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Margot AM, Engels A, Sittinger M, Dehne T, Hemmati-Sadeghi S. Quantitatively measuring the cytotoxicity of viscous hydrogels with direct cell sampling in a micro scale format "MicroDrop" and its comparison to CCK8. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2024; 35:34. [PMID: 38900233 PMCID: PMC11189981 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-024-06800-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Tissue engineering holds promise for developing therapeutic applications using viscous materials e.g. hydrogels. However, assessing the cytotoxicity of such materials with conventional assays can be challenging due to non-specific interactions. To address this, we optimized a live/dead staining method for quantitative evaluation and compared it with the conventional CCK8 assay. Our MicroDrop method involved seeding droplets containing 5000 cells in 10 µl medium on 12-well plates. After allowing them to adhere for 4 h, various viscous samples were applied to the cells and measurements were conducted using a fluorescence microscope immediately and at daily intervals up to 72 h. A sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) dilution series compared the MicroDrop with the CCK8 assay. The findings revealed a cell-type specific pattern for 10 mg/ml hyaluronic acid (HA), wherein MC3T3-E1 cells maintained 95% viability until 72 h, while L929 cells experienced a gradual decline to 17%. 2 mg/ml HA exhibited consistent viability above 90% across all time points and cell lines. Similarly, fibrin demonstrated 90% viability across dilutions and time points, except for undiluted samples showing a decrease from 85% to 20%. Gelatin-methacrylol sustained viability above 70% across all time points at both 5% and 10% concentrations. The comparison of the SDS dilution series between viability (MicroDrop) and metabolic activity (CCK8) assay showed a correlation coefficient of 0.95. The study validates the feasibility of the established assay, providing researchers with an efficient tool for assessing cytotoxicity in viscous materials. Additionally, it holds the potential to yield more precise data on well-known hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Marie Margot
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Engels
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Sittinger
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tilo Dehne
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shabnam Hemmati-Sadeghi
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
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2
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Chatterjee S, Peterson JM, Casella AJ, Levitskaia TG, Bryan SA. Mechanisms of Plutonium Redox Reactions in Nitric Acid Solutions. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:6826-6838. [PMID: 32368911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plutonium (Pu) exhibits a complex redox behavior in aqueous solutions. This is due to the ability of the element to adapt a wide range of oxidation states typically from +3 to +6 and the tendency for dynamic interconversion between the oxidation states that primarily depend upon acid concentration and presence of coordinating ligands. This work interrogates the Pu redox behavior in aqueous nitric acid via a combination of voltammetry and in situ vis-NIR spectroelectrochemistry under controlled potentials to map the interconversion between the various Pu oxidation states. The NIR-spectroelectrochemistry studies used to complement the visible spectroscopy bring a new and more complete perspective into the plutonium redox transformations. This allows elucidation of the mechanisms of the involved redox reactions facilitating an in-depth understanding of the relative stability of the Pu oxidation states as a function of redox potentials and nitric acid concentrations. It is observed that oxidation of Pu(III) results in generation of Pu(IV) and Pu(VI) (the latter as PuO22+), bypassing the Pu(V) oxidation state. Further, with increasing acid concentrations, the formation of the Pu(VI) species progressively decreases so that the dynamic equilibrium between the Pu(III) and Pu(IV) oxidation states dominates. These findings have significant implications for developing separation processes for used nuclear fuel reprocessing and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayandev Chatterjee
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - James M Peterson
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Amanda J Casella
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Tatiana G Levitskaia
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Samuel A Bryan
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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3
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Chatterjee S, Fujimoto MS, Du Y, Hall GB, Lahiri N, Walter ED, Kovarik L. Redox-Based Electrochemical Affinity Sensor for Detection of Aqueous Pertechnetate Anion. ACS Sens 2020; 5:674-685. [PMID: 32028765 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b01531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Rapid, selective, and in situ detection of pertechnetate (TcO4-) in multicomponent matrices consisting of interfering anions such as the ubiquitous NO3- and Cl- or the isostructural CrO42- is challenging. Present sensors lack the selectivities to exclude these interferences or the sensitivities to meet detection limits that are lower than the drinking water standards across the globe. This work presents an affinity-based electrochemical sensor for TcO4- detection that relies on selective reductive precipitation of aqueous TcO4- induced by a 1,4-benzenedimethanethiol capture probe immobilized on an electrode platform. This results in a direct decrease in the electron transfer current, the magnitude of the decrease being proportional to the amount of TcO4- added. Using this approach, a detection limit of 1 × 10-10 M was achieved, which is lower than the drinking water standard of 5.2 × 10-10 M set by United States Environmental Protection Agency. The proposed approach shows selectivity to the TcO4- anion, allowing detection of TcO4- from a multicomponent groundwater sample obtained from a well at the Hanford site in Washington (well 299-W19-36) that also contained NO3-, Cl-, and CrO42-, without discernably affecting the detection limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayandev Chatterjee
