1
|
Xhanari K, Finšgar M. Recent advances in the modification of electrodes for trace metal analysis: a review. Analyst 2023; 148:5805-5821. [PMID: 37697964 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01252b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
This review paper summarizes the research published in the last five years on using different compounds and/or materials as modifiers for electrodes employed in trace heavy metal analysis. The main groups of modifiers are identified, and their single or combined application on the surface of the electrodes is discussed. Nanomaterials, film-forming substances, and polymers are among the most used compounds employed mainly in the modification of glassy carbon, screen-printed, and carbon paste electrodes. Composites composed of several compounds and/or materials have also found growing interest in the development of modified electrodes. Environmentally friendly substances and natural products (mainly biopolymers and plant extracts) have continued to be included in the modification of electrodes for trace heavy metal analysis. The main analytical performance parameters of the modified electrodes as well as possible interferences affecting the determination of the target analytes, are discussed. Finally, a critical evaluation of the main findings from these studies and an outlook discussing possible improvements in this area of research are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klodian Xhanari
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
- University of Tirana, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Boulevard "Zogu I", 1001 Tirana, Albania
| | - Matjaž Finšgar
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang Z, Liu R, Fu Z, Yi X, Hu Y, Liu C, Pan D, Wu Z. A ratiometric fluorescence sensor based on gold silver nanoclusters and tungsten disulfide quantum dots with simple fabrication for the detection of copper ions in river water. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:2505-2511. [PMID: 37183758 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00378g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Copper plays a key role in the human body; meanwhile, excess Cu2+ ions can result in various diseases. Nanoclusters (NCs) are often used to measure Cu2+ ions, but there are two difficulties. On the one hand, a single probe of NCs is easily affected by environmental factors. On the other hand, it is difficult to mask the interference of Pb2+ ions and Cd2+ ions in the process of detecting Cu2+ ions. As a new type of quantum dots (QDs), tungsten disulfide quantum dots (WS2-QDs) have some advantages of simple synthesis and stable luminescence properties. Stable WS2-QDs with blue fluorescence are used as a reference probe, while gold silver nanoclusters (AuAgNCs) with red fluorescence are used as a response probe. A ratiometric fluorescent sensor was constructed by mixing the two styles of fluorescent probes, which is abbreviated as NCs/QDs. This nano-sensor can be used to detect the concentration of Cu2+ ions, in which the fluorescence of QDs does not change significantly, while the fluorescence of NCs can be quenched by Cu2+ ions. The concentration of Cu2+ ions can be determined as low as 0.12 μM with a linear range from 0.3 to 3 μM. The common interference caused by Pb2+ and Cd2+ ions can be eliminated by the phosphate buffer solution (PBS). This sensor was used to detect the concentration of Cu2+ in river water with satisfactory results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiya Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Lab of Dark Tea and Jin-hua, College of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang, 413000, P. R. China.
| | - Rong Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Lab of Dark Tea and Jin-hua, College of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang, 413000, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P.R.China.
| | - Zhifang Fu
- Hunan Provincial Key Lab of Dark Tea and Jin-hua, College of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang, 413000, P. R. China.
| | - Xin Yi
- Hunan Provincial Key Lab of Dark Tea and Jin-hua, College of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang, 413000, P. R. China.
| | - Yongjun Hu
- Hunan Provincial Key Lab of Dark Tea and Jin-hua, College of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang, 413000, P. R. China.
| | - Changhui Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Lab of Dark Tea and Jin-hua, College of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang, 413000, P. R. China.
| | - Dong Pan
- Zhejiang Addenda Advance Energy Material Co. Ltd, Huzhou 313000, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoyang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P.R.China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kharade SB, Chougale RK, Barache UB, Sanadi KR, Rathod KC, Gaikwad SH, Ling YC, Anuse MA, Kamble GS. Design and optimization of sensitive analytical spectrophotometric method for micro determination of copper(II) from e-waste by using of novel chromogenic extractant. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 267:120502. [PMID: 34742155 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this article, a novel spectrophotometric reagent 1-(pyrimidine)-4, 4, 6-trimethyl-1,4-dihydropyrimidine-2-thiol [PTPT] has been synthesized for liquid-liquid extraction and spectrophotometric determination of copper(II). The as-synthesized ligand has been selectively forms stable complex with copper(II) in basic medium (pH 9.0), in presence of mild pyridine the extraction and color stability has found to be synergistically enhanced. The equilibrium time is 10 min for effective extraction of copper(II) from organic phase and absorbance of colored organic complex in carbon tetrachloride is measured spectrophotometrically at λmax 615 nm against reagent blank. The ternary complex of Cu(II)-PTPT-Py having molar ratio 1:2:2 (M:L:Py) showed green colored complex. The main factors influencing the achievement of synergistic extraction; i.e. pH, ligand concentration, type and volume of the dispersive organic solvents, equilibrium time, synergent concentration and foreign ions were investigated. The Beer's law was obeyed in the concentration range 1-20 μg mL-1 of copper(II) and optimum concentration range is evaluated by Ringbom's plot and it is found that 2.5-25 μg mL-1. In presence of pyridine, molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity of copper(II)-PTPT complex is 2.80 × 103 L mol-1 cm-1 and 0.226 μg cm-2, respectively and in absence of pyridine, molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity of copper(II)-PTPT complex is 1.35 × 103 L mol-1 cm-1 and 0.469 μg cm-2, respectively. The stoichiometry of the copper(II)-PTPT-pyridine complex was calculated by slope ratio method, mole ratio method and Job's method of continuous variation and it has been found as 1:2:2. No significant effects of potentially interfering species i.e. cations and anions were observed. The optimized method was applied for the determination of copper(II) in binary, synthetic mixtures and successfully applied for determination of copper(II) from e-waste samples. The standard deviation (R.S.D.) is 0.11% for n = 5 repetition. The reliability of the developed method is confirmed by comparison of experimental results with atomic absorption spectrophotometer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangram B Kharade
- Department of Engineering Chemistry, Kolhapur Institute of Technology's College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur, Affiliated to Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416234, India; Shri Jagdishprasad Jhabarmal Tibrewala University, Vidyanagari, Rajasthan 333001, India
| | - Rajvardhan K Chougale
- Department of Engineering Chemistry, Kolhapur Institute of Technology's College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur, Affiliated to Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416234, India
| | - Umesh B Barache
- School of Chemical Sciences, Punyashlok Ahilyadevi Holkar Solapur University, Solapur 413225, India
| | - Kallappa R Sanadi
- Department of Chemistry, Doodhsakhar Mahavidhalaya, Bidri, Kolhapur 416208, India
| | - Kishan C Rathod
- Department of Chemistry, The New College, Kolhapur 416012, India
| | | | - Yong-Chein Ling
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Mansing A Anuse
- Department of Chemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416004, India
| | - Ganesh S Kamble
- Department of Engineering Chemistry, Kolhapur Institute of Technology's College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur, Affiliated to Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416234, India; Shri Jagdishprasad Jhabarmal Tibrewala University, Vidyanagari, Rajasthan 333001, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bindewald EH, Angelo E, Kleinert E, Bergamini MF, Marcolino-Junior LH. Mercury isles in titanate nanotubes: a new strategy for using mercury electrodes in analytical application. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-020-02691-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|