Electrochemical Sensor Based on Nanocomposite of Ionic Liquid Modified Graphene Oxide - Chitosan and its Application for Flow Injection Detection of Anticancer Thiopurine Drugs

A Comprehensive Review on Imperative Role of Ionic Liquids in Pharmaceutical Sciences

Ionic liquids (ILs) are poorly-coordinated ionic salts that can exist as a liquid at room temperatures (or <100 °C). ILs are also referred to as "designer solvents" because so many of them have been created to solve particular synthetic issues. ILs are regarded as "green solvents" because they have several distinctive qualities, including better ionic conduction, recyclability, improved solvation ability, low volatility, and thermal stability. These have been at the forefront of the most innovative fields of science and technology during the past few years. ILs may be employed in new drug formulation development and drug design in the field of pharmacy for various functions such as improvement of solubility, targeted drug delivery, stabilizer, permeability enhancer, or improvement of bioavailability in the development of pharmaceutical or vaccine dosage formulations. Ionic liquids have become a key component in various areas such as synthetic and catalytic chemistry, extraction, analytics, biotechnology, etc., due to their superior abilities along with highly modifiable potential. This study concentrates on the usage of ILs in various pharmaceutical applications enlisting their numerous purposes from the delivery of drugs to pharmaceutical synthesis. To better comprehend cuttingedge technologies in IL-based drug delivery systems, highly focused mechanistic studies regarding the synthesis/preparation of ILs and their biocompatibility along with the ecotoxicological and biological effects need to be studied. The use of IL techniques can address key issues regarding pharmaceutical preparations such as lower solubility and bioavailability which plays a key role in the lack of effectiveness of significant commercially available drugs.

Electrochemistry as a Powerful Tool for Investigations of Antineoplastic Agents: A Comprehensive Review

Cancer is most frequently treated with antineoplastic agents (ANAs) that are hazardous to patients undergoing chemotherapy and the healthcare workers who handle ANAs in the course of their duties. All aspects related to hazardous oncological drugs illustrate that the monitoring of ANAs is essential to minimize the risks associated with these drugs. Among all analytical techniques used to test ANAs, electrochemistry holds an important position. This review, for the first time, comprehensively describes the progress done in electrochemistry of ANAs by means of a variety of bare or modified (bio)sensors over the last four decades (in the period of 1982-2021). Attention is paid not only to the development of electrochemical sensing protocols of ANAs in various biological, environmental, and pharmaceutical matrices but also to achievements of electrochemical techniques in the examination of the interactions of ANAs with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), carcinogenic cells, biomimetic membranes, peptides, and enzymes. Other aspects, including the enantiopurity studies, differentiation between single-stranded and double-stranded DNA without using any label or tag, studies on ANAs degradation, and their pharmacokinetics, by means of electrochemical techniques are also commented. Finally, concluding remarks that underline the existence of a significant niche for the basic electrochemical research that should be filled in the future are presented.

Recent Advances in Ionic Liquids in Biomedicine

The use of ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents in biomedical applications has grown dramatically in recent years due to their unique properties and their inherent tunability. This review will introduce ionic liquids and deep eutectics and discuss their biomedical applications, namely solubilization of drugs, creation of active pharmaceutical ingredients, delivery of pharmaceuticals through biological barriers, stabilization of proteins and other nucleic acids, antibacterial agents, and development of new biosensors. Current challenges and future outlooks are discussed, including biocompatibility, the potential impact of the presence of impurities, and the importance of understanding the microscopic interactions in ionic liquids in order to design task-specific solvents.

An electrochemical platform for the selective detection of azathioprine utilizing a screen-printed carbon electrode modified with manganese oxide/reduced graphene oxide

Scheme representing the electro-reduction of AZT at Mn₂O₃–rGO/SPCE.

A New Electrochemical Sensor for Direct Detection of Purine Antimetabolites and DNA Degradation

The development of a reliable electrochemical sensor using a hybrid nanocomposite consisting of ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate) functionalized graphene oxide (GrO-IL) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) stabilized by chitosan (Chit) was described. The new sensor, labelled as GrO-IL-AuNPs-Chit/CSE, exhibited an improved electrocatalytic response to cancer drugs such as purine antimetabolites (6-thioguanine, 6-mercaptopurine, and azathioprine) in a wide concentration range with a low detection limit (20-40 nmol·L^-1, S/N = 3), and satisfactory recoveries (97.1-103.0%). The sensor has been also successfully used for cyclic voltammetric study of a salmon sperm double-stranded DNA degradation and DNA-6-mercaptopurine interaction in aqueous solutions (pH 7.4).