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Zhao X, Bhat A, O’Connor C, Curtin J, Singh B, Tian F. Review of Detection Limits for Various Techniques for Bacterial Detection in Food Samples. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:855. [PMID: 38786811 PMCID: PMC11124167 DOI: 10.3390/nano14100855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Foodborne illnesses can be infectious and dangerous, and most of them are caused by bacteria. Some common food-related bacteria species exist widely in nature and pose a serious threat to both humans and animals; they can cause poisoning, diseases, disabilities and even death. Rapid, reliable and cost-effective methods for bacterial detection are of paramount importance in food safety and environmental monitoring. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), lateral flow immunochromatographic assay (LFIA) and electrochemical methods have been widely used in food safety and environmental monitoring. In this paper, the recent developments (2013-2023) covering PCR, LFIA and electrochemical methods for various bacterial species (Salmonella, Listeria, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli)), considering different food sample types, analytical performances and the reported limit of detection (LOD), are discussed. It was found that the bacteria species and food sample type contributed significantly to the analytical performance and LOD. Detection via LFIA has a higher average LOD (24 CFU/mL) than detection via electrochemical methods (12 CFU/mL) and PCR (6 CFU/mL). Salmonella and E. coli in the Pseudomonadota domain usually have low LODs. LODs are usually lower for detection in fish and eggs. Gold and iron nanoparticles were the most studied in the reported articles for LFIA, and average LODs were 26 CFU/mL and 12 CFU/mL, respectively. The electrochemical method revealed that the average LOD was highest for cyclic voltammetry (CV) at 18 CFU/mL, followed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) at 12 CFU/mL and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) at 8 CFU/mL. LOD usually decreases when the sample number increases until it remains unchanged. Exponential relations (R2 > 0.95) between LODs of Listeria in milk via LFIA and via the electrochemical method with sample numbers have been obtained. Finally, the review discusses challenges and future perspectives (including the role of nanomaterials/advanced materials) to improve analytical performance for bacterial detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Zhao
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Grangegorman, D07 ADY7 Dublin, Ireland; (X.Z.); (A.B.); (C.O.); (B.S.)
- FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Camden Row, D08 CKP1 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Abhijnan Bhat
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Grangegorman, D07 ADY7 Dublin, Ireland; (X.Z.); (A.B.); (C.O.); (B.S.)
- MiCRA Biodiagnostics Technology Gateway and Health, Engineering & Materials Sciences (HEMS) Research Hub, Technological University Dublin, D24 FKT9 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christine O’Connor
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Grangegorman, D07 ADY7 Dublin, Ireland; (X.Z.); (A.B.); (C.O.); (B.S.)
| | - James Curtin
- Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Technological University Dublin, Bolton Street, D01 K822 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Baljit Singh
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Grangegorman, D07 ADY7 Dublin, Ireland; (X.Z.); (A.B.); (C.O.); (B.S.)
- MiCRA Biodiagnostics Technology Gateway and Health, Engineering & Materials Sciences (HEMS) Research Hub, Technological University Dublin, D24 FKT9 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Furong Tian
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Grangegorman, D07 ADY7 Dublin, Ireland; (X.Z.); (A.B.); (C.O.); (B.S.)
- FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Camden Row, D08 CKP1 Dublin, Ireland
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Servarayan K, Krishnamoorthy G, Sundaram E, Karuppusamy M, Murugan M, Piraman S, Vasantha VS. Optical Immunosensor for the Detection of Listeria monocytogenes in Food Matrixes. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:15979-15989. [PMID: 37179640 PMCID: PMC10173425 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, simple imine-based organic fluorophore 4-amino-3-(anthracene-9 yl methyleneamino) phenyl (phenyl) methanone (APM) has been synthesized via a greener approach and the same was used to construct a fluorescent immunoassay for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes (LM). A monoclonal antibody of LM was tagged with APM via the conjugation of the amine group in APM and the acid group of anti-LM through EDC/NHS coupling. The designed immunoassay was optimized for the specific detection of LM in the presence of other interfering pathogens based on the aggregation-induced emission mechanism and the formation of aggregates and their morphology was confirmed with the help of scanning electron microscopy. Density functional theory studies were done to further support the sensing mechanism-based changes in the energy level distribution. All photophysical parameters were measured by using fluorescence spectroscopy techniques. Specific and competitive recognition of LM was done in the presence of other relevant pathogens. The immunoassay shows a linear appreciable range from 1.6 × 106-2.7024 × 108 cfu/mL using the standard plate count method. The LOD has been calculated from the linear equation and the value is found as 3.2 cfu/mL, and this is the lowest LOD value reported for the detection of LM so far. The practical applications of the immunoassay were demonstrated in various food samples, and their accuracy obtained was highly comparable with the standard existing ELISA method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthika
Lakshmi Servarayan
- Department
of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Govindan Krishnamoorthy
- Translational
Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Central University Laboratory, TANUVAS, Chennai 600051, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ellairaja Sundaram
- Department
of Chemistry, Vivekananda College, Tiruvedakam-West, Madurai 625234, India
| | - Masiyappan Karuppusamy
- Centre
for High Computing, CSIR-Central Leather
Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai 600020, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Marudhamuthu Murugan
- Department
of Microbial Technology, Madurai Kamaraj
University, Madurai 625021, India
| | - Shakkthivel Piraman
- Department
of Nanoscience and Technology, Alagappa
University, Karaikudi-630003, India
| | - Vairathevar Sivasamy Vasantha
- Department
of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, Tamil Nadu, India
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Patel R, Vinchurkar M, Mohin Shaikh A, Patkar R, Adami A, Giacomozzi F, Ramesh R, Pramanick B, Lorenzelli L, Shojaei Baghini M. Part I: Non-faradaic electrochemical impedance-based DNA biosensor for detecting phytopathogen - Ralstonia solanacearum. Bioelectrochemistry 2023; 150:108370. [PMID: 36630871 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report for the first time the development of a label-free, non-faradaic, and highly sensitive DNA-based impedimetric sensor using micro-sized gold interdigitated electrodes (IDE) to detect a soil-borne agricultural pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. A universal 30 oligomer single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) probe lpxC4 having specificity towards R. solanacearum is successfully immobilized on the surface of IDE along with mercaptohexanol. The electrochemical stability of the developed sensor surface is determined using open circuit potential measurements. The DNA probe immobilization protocol is validated using the changes configured on the surface of IDE by contact angle and ATR-FTIR analysis. The DNA target hybridization is detected using non-faradaic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurement with an ultra-low sample volume of 10 µL. The non-faradaic approach is verified by studying redox behavior using cyclic voltammetry. We investigate the hybridization of the surface-immobilized label-free probe with the complementary DNA targets obtained from infected eggplant saplings and cross-reactive studies with mismatched DNA strands. Our impedimetric sensor can detect target concentrations as low as 0.1 ng/µL. This standardization and detection of DNA hybridization serves as part I of the work and paves the way for further study in the detection of pathogenic field samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhea Patel
- Center for Research in Nanotechnology and Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India.