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Meghan S. Fujimoto
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Yingge Du
- Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Gabriel B. Hall
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Nabajit Lahiri
- Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Eric D. Walter
- Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Libor Kovarik
- Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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4
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Nelson GL, Lines AM, Bello JM, Bryan SA. Online Monitoring of Solutions Within Microfluidic Chips: Simultaneous Raman and UV-Vis Absorption Spectroscopies. ACS Sens 2019; 4:2288-2295. [PMID: 31434479 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidics is an appealing analytical tool in the global effort to close the nuclear fuel cycle. Using a microfluidic chip permits the analysis of greatly reduced sample volumes compared to what is necessary for traditional analytical methods. There is a commensurate reduction in disposal volume and cost. The development of novel sensors is necessary to take full advantage of the microchip configuration, where optical-spectroscopy-based approaches offer a powerful route to characterize chemical composition. This study uses simultaneously applied UV-vis and micro-Raman spectroscopies adapted to function on the microscale to analyze in situ both the Nd3+ (UV-vis-active) and HNO3 (Raman-active) concentrations in the same sample. An adjustable translation platform was designed to hold the micro-Raman probe above and perpendicular to the chip face and the UV-vis probe in the plane of the chip. These complimentary spectral techniques when processed through multivariate partial least-squares (PLS) models gave an accurate picture of the widely varying solution concentrations as a function of time for each solution component. Solution matrix effects can drastically alter analyte signatures as measured by both UV-vis absorbance and Raman spectroscopy. PLS methods successfully modeled these spectral changes and accurately measured concentrations of components of interest within the microfluidic chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert L. Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, The College of Idaho, Caldwell, Idaho 83605, United States
| | - Amanda M. Lines
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Job M. Bello
- Spectra Solutions, Inc., 1502 Providence Highway, Norwood, Massachusetts 02062, United States
| | - Samuel A. Bryan
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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5
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Garoz‐Ruiz J, Perales‐Rondon JV, Heras A, Colina A. Spectroelectrochemical Sensing: Current Trends and Challenges. ELECTROANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Garoz‐Ruiz
- Department of ChemistryUniversidad de Burgos Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n E-09001 Burgos Spain
| | | | - Aranzazu Heras
- Department of ChemistryUniversidad de Burgos Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n E-09001 Burgos Spain
| | - Alvaro Colina
- Department of ChemistryUniversidad de Burgos Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n E-09001 Burgos Spain
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6
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Application of a webcam camera as a cost-effective sensor with image processing for dual electrochemical – colorimetric detection system. Talanta 2018; 185:160-165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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7
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Nelson GL, Asmussen SE, Lines AM, Casella AJ, Bottenus DR, Clark SB, Bryan SA. Micro-Raman Technology to Interrogate Two-Phase Extraction on a Microfluidic Device. Anal Chem 2018; 90:8345-8353. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert L. Nelson
- The College of Idaho, Department of Chemistry, Caldwell, Idaho 83605, United States
| | - Susan E. Asmussen
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Amanda M. Lines
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Amanda J. Casella
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Danny R. Bottenus
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Sue B. Clark
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Washington State University, Department of Chemistry, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Samuel A. Bryan
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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8
