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Colin C, Levallois P, Botsos-Margerit U, Clément F, Zigah D, Arbault S. Easy cleaning plus stable activation of glassy carbon electrode surface by oxygen plasma. Bioelectrochemistry 2023; 154:108551. [PMID: 37677984 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Glassy carbon (GC) electrodes are widely used in electroanalytical applications especially in bioelectrochemistry. Their use starts with an efficient surface cleaning and activation protocol, mostly based on surface polishing steps. We studied the use of an oxygen plasma exposure of GC electrodes to replace common polishing procedures. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) responses of ferrocyanide and ferrocene-dimethanol were used to compare brand new, surface-polished and plasma-treated GC electrodes. Plasma treatment induces CV responses with improved features, close to theoretical values, as compared to other methods. The plasma effects were quasi-stable over a week when electrodes were stored in water, this being explained by increased surface energy and hydrophilicity. Furthermore, when electroreduction of diazonium was performed on GC electrodes, the surface blockade could be removed by the plasma. Thus, a short oxygen plasma treatment is prone to replace polishing protocols, that display person-dependent efficiency, in most of the experiments with GC electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Colin
- Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, CNRS, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Pierre Levallois
- Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, CNRS, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France
| | | | - Franck Clément
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM UMR 5254, 64600 Anglet, France
| | - Dodzi Zigah
- Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, CNRS, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France; Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), Université de Poitiers, CNRS, F-86073 Poitiers, France.
| | - Stéphane Arbault
- Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, CNRS, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France; Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, F-33600 Pessac, France.
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Girard-Sahun F, Lefrançois P, Badets V, Arbault S, Clement F. Direct Sensing of Superoxide and Its Relatives Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species in Phosphate Buffers during Cold Atmospheric Plasmas Exposures. Anal Chem 2022; 94:5555-5565. [PMID: 35343678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aims at sensing in situ reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) and specifically superoxide anion (O2•-) in aqueous buffer solutions exposed to cold atmospheric plasmas (CAPs). CAPs were generated by ionizing He gas shielded with variable N2/O2 mixtures. Thanks to ultramicroelectrodes protected against the high electric fields transported by the ionization waves of CAPs, the production of superoxide and several RONS was electrochemically directly detected in liquids during their plasma exposure. Complementarily, optical emissive spectroscopy (OES) was used to study the plasma phase composition and its correlation with the chemistry in the exposed liquid. The specific production of O2•-, a biologically reactive redox species, was analyzed by cyclic voltammetry (CV), in both alkaline (pH 11), where the species is fairly stable, and physiological (pH 7.4) conditions, where it is unstable. To understand its generation with respect to the plasma chemistry, we varied the shielding gas composition of CAPs to directly impact on the RONS composition at the plasma-liquid interface. We observed that the production and accumulation of RONS in liquids, including O2•-, depends on the plasma composition, with N2-based shieldings providing the highest superoxide concentrations (few 10s of micromolar at most) and of its derivatives (hundreds of micromolar). In situ spectroscopic and electrochemical analyses provide a high resolution kinetic and quantitative understanding of the interactions between CAPs and physiological solutions for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Girard-Sahun
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM UMR 5254, 64600 Anglet, France.,Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, NSysA group, F-33402 Talence France
| | - Pauline Lefrançois
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, NSysA group, F-33402 Talence France
| | - Vasilica Badets
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, NSysA group, F-33402 Talence France
| | - Stéphane Arbault
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, NSysA group, F-33402 Talence France.,Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, MSB group, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Franck Clement
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM UMR 5254, 64600 Anglet, France
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Lefrançois P, Santolini J, Arbault S. Electroanalysis at a Single Giant Vesicle Generating Enzymatically a Reactive Oxygen Species. Anal Chem 2021; 93:13143-13151. [PMID: 34546719 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the framework of artificial or synthetic cell development, giant liposomes are common basic structures. Their enclosed membrane allows encapsulating proteins, DNA, reactants, etc., while its phospholipid nature allows some exchanges with the surrounding medium. Biochemical reactions induced inside giant liposomes or vesicles are often monitored or imaged by fluorescence microscopy techniques. Here, we show that electrochemistry performed with ultramicroelectrodes is perfectly suitable to monitor an enzymatic reaction occurring in a single giant unilamellar vesicle. Glucose oxidase (GOx) was microinjected inside individual vesicles containing 1 mM glucose. H2O2 was thus generated in the vesicle and progressively diffused across the membrane toward the surrounding environment. An ultramicroelectrode sensitive to H2O2 (black platinum-modified carbon surface) was placed next to the membrane and provided a direct detection of the hydrogen peroxide flux generated by the enzyme activity. Electrochemistry offered a highly sensitive (in situ detection), selective (potential applied at the electrode), time-resolved analysis (chronoamperometry) of the GOx activity over an hour duration, without modifying the internal giant unilamellar vesicles (GUV) medium. These results demonstrate that electroanalysis with microsensors is well adapted and complementary to fluorescence microscopy to sense enzymatic activities, for instance, generating reactive oxygen species, at single vesicles further used to develop artificial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Lefrançois
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255 CNRS, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Jérôme Santolini
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris-Saclay, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Stéphane Arbault
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255 CNRS, F-33400 Talence, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248 CNRS, F-33600 Pessac, France
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