| | - Madhuri Vinchurkar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Aatha Mohin Shaikh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Rajul Patkar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Andrea Adami
- Center for Sensors & Devices, Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK), Trento, Italy
| | - Flavio Giacomozzi
- Center for Sensors & Devices, Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK), Trento, Italy
| | - Raman Ramesh
- Plant Pathology, ICAR - Central Coastal Agricultural Research Institute, Old Goa, Goa 403402, India
| | - Bidhan Pramanick
- School of Electrical Sciences and Centre of Excellence in Particulates Colloids and Interfaces, Indian Institute of Technology Goa, Goa 403401, India
| | - Leandro Lorenzelli
- Center for Sensors & Devices, Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK), Trento, Italy
| | - Maryam Shojaei Baghini
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
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Mehrannia L, Khalilzadeh B, Rahbarghazi R, Milani M, Saydan Kanberoglu G, Yousefi H, Erk N. Electrochemical Biosensors as a Novel Platform in the Identification of Listeriosis Infection. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:216. [PMID: 36831982 PMCID: PMC9954029 DOI: 10.3390/bios13020216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (L.M.) is a gram-positive bacillus with wide distribution in the environment. This bacterium contaminates water sources and food products and can be transmitted to the human population. The infection caused by L.M. is called listeriosis and is common in pregnant women, immune-deficient patients, and older adults. Based on the released statistics, listeriosis has a high rate of hospitalization and mortality; thus, rapid and timely detection of food contamination and listeriosis cases is necessary. During the last few decades, biosensors have been used for the detection and monitoring of varied bacteria species. These devices are detection platforms with great sensitivity and low detection limits. Among different types of biosensors, electrochemical biosensors have a high capability to circumvent several drawbacks associated with the application of conventional laboratory techniques. In this review article, different electrochemical biosensor types used for the detection of listeriosis were discussed in terms of actuators, bioreceptors, specific working electrodes, and signal amplification. We hope that this review will facilitate researchers to access a complete and comprehensive template for pathogen detection based on the different formats of electrochemical biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Mehrannia
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14733, Iran
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14733, Iran
| | - Balal Khalilzadeh
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14733, Iran
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14733, Iran
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14733, Iran
| | - Morteza Milani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14733, Iran
| | | | - Hadi Yousefi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy 58167-53464, Iran
| | - Nevin Erk
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara 06560, Turkey
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5
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Zolti O, Suganthan B, Ramasamy RP. Lab-on-a-Chip Electrochemical Biosensors for Foodborne Pathogen Detection: A Review of Common Standards and Recent Progress. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13020215. [PMID: 36831981 PMCID: PMC9954316 DOI: 10.3390/bios13020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens are an important diagnostic target for the food, beverage, and health care industries due to their prevalence and the adverse effects they can cause to public health, food safety, and the economy. The standards that determine whether a given type of food is fit for consumption are set by governments and must be taken into account when designing a new diagnostic tool such as a biosensor platform. In order to meet these stringent detection limits, cost, and reliability standards, recent research has been focused on developing lab-on-a-chip-based approaches for detection devices that use microfluidic channels and platforms. The microfluidics-based devices are designed, developed, and used in different ways to achieve the established common standards for food pathogen testing that enable high throughput, rapid detection, low sample volume, and minimal pretreatment procedures. Combining microfluidic approaches with electrochemical biosensing could offer affordable, portable, and easy to use devices for food pathogen diagnostics. This review presents an analysis of the established common standards and the recent progress made in electrochemical sensors toward the development of future lab-on-a-chip devices that will aid 'collection-to-detection' using a single method and platform.
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Ngernpimai S, Srijampa S, Thongmee P, Teerasong S, Puangmali T, Maleewong W, Chompoosor A, Tippayawat P. Insight into the Covalently Oriented Immobilization of Antibodies on Gold Nanoparticle Probes to Improve Sensitivity in the Colorimetric Detection of Listeria monocytogenes. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:2103-2112. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sawinee Ngernpimai
- Center for Innovation and Standard for Medical Technology and Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sukanya Srijampa
- Biosensor Research Group for Non-Communicable Disease and Infectious Disease, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Patsara Thongmee
- Center for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories (CMDL), Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Saowapak Teerasong
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Analytical Chemistry Research Unit, School of Science, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
| | - Theerapong Puangmali
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Wanchai Maleewong
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Apiwat Chompoosor
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok 10240, Thailand
| | - Patcharaporn Tippayawat
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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Capo A, Cozzolino S, Cavallari A, Bruno U, Calabrese A, Pennacchio A, Camarca A, Staiano M, D’Auria S, Varriale A. The Porcine Odorant-Binding Protein as a Probe for an Impedenziometric-Based Detection of Benzene in the Environment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23074039. [PMID: 35409403 PMCID: PMC8999506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23074039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) are a group of small and soluble proteins present in both vertebrates and insects. They have a high level of structural stability and bind to a large spectrum of odorant molecules. In the environmental field, benzene is the most dangerous compound among the class of pollutants named BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene). It has several effects on human health and, consequently, it appears to be important to monitor its presence in the environment. Commonly, its detection requires the use of very sophisticated and time-consuming analytical techniques (GC-MS, etc.) as well as the presence of specialized personnel. Here, we present the application of an odorant-binding protein (pOBP) isolated from pigs as a molecular recognition element (MRE) for a low-energy impedenziometric biosensor for outdoor and real-time benzene detection. The obtained results show that the biosensor can detect the presence of 64 pM (5 µg/m3) benzene, the limit value of exposure for human health set by the European Directive 2008/50/EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Capo
- Institute of Food Science, CNR Italy, 83100 Avellino, Italy; (A.C.); (S.C.); (A.C.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (A.V.)
