“Signal‐on” Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Biosensing Method for the Determination of Matrix Metalloproteinase 2

Coordination-Based Site-Specific Labeling Strategy for Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Biosensing of Matrix Metalloproteinase 2

Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) is an important biomarker for some diseases. Herein, one first-case coordination-based site-specific labeling strategy is proposed for electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) biosensing of MMP-2 by employing an iridium(III) solvent complex as a signal reagent and a histidine (His)-containing peptide as a molecular recognition substrate. One ECL probe was prepared via coordination labeling of the His-containing peptide with one iridium(III) solvent complex ([(3-(2-pyridyl)benzoic acid)2Ir(DMSO)Cl], Ir1-DMSO). High ECL efficiency and good cleavage ability by MMP-2 were obtained for the ECL probe. By combining the high sensitivity of the ECL method, the good specificity of the peptide, and the simpleness of the magnetic bead-based assay, one "cleavage-magnetic enrichment type" ECL biosensing method was developed to detect MMP-2. MMP-2 can be sensitively detected in the linear range of 1.0-10 ng/mL with a limit of quantification of 1.0 ng/mL and a limit of detection of 0.3 ng/mL. Moreover, the ECL biosensing method was successfully applied for the determination of MMP-2 in serum samples with recoveries from 98.0% ± 8.0% to 108.0% ± 6.0%. Further, high affinity (Kd = 0.11 nM) was obtained for the Ir1-DMSO-labeled His-containing peptide and MMP-2. This work may pave the way for the labeling of His-containing biomolecules with an iridium(III) solvent complex and provides a promising method in point-of-care testing of MMP-2.

Electrochemiluminescence aptasensing method for ultrasensitive determination of lipopolysaccharide based on CRISPR-Cas12a accessory cleavage activity

In this study, an ultrasensitive electrochemiluminescence (ECL) aptasensing method was developed for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) determination based on CRISPR-Cas12a accessory cleavage activity. Tris (2,2'-bipyridine) dichlororuthenium (II) (Ru(bpy)32+) was adsorbed on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) coated with a mixture of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and Nafion film via electrostatic interaction. The obtained ECL platform (Ru(bpy)32+/AuNP/Nafion/GCE) exhibited strong ECL emission. Thiol-functionalized single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) was modified with a ferrocenyl (Fc) group and autonomously assembled on the ECL platform of Ru(bpy)32+/AuNP/Nafion/GCE via thiol-gold bonding, resulting in the quenching of ECL emission. After hybridization of the LPS aptamer strand (AS) with its partial complementary strand (CS), the formed double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) could activate CRISPR-Cas12a to indiscriminately cleave ssDNA-Fc on the surface of Ru(bpy)32+/AuNP/Nafion/GCE, resulting in recovery of the ECL intensity of Ru(bpy)32+ due to the increasing distance between Fc and the electrode surface. The combination of LPS and AS suppressed the formation of dsDNA, inhibited the activation of CRISPR-Cas12a, and prevented further cleavage of ssDNA-Fc. This mechanism aided in upholding the integrity of ssDNA-Fc on the surface of the electrode and was combined with ECL quenching induced by the target. The ECL intensity decreased linearly as the concentration of LPS increased from 1 to 50,000 pg/mL and followed a logarithmic relationship. This method exhibited a remarkably low detection limit of 0.24 pg/mL, which meets the requirement for low-concentration detection of LPS in the human body. The proposed method demonstrates the capacity of CRISPR-Cas12a to perform non-specific cutting of single-stranded DNA and transform the resultant cutting substances into changes in the ECL signal. By amalgamating this approach with the distinct identification abilities of LPS and its aptamers, a simple, responsive, and discriminatory LPS assay was established that holds immense significance for clinical diagnosis.

Electrochemiluminescence bioassay with anti-fouling ability for determination of matrix metalloproteinase 9 secreted from living cells under external stimulation

An electrochemiluminescence (ECL) bioassay with high sensitivity and anti-fouling ability was developed for determination of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) secreted from living cells under external stimulation. A peptide with sequence of CLGRMGLPGK and a new cyclometalated iridium(III) complex bearing carboxyl group, (pq)2Ir(dcbpy) (pq = 2-phenylquinoline, dcbpy = 2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxyli acid, abbreviated as Ir) were employed as molecular recognition substrate and ECL emitter, respectively. The peptide was labelled with the Ir to form Ir-peptide as ECL probe. Ir-peptide was self-assembled onto Nafion and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) modified glassy carbon electrode (AuNPs/Nafion/GCE) and then both of 6-mercapto-1-hexanol (MCH) and zwitterionic peptide as blocking reagents were co-assembled on Ir-peptide/AuNPs/Nafion/GCE to form an anti-fouling ECL peptide-based biosensor. MMP-9 can be quantified in the range 1.0-50 ng·mL-1 with a detection limit of 0.50 ng·mL-1 based on the decreased ECL intensity. Relative standard derivation was 2.3% for six fabricated anti-fouling ECL peptide-based biosensors after reaction with 50 ng·mL-1 MMP-9. The anti-fouling ECL peptide-based biosensor can be used to monitor MMP-9 secreted from living cells under external stimulation. 96.0%-108.0% of recoveries were obtained in 60-diluted cell culture media. This study demonstrates that the ECL biosensor by the combination of iridium(III) complex-based sensitive ECL method and the anti-fouling interface provides a promising way for the determination of MMP-9 in biological sample, which is viable in clinical diagnosis and point-of-care test of protease.

Recent advances and challenges in developing electrochemiluminescence biosensors for health analysis

This Feature Article simply introduces principles and mechanisms of electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensors for the determination of biomarkers and highlights recent advances of ECL biosensors on key aspects including new ECL reagents and materials, new biological recognition elements, and emerging construction biointerfacial strategies with illustrative examples and a critical eye on pitfalls and discusses challenges and perspectives of ECL biosensors for health analysis.