1
|
Siqueira GP, Araújo DAG, de Faria LV, Ramos DLO, Matias TA, Richter EM, Paixão TRLC, Muñoz RAA. A novel 3D-printed graphite/polylactic acid sensor for the electrochemical determination of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene residues in environmental waters. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 340:139796. [PMID: 37586488 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Here, lab-made graphite and polylactic acid (Gpt-PLA) biocomposite materials were used to additively manufacture electrodes via the fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique for subsequent determination of the explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT, considered a persistent organic pollutant). The surface of the 3D-printed material was characterized by SEM and Raman, which revealed high roughness and the presence of defects in the graphite structure, which enhanced the electrochemical response of TNT. The 3D-printed Gpt-PLA electrode coupled to square wave voltammetry (SWV) showed suitable performance for fastly determining the explosive residues (around 7 s). Two reduction processes at around -0.22 V and -0.36 V were selected for TNT detection, with linear ranges between 1.0 and 10.0 μM. Moreover, detection limits of 0.52 and 0.66 μM were achieved for both reduction steps. The proposed method was applied to determine TNT in different environmental water samples (tap water, river water, and seawater) without a dilution step (direct analysis). Recovery values between 98 and 106% confirmed the accuracy of the analyses. Additionally, adequate selectivity was achieved even in the presence of other explosives commonly used by military agencies, metallic ions commonly found in water, and also some electroactive camouflage species. Such results indicate that the proposed device is promising to quantify TNT residues in environmental samples, a viable on-site analysis strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gilvana P Siqueira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Diele A G Araújo
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Fundamental, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil.
| | - Lucas V de Faria
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Química Analítica, Outeiro São João Batista s/n, Centro, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - David L O Ramos
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tiago A Matias
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Richter
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thiago R L C Paixão
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Fundamental, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A A Muñoz
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Apak R, Üzer A, Sağlam Ş, Arman A. Selective Electrochemical Detection of Explosives with Nanomaterial Based Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202200175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
3
|
Niu F, Shao ZW, Tao LM, Ding Y. Si-doped graphene nanosheets as a metal-free catalyst for electrochemical detection of nitroaromatic explosives. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 594:848-856. [PMID: 33794406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.03.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Si-doped graphene nanosheets (SiGNS) have been successfully constructed via high temperature annealing of graphene oxide and tetraethoxysilane mixture in a sealed glass ampoule. The Si atoms doped into graphene's carbon network mainly existed as C3-Si-O and C2-Si-O2 configurations. The as-prepared SiGNS exhibited excellent electrochemical detection ability to nitroaromatic compounds in 0.1 M phosphoric acid buffer solution (PBS, pH = 8.0) via an electrochemical catalytic process. Five nitroaromatic compounds, including nitrobenzene, 2-nitrotoluene, 4-nitrotoluene, 2, 4-dinitrotoluene and 2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene, were taken as the analyte to demonstrate the electrochemical catalytic ability of SiGNS. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation was carried out to explore the electrochemical catalytic mechanism of SiGNS. A hydrogen bond mediated electrochemical catalytic mechanism was proposed. Both the excellent electrical conductivity and the rich surface hydroxyl groups enhanced the electrochemical detection ability of SiGNS to nitroaromatic compounds. Si atoms in SiGNS played a key role for the excellent electrochemical detection ability of SiGNS due to most of the surface hydroxyl groups anchored on the Si atoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Zhen-Wu Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Li-Ming Tao
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Wear and Protection of Materials, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
| | - Yong Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li X, Ma Y, Zhong XL, Wang LS. Silver sulfide nanoparticles on MWCNTs stabilized by poloxamer: An enhanced electrochemical sensor for high sensitivity detection of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
5
|
Zhang Y, Ma Y, Wang L. Simple Copper Nanoparticle/Polyfurfural Film Modified Electrode for the Determination of 2, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT). ANAL LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2020.1751182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lishi Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Effect of alumina supported on glassy-carbon electrode on the electrochemical reduction of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene: A simple strategy for its selective detection. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.113385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
7
|
Zareyy B, Chekin F, Fathi S. NiO/Porous Reduced Graphene Oxide as Active Hybrid Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Evolution Reaction. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s102319351903011x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
8
|