- URT-ISA, CNR at Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Serena Cozzolino
- Institute of Food Science, CNR Italy, 83100 Avellino, Italy; (A.C.); (S.C.); (A.C.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (A.V.)
| | - Adolfo Cavallari
- Megaris, Electronics and Electromechanical Systems, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (A.C.); (U.B.)
| | - Ugo Bruno
- Megaris, Electronics and Electromechanical Systems, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (A.C.); (U.B.)
| | - Alessia Calabrese
- Institute of Food Science, CNR Italy, 83100 Avellino, Italy; (A.C.); (S.C.); (A.C.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (A.V.)
- URT-ISA, CNR at Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Angela Pennacchio
- Institute of Food Science, CNR Italy, 83100 Avellino, Italy; (A.C.); (S.C.); (A.C.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (A.V.)
| | - Alessandra Camarca
- Institute of Food Science, CNR Italy, 83100 Avellino, Italy; (A.C.); (S.C.); (A.C.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (A.V.)
| | - Maria Staiano
- Institute of Food Science, CNR Italy, 83100 Avellino, Italy; (A.C.); (S.C.); (A.C.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (A.V.)
| | - Sabato D’Auria
- Institute of Food Science, CNR Italy, 83100 Avellino, Italy; (A.C.); (S.C.); (A.C.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (A.V.)
- Department of Biology, Agriculture, and Food Sciences, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-DISBA), Piazzale Aldo Moro 7, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-4993-7803
| | - Antonio Varriale
- Institute of Food Science, CNR Italy, 83100 Avellino, Italy; (A.C.); (S.C.); (A.C.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (A.V.)
- URT-ISA, CNR at Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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8
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Oliveira DA, Althawab S, McLamore ES, Gomes CL. One-Step Fabrication of Stimuli-Responsive Chitosan-Platinum Brushes for Listeria monocytogenes Detection. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:bios11120511. [PMID: 34940268 PMCID: PMC8699315 DOI: 10.3390/bios11120511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial contamination in food-processing facilities is a critical issue that leads to outbreaks compromising the integrity of the food supply and public health. We developed a label-free and rapid electrochemical biosensor for Listeria monocytogenes detection using a new one-step simultaneous sonoelectrodeposition of platinum and chitosan (CHI/Pt) to create a biomimetic nanostructure that actuates under pH changes. The XPS analysis shows the effective co-deposition of chitosan and platinum on the electrode surface. This deposition was optimized to enhance the electroactive surface area by 11 times compared with a bare platinum-iridium electrode (p < 0.05). Electrochemical behavior during chitosan actuation (pH-stimulated osmotic swelling) was characterized with three different redox probes (positive, neutral, and negative charge) above and below the isoelectric point of chitosan. These results showed that using a negatively charged redox probe led to the highest electroactive surface area, corroborating previous studies of stimulus-response polymers on metal electrodes. Following this material characterization, CHI/Pt brushes were functionalized with aptamers selective for L. monocytogenes capture. These aptasensors were functional at concentrations up to 106 CFU/mL with no preconcentration nor extraneous reagent addition. Selectivity was assessed in the presence of other Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and with a food product (chicken broth). Actuation led to improved L. monocytogenes detection with a low limit of detection (33 CFU/10 mL in chicken broth). The aptasensor developed herein offers a simple fabrication procedure with only one-step deposition followed by functionalization and rapid L. monocytogenes detection, with 15 min bacteria capture and 2 min sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela A. Oliveira
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (D.A.O.); (S.A.)
| | - Suleiman Althawab
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (D.A.O.); (S.A.)
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Eric S. McLamore
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Carmen L. Gomes
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (D.A.O.); (S.A.)
