Electrodeposition of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles on Precasted Carbon Nanoparticles Film for Electrochemical Investigation of anti-HIV Drug Nevirapine

Nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors for anti-HIV drug monitoring: Innovations, challenges, and prospects

Monitoring human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and anti-HIV drugs is critical for optimizing treatment outcomes and preventing drug resistance. Accurate detection and quantification of anti-HIV drugs are essential to ensure appropriate dosing, enhancing patient care and therapeutic efficacy. Electrochemical biosensors have emerged as a pivotal tool in this context, offering high sensitivity, specificity, and rapid response times. Leveraging advancements in nanomaterials, these sensors provide reliable and efficient solutions for point-of-care (POC) applications in clinical and environmental settings. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of recent innovations in electrochemical sensor technologies for anti-HIV drug detection and quantification, focusing on nanomaterial-based platforms. It addresses the challenges of developing and implementing these technologies, including matrix effects, stability, and scalability. Furthermore, the review explores future directions, emphasizing the integration of sensors into POC systems and their potential to revolutionize personalized HIV treatment and pharmaceutical monitoring.

A sensitive sensor based on molecularly imprinted polypyrrole on reduced graphene oxide modified glassy carbon electrode for nevirapine analysis

A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) sensor was offered for nevirapine (NVP) analysis based on the electropolymerization of pyrrole (Py) on electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ErGO) immobilized on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) were applied to characterize the proposed sensor (MIP/ErGO/GCE). The electrochemical operation of this sensor for NVP analysis was tested using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) methods in an alkaline medium. The prepared MIP/ErGO/GCE exhibited better analytical performance than other modified electrodes toward NVP detection. The offered sensor depicted a linearity range between 0.005 µM and 400 µM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 2 nM under optimal conditions. Notably, the offered sensor illustrated excellent selectivity, good reproducibility, acceptable repeatability, and reliable long-term performance. These experiments depicted the constructed sensor as a favorable and good sensing element towards NVP monitoring in pharmaceutical and serum samples.

Analytical Methods for Determination of Antiviral Drugs in Different Matrices: Recent Advances and Trends

Viruses are the main pathogenic substances that cause severe diseases in humans and other living things. They are among the most common microorganisms, and consequently, antiviral drugs have emerged to prevent and treat viral infections. Antiviral drugs are an essential drug group considering their prescription and consumption rates for different diseases and indications. Therefore, it is crucial to develop accurate and precise analytical methods to detect antiviral drugs in various matrices. Chromatographic techniques are used frequently for the quantification purpose since they allow simultaneous determination of antivirals. Electrochemical methods have also gained importance since the analysis can be performed quickly without the need for pretreatment. Spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric methods are used because they are simple, inexpensive, and less time-consuming methods. The purpose of this review is to present an overview of the analysis of currently used antiviral drugs from 2010 to 2021. Since studies on antiviral drugs are numerous, selected publications were reviewed in this article. The analysis of antiviral drugs was divided into three main groups: chromatographic, spectrometric, and electrochemical methods which were applied to different matrices, including pharmaceutical, biological, and environmental samples.

Green synthesis of nonprecious metal-doped copper hydroxide nanoparticles for construction of a dopamine sensor

Background: Copper oxide nanoparticles doped with nonprecious metal species (Ni and Mn) were synthesized. Method: A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified by drop-casting of nanostructure suspensions, constructing Ni:Cu(OH)₂/GCE, Mn:Cu(OH)₂/GCE and Cu(OH)₂/GCE. Results: The voltammetric oxidation of dopamine (DA) by the constructed electrodes confirmed that the electrocatalytic oxidation of DA is a reversible, pH-dependent, diffusion-controlled process; the best response was obtained by Mn:Cu(OH)₂/GCE. A sensitive calibration graph (0.664 μA/μM) was produced for DA in the concentration range of 0.3-10.0 μM, with a detection limit of 79 nM using Mn:Cu(OH)₂/GCE. Conclusion: The Mn:Cu(OH)₂/GCE possessed an accurate response toward DA with an acceptable selectivity, stability and antifouling effect, revealing the applicability of the Mn:Cu(OH)₂/GCE for DA analysis in biological samples.

TiO2 Nanoparticles Decorated Graphene Nanoribbons for Voltammetric Determination of an Anti-HIV Drug Nevirapine

In the present study, electrochemical behavior of nevirapine on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with TiO2 nanoparticles decorated graphene nanoribbons was investigated. Characterization of different components used for modifications was achieved using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electrochemical behavior of nevirapine on the modified electrodes was examined using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), chronoamperometry (CA), and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). A considerable oxidation potential decrease of +352 mV for nevirapine in 0.1 M phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), pH 11.0, was achieved due to synergy offered by graphene nanoribbons and TiO2 compared to graphene nanoribbons (+252 mV) and TiO2 (−37 mV), all with respect to the glassy carbon electrode. Under optimized conditions, DPV gave linear calibrations over the range of 0.020–0.14 µM. The detection limit was calculated as 0.043 µM. The developed sensor was used for determination of nevirapine in a pharmaceutical formulation successfully.

Anion-induced morphological regulation of cupric oxide nanostructures and their application as co-catalysts for solar water splitting

Morphological control of nanomaterials is essential for their properties and potential applications, and many strategies have been developed. In this work, a new strategy for simultaneously preparing and modulating the morphological structure evolution of copper layered hydroxyl salts and oxides is introduced. By changing the nature of the anions in the electroplating solution, significant variations in the size and porosity of nanosheets are achieved. Porous CuO nanosheets with a higher surface area were obtained by the use of copper nitrate as a copper source, while CuO nanoflakes were produced from copper sulfate. Photoanodes combining these porous CuO nanomaterials and a typical light absorber (BiVO₄) exhibited good morphology-dependent activities for photoelectrochemical water splitting. The composite electrode displays a negative shift of 180 mV for the onset potential and an approximately 2-fold enhancement in the photocurrent compared to the bare BiVO₄. The charge recombination rate in the photoelectrode with the porous CuO nanosheets was significantly lower than the bare photoanode due to the favorable electron diffusion path and effective charge collection. This research offers an effective method for constructing a highly active photoelectrocatalytic system for overall water splitting.

A novel voltammetric sensor for nevirapine, based on modified graphite electrode by MWCNs/poly(methylene blue)/gold nanoparticle

In the present study, a graphite electrode (GE) modified by conductive film (containing functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (f-MWCNTs), poly methylene blue p(MB) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)) was introduced for determination of nevirapine (NVP) as an anti-HIV drug by applying the differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) technique. Modification of the electrode was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and impedance electrochemical spectroscopy (EIS). All electrochemical effective parameters on detection of NVP were optimized and the oxidation peak current of drug was used for its monitoring. The obtained results confirmed that the oxidation peak currents increased linearly by increasing in NVP concentrations in the range of 0.1-50 μM and a detection limit of 53 nM was achieved. The proposed sensor (AuNPs/p(MB)/f-MWCNTs/GE) was successfully applied for the determination of NVP in blood serum and pharmaceutical samples. It revealed the excellent stability, repeatability and reproducibility as well.