Zeng W, Manoj D, Sun H, Yi R, Huang X, Sun Y. One-pot synthesis of high-density Pd nanoflowers decorated 3D carbon nanotube-graphene network modified on printed electrode as portable electrochemical sensing platform for sensitive detection of nitroaromatic explosives. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
9
|
Castro SVF, Silva MNT, Tormin TF, Santana MHP, Nossol E, Richter EM, Munoz RAA. Highly-sensitive voltammetric detection of trinitrotoluene on reduced graphene oxide/carbon nanotube nanocomposite sensor. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1035:14-21. [PMID: 30224132 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This work presents the highly-sensitive detection of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) on reduced graphene oxide/multi-walled carbon nanotube (rGO/MWCNT) nanocomposite sensor. The formation of a thin film of this nanocomposite occurred at the cyclohexane/water immiscible interface of a mixture of MWCNT and rGO in the biphasic solution. The film was transferred to a boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode for the square-wave voltammetric detection of TNT, which presented improved analytical characteristics in comparison with bare BDD and after modification with precursors. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy also revealed the faster electron transfer for a redox probe on the nanocomposite modified surface. The synergistic properties of both carbon nanomaterials in the thin film modified surface resulted in a TNT sensor with a detection limit of 0.019 μmol L-1 within a wide linear range (0.5-1100 μmol L-1), with superior performance in comparison with other electrochemical sensors produced with carbon nanomaterials. This new material provides great promises for the highly-sensitive detection of other nitroaromatic explosives as well as other analytes. Moreover, the interfacial method enables the production of homogeneous and stable films on large coated areas as well as the large-scale production of electrochemical sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia V F Castro
- Federal University of Uberlândia, Institute of Chemistry, 38400-902, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Murilo N T Silva
- Federal University of Uberlândia, Institute of Chemistry, 38400-902, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Thiago F Tormin
- Federal University of Uberlândia, Institute of Chemistry, 38400-902, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Mário H P Santana
- Unidade Técnico-Científica, Superintendência Regional do Departamento de Polícia Federal em MG, 38408-680, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Edson Nossol
- Federal University of Uberlândia, Institute of Chemistry, 38400-902, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Richter
- Federal University of Uberlândia, Institute of Chemistry, 38400-902, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A A Munoz
- Federal University of Uberlândia, Institute of Chemistry, 38400-902, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yu HA, DeTata DA, Lewis SW, Silvester DS. Recent developments in the electrochemical detection of explosives: Towards field-deployable devices for forensic science. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
11
|
Tan C, Nasir MZM, Ambrosi A, Pumera M. 3D Printed Electrodes for Detection of Nitroaromatic Explosives and Nerve Agents. Anal Chem 2017; 89:8995-9001. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cavin Tan
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical Mathematical Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Muhammad Zafir Mohamad Nasir
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical Mathematical Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Adriano Ambrosi
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical Mathematical Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Martin Pumera
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical Mathematical Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Drogowska K, Kovaříček P, Kalbáč M. Functionalization of Hydrogenated Chemical Vapour Deposition‐Grown Graphene by On‐Surface Chemical Reactions. Chemistry 2017; 23:4073-4078. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Drogowska
- Department of Low Dimensional Systems, J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. Dolejskova 2155/3 18223 Prague 8 Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kovaříček
- Department of Low Dimensional Systems, J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. Dolejskova 2155/3 18223 Prague 8 Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kalbáč
- Department of Low Dimensional Systems, J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. Dolejskova 2155/3 18223 Prague 8 Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chekin F, Singh SK, Vasilescu A, Dhavale VM, Kurungot S, Boukherroub R, Szunerits S. Reduced Graphene Oxide Modified Electrodes for Sensitive Sensing of Gliadin in Food Samples. ACS Sens 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.6b00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Chekin
- Univ.
Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ISEN, Univ. Valenciennes, UMR 8520 - IEMN, Avenue Poincaré-CS60069, F-59000 Lille, France
- Department
of Chemistry, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
| | - Santosh K. Singh
- Physical
and Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Anusandhan Bhawan, 2 RafiMarg, New Delhi 110 001, India
| | - Alina Vasilescu
- International Center of Biodynamics, 1B Intrarea Portocalelor, Sector 6, Bucharest 060101, Romania
| | - Vishal M. Dhavale
- Chemical
Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, R1-17, 4259,
Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Tokyo 1 52-8550, Japan
| | - Sreekumar Kurungot
- Physical
and Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Anusandhan Bhawan, 2 RafiMarg, New Delhi 110 001, India
| | - Rabah Boukherroub
- Univ.
Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ISEN, Univ. Valenciennes, UMR 8520 - IEMN, Avenue Poincaré-CS60069, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sabine Szunerits
- Univ.
Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ISEN, Univ. Valenciennes, UMR 8520 - IEMN, Avenue Poincaré-CS60069, F-59000 Lille, France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yang T, Yu R, Chen H, Yang R, Wang S, Luo X, Jiao K. Electrochemical preparation of thin-layered molybdenum disulfide-poly(m-aminobenzenesulfonic acid) nanocomposite for TNT detection. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
15
|
Yew YT, Ambrosi A, Pumera M. Nitroaromatic explosives detection using electrochemically exfoliated graphene. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33276. [PMID: 27633489 PMCID: PMC5025880 DOI: 10.1038/srep33276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Detection of nitroaromatic explosives is of paramount importance from security point of view. Graphene sheets obtained from the electrochemical anodic exfoliation of graphite foil in different electrolytes (LiClO4 and Na2SO4) were compared and tested as electrode material for the electrochemical detection of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in seawater. Voltammetry analysis demonstrated the superior electrochemical performance of graphene produced in LiClO4, resulting in higher sensitivity and linearity for the explosives detection and lower limit of detection (LOD) compared to the graphene obtained in Na2SO4. We attribute this to the presence of oxygen functionalities onto the graphene material obtained in LiClO4 which enable charge electrostatic interactions with the –NO2 groups of the analyte, in addition to π-π stacking interactions with the aromatic moiety. Research findings obtained from this study would assist in the development of portable devices for the on-site detection of nitroaromatic explosives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Teng Yew
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Adriano Ambrosi
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Martin Pumera
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ambrosi A, Chua CK, Latiff NM, Loo AH, Wong CHA, Eng AYS, Bonanni A, Pumera M. Graphene and its electrochemistry - an update. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:2458-93. [PMID: 27052352 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00136j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemistry of graphene and its derivatives has been extensively researched in recent years. In the aspect of graphene preparation methods, the efficiencies of the top-down electrochemical exfoliation of graphite, the electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide and the electrochemical delamination of CVD grown graphene, are currently on par with conventional procedures. Electrochemical analysis of graphene oxide has revealed an unexpected inherent redox activity with, in some cases, an astonishing chemical reversibility. Furthermore, graphene modified with p-block elements has shown impressive electrocatalytic performances in processes which have been historically dominated by metal-based catalysts. Further progress has also been achieved in the practical usage of graphene in sensing and biosensing applications. This review is an update of our previous article in Chem. Soc. Rev. 2010, 39, 4146-4157, with special focus on the developments over the past two years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Ambrosi
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Singh VV. Recent Advances in Electrochemical Sensors for Detecting Weapons of Mass Destruction. A Review. ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201501088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
18
|
Wu H, Lin Q, Batchelor-McAuley C, Gonçalves LM, Lima CFRAC, Compton RG. Stochastic detection and characterisation of individual ferrocene derivative tagged graphene nanoplatelets. Analyst 2016; 141:2696-703. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an02550h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) are ‘tagged’ with 1-(biphen-4-yl)ferrocene, which has been studied via nano-impacts to derive the corresponding surface coverage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Wu
- Department of Chemistry
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford OX1 3QZ
- UK
| | - Qianqi Lin
- Department of Chemistry
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford OX1 3QZ
- UK
| | | | - Luís Moreira Gonçalves
- LAQV-REQUIMTE
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto
- 4169-007 Porto
- Portugal
| | - Carlos F. R. A. C. Lima
- CIQ
- Departamendo de Química e Bioquímica
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto
- 4169-007 Porto
- Portugal
| | - Richard G. Compton
- Department of Chemistry
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford OX1 3QZ
- UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yang M, Batchelor-McAuley C, Moreira Gonçalves L, Lima CFRAC, Vyskočil V, Tschulik K, Compton RG. Ferrocene Aryl Derivatives for the Redox Tagging of Graphene Nanoplatelets. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201500590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
20
|
Sahin H, Leenaerts O, Singh SK, Peeters FM. Graphane. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Sahin
- Department of Physics; University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, BE-2020; Antwerp Belgium
| | - O. Leenaerts
- Department of Physics; University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, BE-2020; Antwerp Belgium
| | - S. K. Singh
- Department of Physics; University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, BE-2020; Antwerp Belgium
| | - F. M. Peeters
- Department of Physics; University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, BE-2020; Antwerp Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ambrosi A, Chua CK, Bonanni A, Pumera M. Electrochemistry of Graphene and Related Materials. Chem Rev 2014; 114:7150-88. [DOI: 10.1021/cr500023c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 826] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Ambrosi
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Chun Kiang Chua
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Alessandra Bonanni
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Martin Pumera
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|