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 26631, USA
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9
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Sidhu RK, Cavallaro ND, Pola CC, Danyluk MD, McLamore ES, Gomes CL. Planar Interdigitated Aptasensor for Flow-Through Detection of Listeria spp. in Hydroponic Lettuce Growth Media. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E5773. [PMID: 33053744 PMCID: PMC7600482 DOI: 10.3390/s20205773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Irrigation water is a primary source of fresh produce contamination by bacteria during the preharvest, particularly in hydroponic systems where the control of pests and pathogens is a major challenge. In this work, we demonstrate the development of a Listeria biosensor using platinum interdigitated microelectrodes (Pt-IME). The sensor is incorporated into a particle/sediment trap for the real-time analysis of irrigation water in a hydroponic lettuce system. We demonstrate the application of this system using a smartphone-based potentiostat for rapid on-site analysis of water quality. A detailed characterization of the electrochemical behavior was conducted in the presence/absence of DNA and Listeria spp., which was followed by calibration in various solutions with and without flow. In flow conditions (100 mL samples), the aptasensor had a sensitivity of 3.37 ± 0.21 k log-CFU-1 mL, and the LOD was 48 ± 12 CFU mL-1 with a linear range of 102 to 104 CFU mL-1. In stagnant solution with no flow, the aptasensor performance was significantly improved in buffer, vegetable broth, and hydroponic media. Sensor hysteresis ranged from 2 to 16% after rinsing in a strong basic solution (direct reuse) and was insignificant after removing the aptamer via washing in Piranha solution (reuse after adsorption with fresh aptamer). This is the first demonstration of an aptasensor used to monitor microbial water quality for hydroponic lettuce in real time using a smartphone-based acquisition system for volumes that conform with the regulatory standards. The aptasensor demonstrated a recovery of 90% and may be reused a limited number of times with minor washing steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raminderdeep K. Sidhu
- Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Nicholas D. Cavallaro
- Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Cicero C. Pola
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Michelle D. Danyluk
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Eric S. McLamore
- Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Carmen L. Gomes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
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10
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Emerging electrochemical biosensing approaches for detection of Listeria monocytogenes in food samples: An overview. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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11
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Silva NFD, Neves MMPS, Magalhães JMCS, Freire C, Delerue-Matos C. Electrochemical immunosensor towards invasion-associated protein p60: An alternative strategy for Listeria monocytogenes screening in food. Talanta 2020; 216:120976. [PMID: 32456897 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This work reports the development of an electrochemical immunosensor for rapid, specific and decentralized detection of the invasion-associated protein p60 secreted by Listeria monocytogenes, a life-threatening foodborne pathogen. A disposable screen-printed electrode was used as transducer surface and monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies that specifically recognize Listeria monocytogenes p60 protein and Listeria spp. p60 proteins, respectively, were used as the sandwich immuno-pair. The reaction was detected with the aid of an additional secondary antibody conjugated with the enzyme reporter (alkaline phosphatase) and using 3-indoxyl phosphate/silver ions as the mixture substrate. The analytical signal was acquired through the voltammetric stripping of the enzymatically deposited silver, which was directly correlated to p60 concentration in the sample. In optimized conditions, a limit of detection and quantification of 1.5 ng mL-1 and 5.1 ng mL-1 were achieved, respectively, in a useful time (<3 h). As proof-of-concept, the proposed immunosensor was successfully applied to spiked milk samples, demonstrating to be a suitable device for further use in real sample detection of Listeria monocytogenes in food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nádia F D Silva
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre, S/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta M P S Neves
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Júlia M C S Magalhães
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Freire
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre, S/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal.
