, Ireland
- CQC, Coimbra Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-535, Portugal
| | | | - Mathias O Senge
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, D02R590, Ireland
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS), Focus Group-Molecular and Interfacial Engineering of Organic Nanosystems, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenberg Str. 2a, 85748, Garching, Germany
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Shenashen MA, Emran MY, El Sabagh A, Selim MM, Elmarakbi A, El-Safty SA. Progress in sensory devices of pesticides, pathogens, coronavirus, and chemical additives and hazards in food assessment: Food safety concerns. PROGRESS IN MATERIALS SCIENCE 2022; 124:100866. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2021.100866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Norvaiša K, Yeow K, Twamley B, Roucan M, Senge MO. Strategic Synthesis of 'Picket Fence' Porphyrins Based on Nonplanar Macrocycles. European J Org Chem 2021; 2021:1871-1882. [PMID: 33889056 PMCID: PMC8048935 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Traditional 'picket fence' porphyrin systems have been a topic of interest for their capacity to direct steric shielding effects selectively to one side of the macrocycle. Sterically overcrowded porphyrin systems that adopt macrocycle deformations have recently drawn attention for their applications in organocatalysis and sensing. Here we explore the combined benefits of nonplanar porphyrins and the old molecular design to bring new concepts to the playing field. The challenging ortho-positions of meso-phenyl residues in dodecasubstituted porphyrin systems led us to transition to less hindered para- and meta-sites and develop selective demethylation based on the steric interplay. Isolation of the symmetrical target compound [2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethyl-5,10,15,20-tetrakis(3,5-dipivaloyloxyphenyl)porphyrin] was investigated under two synthetic pathways. The obtained insight was used to isolate unsymmetrical [2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethyl-5,10,15,20-tetrakis(2-nitro-5-pivaloyloxyphenyl)porphyrin]. Upon separation of the atropisomers, a detailed single-crystal X-ray crystallographic analysis highlighted intrinsic intermolecular interactions. The nonplanarity of these systems in combination with 'picket fence' motifs provides an important feature in the design of supramolecular ensembles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolis Norvaiša
- Chair of Organic ChemistrySchool of ChemistryTrinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteTrinity College DublinThe University of Dublin152–160 Pearse StreetDublin2Ireland
| | - Kathryn Yeow
- Chair of Organic ChemistrySchool of ChemistryTrinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteTrinity College DublinThe University of Dublin152–160 Pearse StreetDublin2Ireland
| | - Brendan Twamley
- School of ChemistryTrinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublin2Ireland
| | - Marie Roucan
- Chair of Organic ChemistrySchool of ChemistryTrinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteTrinity College DublinThe University of Dublin152–160 Pearse StreetDublin2Ireland
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- Chair of Organic ChemistrySchool of ChemistryTrinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteTrinity College DublinThe University of Dublin152–160 Pearse StreetDublin2Ireland
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS)Technical University of MunichLichtenbergstrasse 2a85748GarchingGermany
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A Reversible Spectrophotometric Method Based on a Coupled Microfluidic Chip for Highly Selective Ammonium Detection. J CHEM-NY 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/3720308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A coupled chip aiming at economical and highly selective ammonium detection was fabricated. It consisted of a reaction chip, a gas-diffusion chip, and a detection chip. Zinc tetraphenylporphyrin dyed on the cation-exchange resin microbeads was used as the indicating material to avoid excess consumption for its reversibility. PDMS was selected as the material of the gas-diffusion membrane. A portable spectrometer was applied for spectrum analysis. By analysis of spectrum change, the high selectivity was confirmed because no component had interference on detection effect. Good performance was shown for all the tested concentrations (0.2–50 mg·L−1). The stability and reversibility were also judged by the spectrum data obtained from the indicating process and the recovering process. Finally, real samples containing ammonium were tested and the results were compared to those came from a standard method to confirm the accuracy of our method.
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Kielmann M, Prior C, Senge MO. Porphyrins in troubled times: a spotlight on porphyrins and their metal complexes for explosives testing and CBRN defense. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj04679k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A critical perspective on (metallo)porphyrins in security-related applications: the past, present and future of explosives detection, CBRN defense, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Kielmann
- School of Chemistry
- SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
| | - Caroline Prior
- School of Chemistry
- SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- Medicinal Chemistry
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute
- Trinity Centre for Health Sciences
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
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Ju HX, Zhuang QK, Long YT. The Preface. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Paolesse R, Nardis S, Monti D, Stefanelli M, Di Natale C. Porphyrinoids for Chemical Sensor Applications. Chem Rev 2016; 117:2517-2583. [PMID: 28222604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins and related macrocycles have been intensively exploited as sensing materials in chemical sensors, since in these devices they mimic most of their biological functions, such as reversible binding, catalytic activation, and optical changes. Such a magnificent bouquet of properties allows applying porphyrin derivatives to different transducers, ranging from nanogravimetric to optical devices, also enabling the realization of multifunctional chemical sensors, in which multiple transduction mechanisms are applied to the same sensing layer. Potential applications are further expanded through sensor arrays, where cross-selective sensing layers can be applied for the analysis of complex chemical matrices. The possibility of finely tuning the macrocycle properties by synthetic modification of the different components of the porphyrin ring, such as peripheral substituents, molecular skeleton, coordinated metal, allows creating a vast library of porphyrinoid-based sensing layers. From among these, one can select optimal arrays for a particular application. This feature is particularly suitable for sensor array applications, where cross-selective receptors are required. This Review briefly describes chemical sensor principles. The main part of the Review is divided into two sections, describing the porphyrin-based devices devoted to the detection of gaseous or liquid samples, according to the corresponding transduction mechanism. Although most devices are based on porphyrin derivatives, seminal examples of the application of corroles or other porphyrin analogues are evidenced in dedicated sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Paolesse
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata , via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Nardis
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata , via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Donato Monti
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata , via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Stefanelli
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata , via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Corrado Di Natale
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata , via del Politecnico, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Huan YF, Fei Q, Shan HY, Wang BJ, Xu H, Feng GD. A novel water-soluble sulfonated porphyrin fluorescence sensor for sensitive assays of H2O2and glucose. Analyst 2015; 140:1655-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an02142h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Nasini UB, Gartia Y, Ramidi P, Kazi A, Shaikh AU, Ghosh A. Oxygen reduction reaction catalyzed by cobalt(III) complexes of macrocyclic ligands supported on multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Chem Phys Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2013.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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