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Zhai Y, Zhu Z, Zhou S, Zhu C, Dong S. Recent advances in spectroelectrochemistry. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:3089-3111. [PMID: 29379916 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr07803j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The integration of two quite different techniques, conventional electrochemistry and spectroscopy, into spectroelectrochemistry (SEC) provides a complete description of chemically driven electron transfer processes and redox events for different kinds of molecules and nanoparticles. SEC possesses interdisciplinary advantages and can further expand the scopes in the fields of analysis and other applications, emphasizing the hot issues of analytical chemistry, materials science, biophysics, chemical biology, and so on. Considering the past and future development of SEC, a review on the recent progress of SEC is presented and selected examples involving surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), near-infrared (NIR), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), fluorescence, as well as other SEC are summarized to fully demonstrate these techniques. In addition, the optically transparent electrodes and SEC cell design, and the typical applications of SEC in mechanism study, electrochromic device fabrication, sensing and protein study are fully introduced. Finally, the key issues, future perspectives and trends in the development of SEC are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Zhai
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
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9
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Martín-Yerga D, Pérez-Junquera A, González-García MB, Perales-Rondon JV, Heras A, Colina A, Hernández-Santos D, Fanjul-Bolado P. Quantitative Raman spectroelectrochemistry using silver screen-printed electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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10
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Chatterjee S, Hall GB, Johnson IE, Du Y, Walter ED, Washton NM, Levitskaia TG. Surprising formation of quasi-stable Tc(vi) in high ionic strength alkaline media. Inorg Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qi00219c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This work demonstrates an aqueous Tc(vi) lifetime 6 orders of magnitude greater than previously suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayandev Chatterjee
- Energy and Environment Directorate
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Gabriel B. Hall
- Energy and Environment Directorate
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Isaac E. Johnson
- Energy and Environment Directorate
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Yingge Du
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Eric D. Walter
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Nancy M. Washton
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
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11
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Nelson GL, Lines AM, Casella AJ, Bello JM, Bryan SA. Development and testing of a novel micro-Raman probe and application of calibration method for the quantitative analysis of microfluidic nitric acid streams. Analyst 2018; 143:1188-1196. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an01761h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
To simplify and improve the safety of reprocessing nuclear fuel, the Micro-Raman technique was applied at the microfluidic scale with a view toward the on-line spectroscopic measurement of radioactive solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda M. Lines
- Energy and Environment Directorate
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Amanda J. Casella
- Energy and Environment Directorate
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | | | - Samuel A. Bryan
- Energy and Environment Directorate
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
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12
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Garoz-Ruiz J, Guillen-Posteguillo C, Heras A, Colina A. Simplifying the assessment of parameters of electron-transfer reactions by using easy-to-use thin-layer spectroelectrochemistry devices. Electrochem commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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13
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Martín-Yerga D, Pérez-Junquera A, Hernández-Santos D, Fanjul-Bolado P. Time-Resolved Luminescence Spectroelectrochemistry at Screen-Printed Electrodes: Following the Redox-Dependent Fluorescence of [Ru(bpy) 3] 2. Anal Chem 2017; 89:10649-10654. [PMID: 28892373 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a compact instrument for time-resolved luminescence spectroelectrochemistry using low-cost disposable electrodes is reported. This instrument can be coupled with screen-printed electrodes via a specific cell and a reflection probe, which allows one to observe changes occurring at the electrode/solution interface. This approach allowed one to follow the fluorescence variation of electrofluorochromic species such as [Ru(bpy)3]2+ at screen-printed carbon electrodes. A strong correlation between the electrochemical processes and the fluorescence was found during potentiostatic or multipulsed amperometric measurements. A decrease of the fluorescence was observed when the [Ru(bpy)3]2+ was oxidized to [Ru(bpy)3]3+ and part of this fluorescence is recovered when [Ru(bpy)3]3+ was reduced to the initial species. Moreover, a significant increment of the fluorescence was found when the oxygen reduction reaction takes place, which also confirms its quenching effect. Finally, multipulsed amperometric detection was employed in order to obtain more information about the redox-dependent luminescence of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ finding a continuous quenching over time attributed to bleaching chlorine-based species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Martín-Yerga