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12
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Zhu Z, Zhu X, Kong F, Guo W. Quantitatively determining the total bacterial count of raw goat milk using dielectric spectra. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:7895-7903. [PMID: 31279560 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate dielectric spectra as a means of quantitatively determining total bacterial count (TBC) of raw goat milk. The dielectric spectra, including dielectric constant (ε') spectra and dielectric loss factor (ε″) spectra, and TBC of 154 raw goat milk samples were measured using network analyzer and plate count methods, respectively. Owing to the poor linear relationship between TBC in logarithm and permittivities at a single frequency, chemometrics was used to reduce noise, identify outliers, select effective variables, and divide sample sets. Several linear models, such as multiple linear regression, ridge regression, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, were established to determine TBC based on the effective spectra of ε', ε″, and their combination (ε'+ε″). The results indicated that the models built using the spectra of ε'+ε″ and ε' had excellent TBC prediction performance. The best model was multiple linear regression based on ε'+ε″ spectra with the residual predictive deviation of 3.26. This study shows that the dielectric spectra had great potential to quantitatively and rapidly determine TBC of raw milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuozhuo Zhu
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xinhua Zhu
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Fanrong Kong
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Wenchuan Guo
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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13
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Hills KD, Oliveira DA, Cavallaro ND, Gomes CL, McLamore ES. Actuation of chitosan-aptamer nanobrush borders for pathogen sensing. Analyst 2019. [PMID: 29541704 DOI: 10.1039/c7an02039b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate a sensing mechanism for rapid detection of Listeria monocytogenes in food samples using the actuation of chitosan-aptamer nanobrush borders. The bio-inspired soft material and sensing strategy mimic natural symbiotic systems, where low levels of bacteria are selectively captured from complex matrices. To engineer this biomimetic system, we first develop reduced graphene oxide/nanoplatinum (rGO-nPt) electrodes, and characterize the fundamental electrochemical behavior in the presence and absence of chitosan nanobrushes during actuation (pH-stimulated osmotic swelling). We then characterize the electrochemical behavior of the nanobrush when receptors (antibodies or DNA aptamers) are conjugated to the surface. Finally, we test various techniques to determine the most efficient capture strategy based on nanobrush actuation, and then apply the biosensors in a food product. Maximum cell capture occurs when aptamers conjugated to the nanobrush bind cells in the extended conformation (pH < 6), followed by impedance measurement in the collapsed nanobrush conformation (pH > 6). The aptamer-nanobrush hybrid material was more efficient than the antibody-nanobrush material, which was likely due to the relatively high adsorption capacity for aptamers. The biomimetic material was used to develop a rapid test (17 min) for selectively detecting L. monocytogenes at concentrations ranging from 9 to 107 CFU mL-1 with no pre-concentration, and in the presence of other Gram-positive cells (Listeria innocua and Staphylococcus aureus). Use of this bio-inspired material is among the most efficient for L. monocytogenes sensing to date, and does not require sample pretreatment, making nanobrush borders a promising new material for rapid pathogen detection in food.
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14
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Effective Construction of a High-Capacity Boronic Acid Layer on a Quartz Crystal Microbalance Chip for High-Density Antibody Immobilization. SENSORS 2018; 19:s19010028. [PMID: 30577674 PMCID: PMC6339082 DOI: 10.3390/s19010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Boronic acids (BAs) provide strong potential in orientation immobilization of antibody and the modification method is crucial for efficiency optimization. A highly effective method has been developed for rapid antibody immobilization on gold electrodes through the electrodeposition of a BA–containing linker in this study. Aniline-based BA forms a condense layer while antibody could automatically immobilize on the surface of the electrode. Compare to traditional self-assembled monolayer method, the electrodeposition process dramatically reduces the modification time from days to seconds. It also enhances the immobilized efficiency from 95 to 408 (ng/cm2) with a strong preference being exhibited for shorter aniline-based linkers.
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15
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Impedance Sensing Platform for Detection of the Food Pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. ELECTRONICS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/electronics7120347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A great improvement in food safety and quality controls worldwide has been achieved through the development of biosensing platforms. Foodborne pathogens continue to cause serious outbreaks, due to the ingestion of contaminated food. The development of new, sensitive, portable, high-throughput, and automated platforms is a primary objective to allow detection of pathogens and their toxins in foods. Listeria monocytogenes is one common foodborne pathogen. Major outbreaks of listeriosis have been caused by a variety of foods, including milk, soft cheeses, meat, fermented sausages, poultry, seafood and vegetable products. Due to its high sensitivity and easy setup, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has been extensively applied for biosensor fabrication and in particular in the field of microbiology as a mean to detect and quantify foodborne bacteria. Here we describe a miniaturized, portable EIS platform consisting of a microfluidic device with EIS sensors for the detection of L. monocytogenes in milk samples, connected to a portable impedance analyzer for on-field application in clinical and food diagnostics, but also for biosecurity purposes. To achieve this goal microelectrodes were functionalized with antibodies specific for L. monocytogenes. The binding and detection of L. monocytogenes was achieved in the range 2.2 × 103 cfu/mL to 1 × 102 with a Limit of Detection (LoD) of 5.5 cfu/mL.
