A Novel Method of High Sensitive Determination of Prednisolone on Renewable Mercury Film Silver Based Electrode

TESTOSTERONE BIOSENSOR IN SPORTS DOPING

ABSTRACT Introduction: Testosterone is a steroid that can help with blood disorders, sexual dysfunctions, connective tissue diseases, some malignancies, intractable pain, and other serious diseases. However, it must be prescribed under medical supervision because of the risk of major adverse effects such as liver disease, heart disease, stroke, blood clots, and cancer. There is an urgent need for research on developing an electrochemical sensor to detect testosterone as a doping substance in sports. Objective: Develop an electrochemical sensor of poly(ionic liquid)-graphene oxide molecularly printed polymers (PIL/MIs/GO) to detect testosterone as a doping substance in sports. Methods: Morphological characterization of modified electrodes was performed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), allowing the GO to be surface-mounted with fragments and apertures. Due to the holes generated by the agglomeration of PIL and MIs molecules on the wavy edges of the GO nanosheets, the surface morphology of PIL/MIs/GO/GCE also revealed a high porosity structure. Results: Compared to other synergistic influences of GO nanosheets with PIL and MIs molecules, electrochemical investigations using a differential pulse voltammetry approach indicated high selectivity, good stability, appropriate linear range, lower detection limit, and higher selectivity. Conclusion: In pharmaceutical samples and human biological fluids, the validity and accuracy of PIL/MIs/GO/GCE for the determination of testosterone demonstrated practical application. PIL/MIs/GO/GCE can thus be used as an accurate and reliable sensor for detecting testosterone as a doping agent in sports. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

Advances on Hormones and Steroids Determination: A Review of Voltammetric Methods since 2000

This article presents advances in the electrochemical determination of hormones and steroids since 2000. A wide spectrum of techniques and working electrodes have been involved in the reported measurements in order to obtain the lowest possible limits of detection. The voltammetric and polarographic techniques, due to their sensitivity and easiness, could be used as alternatives to other, more complicated, analytical assays. Still, growing interest in designing a new construction of the working electrodes enables us to prepare new measurement procedures and obtain lower limits of detection. A brief description of the measured compounds has been presented, along with a comparison of the obtained results.

Calix[6]arene functionalized lanthanide metal-organic frameworks with boosted performance in identifying an anti-epidemic pharmaceutical

A novel composite was fabricated by hybridizing terbium 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic MOF (TB-MOF) with Cx[6]. The obtained composite TB-Cx[6] possessed long-term stability and dispersion stability and was used for on-site analysis of the anti-COVID-19 disinfection product Prednis via a combing remote sampling technique.

Sample Preparation and Analytical Methods for Steroid Hormones in Environmental and Food Samples: An Update Since 2012

Steroid hormones (SHs) have been widely used over the past few decades as both human and veterinary drugs to prevent or treat infectious diseases and anti-inflammatory benefits in clinical. Unfortunately, their residues in foodstuffs and environmental samples can produce adverse effects on human and animal life such as disrupting the endocrine system. For these reasons, sensitive, simple and efficient methods have been developed for the determination of these compounds in various matrices. This critical review summarized the articles published in the period from 2012 to 2019 and can be used to help researchers to understand development of the sample pretreatment protocols and analytical methods used to detect SHs. The developed extraction and purification techniques used for steroids in different samples, such as cloud point extraction, solid phase extraction based on different novel materials, microextraction methods, QuEChERS and other methods are summarized and discussed. Analytical methods used to quantify these compounds, such as different chromatography methods, electrochemical methods, as well as other methods, are illustrated and compared. We focused on the latest advances in SHs pretreatment, and the application of new technologies in SHs analysis.

Stepwise optimization and sensitivity improvement of green micellar electrokinetic chromatography method to simultaneously determine some fluoroquinolones and glucocorticoids present in various binary ophthalmic formulations

A sensitive micellar electrokinetic chromatography method is presented to simultaneously quantify ofloxacin, gatifloxacin, dexamethasone sodium phosphate and prednisolone acetate. The method has the advantages of being rapid, accurate, reproducible, ecologically acceptable and sensitive. The electrophoretic separation utilized 20 mm borate buffer as background electrolyte with pH 10.0 ± 0.1 and 50 mm sodium dodecyl sulfate as a micelle forming molecule. A capillary tube (50 μm i.d., 33 cm) of fused silica was used and on-column diode array detection at 243 nm for dexamethasone sodium phosphate and prednisolone acetate, and 290 nm for ofloxacin and gatifloxacin. Various factors were optimized such as the background electrolyte (type, concentration and pH), addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate and its concentration, detection wavelength, applied voltage and injection parameters. The studied drugs were efficiently separated in 6.2 min, at 20 kV with high resolution. The greenness of the method was estimated using an eco-scale tool and the presented method was found to have excellent green characteristics. The method was validated in conformance with International Conference on Harmonization guidelines, with acceptable accuracy, precision and selectivity. The suggested method can be employed for the economic analysis of the four drugs in dissimilar binary combinations of eye drops saving solvents and chemicals.

Voltammetric Pathways for the Analysis of Ophthalmic Drugs

Background:

This review investigates the ophthalmic drugs that have been studied with voltammetry in the web of science database in the last 10 years.

Introduction:

Ophthalmic drugs are used in the diagnosis, evaluation and treatment of various ophthalmological diseases and conditions. A significant literature has emerged in recent years that investigates determination of these active compounds via electroanalytical methods, particularly voltammetry. Low cost, rapid determination, high availability, efficient sensitivity and simple application make voltammetry one of the most used methods for determining various kinds of drugs including ophthalmic ones.

Methods:

In this particular review, we searched the literature via the web of science database for ophthalmic drugs which are investigated with voltammetric techniques using the keywords of voltammetry, electrochemistry, determination and electroanalytical methods.

Results:

We found 33 types of pharmaceuticals in nearly 140 articles. We grouped them clinically into seven major groups as antibiotics, antivirals, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-glaucomatous drugs, steroidal drugs, local anesthetics and miscellaneous. Voltammetric techniques, electrodes, optimum pHs, peak potentials, limit of detection values, limit of quantification values, linearity ranges, sample type and interference effects were compared.

Conclusion:

Ophthalmic drugs are widely used in the clinic and it is important to determine trace amounts of these species analytically. Voltammetry is a preferred method for its ease of use, high sensitivity, low cost, and high availability for the determination of ophthalmic drugs as well as many other medical drugs. The low limits of detection values indicate that voltammetry is quite sufficient for determining ophthalmic drugs in many media such as human serum, urine and ophthalmic eye drops.