- DropSens, S.L. , Edificio CEEI, Parque Tecnológico de Asturias, 33428 Llanera, Asturias, Spain
| | | | - David Hernández-Santos
- DropSens, S.L. , Edificio CEEI, Parque Tecnológico de Asturias, 33428 Llanera, Asturias, Spain
| | - Pablo Fanjul-Bolado
- DropSens, S.L. , Edificio CEEI, Parque Tecnológico de Asturias, 33428 Llanera, Asturias, Spain
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14
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Botasini S, Méndez E. Limited Diffusion and Cell Dimensions in a Micrometer Layer of Solution: An Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Study. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201700097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Botasini
- Laboratorio de Biomateriales, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de la República; Iguá 4225 11400 Montevideo Uruguay
| | - Eduardo Méndez
- Laboratorio de Biomateriales, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de la República; Iguá 4225 11400 Montevideo Uruguay
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15
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Branch SD, Lines AM, Lynch J, Bello JM, Heineman WR, Bryan SA. Optically Transparent Thin-Film Electrode Chip for Spectroelectrochemical Sensing. Anal Chem 2017; 89:7324-7332. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shirmir D. Branch
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Amanda M. Lines
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - John Lynch
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Job M. Bello
- EIC Laboratories Inc., Norwood, Massachusetts 02062, United States
| | - William R. Heineman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Samuel A. Bryan
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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16
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Chatterjee S, Bryan SA, Casella AJ, Peterson JM, Levitskaia TG. Mechanisms of neptunium redox reactions in nitric acid solutions. Inorg Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6qi00550k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This work explores the mechanisms of inter-conversions among the various oxidation states of neptunium in aqueous HNO3, and the effect of HNO3 on their electronic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayandev Chatterjee
- Energy and Environment Directorate
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Samuel A. Bryan
- Energy and Environment Directorate
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Amanda J. Casella
- Energy and Environment Directorate
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - James M. Peterson
- Energy and Environment Directorate
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
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17
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Schroll CA, Chatterjee S, Levitskaia TG, Heineman WR, Bryan SA. Electrochemistry and Spectroelectrochemistry of Europium(III) Chloride in 3LiCl–2KCl from 643 to 1123 K. Anal Chem 2013; 85:9924-31. [DOI: 10.1021/ac402518p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A. Schroll
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Sayandev Chatterjee
- Energy
and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Tatiana G. Levitskaia
- Energy
and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - William R. Heineman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Samuel A. Bryan
- Energy
and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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18
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Flowers PA, Blake DA. Submicroliter Electrochemistry and Spectroelectrochemistry Using Standard Electrodes and a Polymer Electrolyte Salt Bridge. Anal Chem 2013; 85:3059-63. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303712v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Flowers
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of North Carolina at Pembroke, Pembroke,
North Carolina 28372-1510, United States
| | - David A. Blake
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of North Carolina at Pembroke, Pembroke,
North Carolina 28372-1510, United States
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19
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González-Diéguez N, Colina A, López-Palacios J, Heras A. Spectroelectrochemistry at Screen-Printed Electrodes: Determination of Dopamine. Anal Chem 2012; 84:9146-53. [DOI: 10.1021/ac3018444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noelia González-Diéguez
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad de Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos
s/n, E-09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Alvaro Colina
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad de Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos
s/n, E-09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Jesús López-Palacios
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad de Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos
s/n, E-09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Aránzazu Heras
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad de Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos
s/n, E-09001 Burgos, Spain
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