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16
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Pali M, Suni II. Impedance Detection of 3‐Phenoxybenzoic Acid Comparing Wholes Antibodies and Antibody Fragments for Biomolecular Recognition. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Madhavi Pali
- Department of Chemistry & BiochemistryMaterials Technology CenterSouthern Illinois University Carbondale, IL 62901 USA
| | - Ian I. Suni
- Department of Chemistry & BiochemistryMaterials Technology CenterSouthern Illinois University Carbondale, IL 62901 USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Energy ProcessesSouthern Illinois University Carbondale, IL 62901 USA
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17
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Soni DK, Ahmad R, Dubey SK. Biosensor for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes: emerging trends. Crit Rev Microbiol 2018; 44:590-608. [PMID: 29790396 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2018.1473331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The early detection of Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) and understanding the disease burden is of paramount interest. The failure to detect pathogenic bacteria in the food industry may have terrible consequences, and poses deleterious effects on human health. Therefore, integration of methods to detect and trace the route of pathogens along the entire food supply network might facilitate elucidation of the main contamination sources. Recent research interest has been oriented towards the development of rapid and affordable pathogen detection tools/techniques. An innovative and new approach like biosensors has been quite promising in revealing the foodborne pathogens. In spite of the existing knowledge, advanced research is still needed to substantiate the expeditious nature and sensitivity of biosensors for rapid and in situ analysis of foodborne pathogens. This review summarizes recent developments in optical, piezoelectric, cell-based, and electrochemical biosensors for Listeria sp. detection in clinical diagnostics, food analysis, and environmental monitoring, and also lists their drawbacks and advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendra Kumar Soni
- a Department of Botany, Institute of Science , Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi , India
| | - Rafiq Ahmad
- b Sensors Lab, Electrical Engineering Program, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Suresh Kumar Dubey
- a Department of Botany, Institute of Science , Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi , India
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18
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Radhakrishnan R, Poltronieri P. Fluorescence-Free Biosensor Methods in Detection of Food Pathogens with a Special Focus on Listeria monocytogenes. BIOSENSORS 2017; 7:E63. [PMID: 29261134 PMCID: PMC5746786 DOI: 10.3390/bios7040063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Food pathogens contaminate food products that allow their growth on the shelf and also under refrigerated conditions. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to lower the limit of detection (LOD) of the method used and to obtain the results within hours to few days. Biosensor methods exploit the available technologies to individuate and provide an approximate quantification of the bacteria present in a sample. The main bottleneck of these methods depends on the aspecific binding to the surfaces and on a change in sensitivity when bacteria are in a complex food matrix with respect to bacteria in a liquid food sample. In this review, we introduce surface plasmon resonance (SPR), new advancements in SPR techniques, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), as fluorescence-free biosensing technologies for detection of L. monocytogenes in foods. The application of the two methods has facilitated L. monocytogenes detection with LOD of 1 log CFU/mL. Further advancements are envisaged through the combination of biosensor methods with immunoseparation of bacteria from larger volumes, application of lab-on-chip technologies, and EIS sensing methods for multiplex pathogen detection. Validation efforts are being conducted to demonstrate the robustness of detection, reproducibility and variability in multi-site installations.
