Nanostructured Modified Carbon Paste Electrode as Voltrammetric Sensor for Isoproturon Trace Analysis in Water

New analytical strategies Amplified with 2D carbon nanomaterials for electrochemical sensing of food pollutants in water and soils sources

Pharmaceutical and food pollutants have threatened global health. Pharmacotherapy has left a positive impression in the field of health and life of people and animals. However, the many unresolved problems brought along with residues of pharmaceuticals in the environmental and food. Consumption of the world's freshwater resources, toxic chemicals, air pollution, plastic waste directly affects water and soil resources. Pesticides have a wide role in pollutants. Therefore, the determination of pesticides is significant to eliminate their negative effects on living things. Nowadays, there are many analytical methods available. However, new analysis methods are still being researched due to certain limitations of traditional methods. Electrochemical sensors have drawn attention because of their superior properties, such as short analysis time, affordability, high sensitivity, and selectivity. The development of new analytical strategies for assessing risks from pharmaceutical to food pollutants in water and soil sources is important for the measurement of different pollutants. Moreover, the 2D-carbon nanomaterials used in the development of electrochemical sensors are widely utilized to enlarge the surface area, increase porosity, and make easy immobilization. Graphene (graphene derivations) and carbon nanotubes integrated nanosensors are widely used for the determination of pesticides. 2D-carbon nanomaterials can be tailored according to the purpose of the study. The characterization and synthesis methods of 2D-carbon nanomaterials are widely explained. Furthermore, enzyme nanobiosensors, especially Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), are widely used to determine pesticides. The three main topics are focused on in this review: 2D-carbon nanomaterials, pesticides that threaten life, and the application of 2D-carbon nanomaterials-based electrochemical sensors. The various developed 2D-carbon nanomaterials-based electrochemical sensors were applied in pharmaceutical forms, fruits, tap/lake water, beverages, and soils sources. This work aims to indicate the recently published paper related to pesticide analysis and highlight the importance of 2D-nanomaterials on sensors.

Recent Progress in Non-Enzymatic Electroanalytical Detection of Pesticides Based on the Use of Functional Nanomaterials as Electrode Modifiers

This review presents recent advances in the non-enzymatic electrochemical detection and quantification of pesticides, focusing on the use of nanomaterial-based electrode modifiers and their corresponding analytical response. The use of bare glassy carbon electrodes, carbon paste electrodes, screen-printed electrodes, and other electrodes in this research area is presented. The sensors were modified with single nanomaterials, a binary composite, or triple and multiple nanocomposites applied to the electrodes’ surfaces using various application techniques. Regardless of the type of electrode used and the class of pesticides analysed, carbon-based nanomaterials, metal, and metal oxide nanoparticles are investigated mainly for electrochemical analysis because they have a high surface-to-volume ratio and, thus, a large effective area, high conductivity, and (electro)-chemical stability. This work demonstrates the progress made in recent years in the non-enzymatic electrochemical analysis of pesticides. The need for simultaneous detection of multiple pesticides with high sensitivity, low limit of detection, high precision, and high accuracy remains a challenge in analytical chemistry.