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19
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20
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Rapid detection of Listeria monocytogenes in food by biofunctionalized magnetic nanoparticle based on nuclear magnetic resonance. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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21
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Alhogail S, Suaifan GA, Zourob M. Rapid colorimetric sensing platform for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes foodborne pathogen. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 86:1061-1066. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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22
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Cimaglia F, De Lorenzis E, Mezzolla V, Rossi F, Poltronieri P. Detection of <italic>L. Monocytogenes</italic> in Enrichment Cultures by Immunoseparation and Immunosensors. IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL 2016; 16:7045-7052. [DOI: 10.1109/jsen.2016.2598700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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23
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Yasmin J, Ahmed MR, Cho BK. Biosensors and their Applications in Food Safety: A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5307/jbe.2016.41.3.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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24
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Huang YM, Hsu HY, Hsu CL. Development of electrochemical method to detect bacterial count, Listeria monocytogenes, and somatic cell count in raw milk. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2016.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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25
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Välimaa AL, Tilsala-Timisjärvi A, Virtanen E. Rapid detection and identification methods for Listeria monocytogenes in the food chain – A review. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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26
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Veerapandian M, Neethirajan S. Graphene oxide chemically decorated with Ag–Ru/chitosan nanoparticles: fabrication, electrode processing and immunosensing properties. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra15329h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphene oxide hybridized with ternary nanocomposites (Ag–Ru/chitosan) were prepared and demonstrated as an immunosensor platform for detecting pathogenic bacteria.
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27
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Poltronieri P, Mezzolla V, Primiceri E, Maruccio G. Biosensors for the Detection of Food Pathogens. Foods 2014; 3:511-526. [PMID: 28234334 PMCID: PMC5302249 DOI: 10.3390/foods3030511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Food pathogens frequently cause foodborne diseases. There is a need to rapidly identify the source of the bacteria in order to contain their spread and epidemics. A pre-enrichment culture or a direct culture on agar plate are standard microbiological methods. In this review, we present an update on alternative molecular methods to nucleic acid-based detection for species identification. Biosensor-based methods rely on the recognition of antigen targets or receptors by antibodies, aptamers or high-affinity ligands. The captured antigens may be then directly or indirectly detected through an antibody or high-affinity and high-specificity recognition molecule. Various different detection methods are discussed, from label-free sensors and immunosensors to fluorescence-based ones. Each method shows advantages and disadvantages in terms of equipment, sensitivity, simplicity and cost-effectiveness. Finally, lab-on-a-chip (LOC) devices are introduced briefly, with the potential to be fast, sensitive and useful for on-site bacteria detection in food processing laboratories to check potential contamination by sample monitoring combined with a rapid pre-enrichment step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palmiro Poltronieri
- Institute of Sciences of Food Productions, National Research Council, ISPA-CNR, Via Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Valeria Mezzolla
- Institute of Sciences of Food Productions, National Research Council, ISPA-CNR, Via Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Primiceri
- NNL, Institute of Nanoscience-CNR, Via per Arnesano, I-73100 Lecce, Italy.
- Department of Mathematics and Physics "Ennio De Giorgi", University of Salento, Via per Arnesano, I-73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Maruccio
- NNL, Institute of Nanoscience-CNR, Via per Arnesano, I-73100 Lecce, Italy.
- Department of Mathematics and Physics "Ennio De Giorgi", University of Salento, Via per Arnesano, I-73100 Lecce, Italy.
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28
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Radhakrishnan R, Suni II, Bever CS, Hammock B. Impedance Biosensors: Applications to Sustainability and Remaining Technical Challenges. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2014; 2:1649-1655. [PMID: 25068095 PMCID: PMC4105195 DOI: 10.1021/sc500106y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Due to their all-electrical nature, impedance biosensors have significant potential for use as simple and portable sensors for environmental studies and environmental monitoring. Detection of two endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC), norfluoxetine and BDE-47, is reported here by impedance biosensing, with a detection limit of 8.5 and 1.3 ng/mL for norfluoxetine and BDE-47, respectively. Although impedance biosensors have been widely studied in the academic literature, commercial applications have been hindered by several technical limitations, including possible limitations to small analytes, the complexity of impedance detection, susceptibility to nonspecific adsorption, and stability of biomolecule immobilization. Recent research into methods to overcome these obstacles is briefly reviewed. New results demonstrating antibody regeneration atop degenerate (highly doped) Si are also reported. Using 0.2 M KSCN and 10 mM HF for antibody regeneration, peanut protein Ara h 1 is detected daily during a 30 day trial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian I. Suni
- Materials
Technology Center, Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Department of Mechanical
Engineering and Energy Processes, Southern
Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Candace S. Bever
- Department
of Entomology and Nematology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Bruce
D. Hammock
- Department
of Entomology and Nematology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
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