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Chen C, La M, Yi X, Huang M, Xia N, Zhou Y. Progress in Electrochemical Immunosensors with Alkaline Phosphatase as the Signal Label. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:855. [PMID: 37754089 PMCID: PMC10526794 DOI: 10.3390/bios13090855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical immunosensors have shown great potential in clinical diagnosis, food safety, environmental protection, and other fields. The feasible and innovative combination of enzyme catalysis and other signal-amplified elements has yielded exciting progress in the development of electrochemical immunosensors. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is one of the most popularly used enzyme reporters in bioassays. It has been widely utilized to design electrochemical immunosensors owing to its significant advantages (e.g., high catalytic activity, high turnover number, and excellent substrate specificity). In this work, we summarized the achievements of electrochemical immunosensors with ALP as the signal reporter. We mainly focused on detection principles and signal amplification strategies and briefly discussed the challenges regarding how to further improve the performance of ALP-based immunoassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changdong Chen
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 476000, China
| | - Ming La
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 476000, China
| | - Xinyao Yi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Mengjie Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Ning Xia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Yanbiao Zhou
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 476000, China
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Xiong H, Li P, Cun F, Chen H, Kong J. Methylene-Blue-Encapsulated Metal-Organic-Framework-Based Electrochemical POCT Platform for Multiple Detection of Heavy Metal Ions in Milk. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:783. [PMID: 37622869 PMCID: PMC10452309 DOI: 10.3390/bios13080783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Considering the high risk of heavy metal ions (HMIs) transferring through the food chain and accumulating in milk, a flexible and facile point-of-care testing (POCT) platform is urgently needed for the accurate, sensitive, and highly selective on-site quantification of multiple HMIs in milk. In this work, a cost-effective disk with six screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) was designed for hand-held electrochemical detection. Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) were adopted to amplify and enhance the electrochemical signals of methylene blue (MB). Using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) methods, low limits of detection for four HMIs (Cd2+, 0.039 ppb; Hg2+, 0.039 ppb; Pb2+, 0.073 ppb; and As3+, 0.022 ppb) were achieved within four minutes. Moreover, the quantitative POCT system was applied to milk samples. The advantages of low cost, ease of on-site implementation, fast response, and accuracy allow for the POCT platform to be used in practical monitoring applications for the quantitation of multiple HMIs in milk samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hui Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jilie Kong
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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Chen H, Zhang J, Huang R, Wang D, Deng D, Zhang Q, Luo L. The Applications of Electrochemical Immunosensors in the Detection of Disease Biomarkers: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083605. [PMID: 37110837 PMCID: PMC10144570 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Disease-related biomarkers may serve as indicators of human disease. The clinical diagnosis of diseases may largely benefit from timely and accurate detection of biomarkers, which has been the subject of extensive investigations. Due to the specificity of antibody and antigen recognition, electrochemical immunosensors can accurately detect multiple disease biomarkers, including proteins, antigens, and enzymes. This review deals with the fundamentals and types of electrochemical immunosensors. The electrochemical immunosensors are developed using three different catalysts: redox couples, typical biological enzymes, and nanomimetic enzymes. This review also focuses on the applications of those immunosensors in the detection of cancer, Alzheimer's disease, novel coronavirus pneumonia and other diseases. Finally, the future trends in electrochemical immunosensors are addressed in terms of achieving lower detection limits, improving electrode modification capabilities and developing composite functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huinan Chen
- College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jialu Zhang
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Rong Huang
- College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Dejia Wang
- College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Dongmei Deng
- College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Qixian Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200436, China
- Shaoxing Institute of Technology, Shanghai University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Liqiang Luo
- College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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Prayikaputri PU, Park S, Kim S, Yoon YH, Kim S, Yang H. Sensitive electrochemical immunosensor via amide hydrolysis by DT-diaphorase combined with five redox-cycling reactions. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 224:115058. [PMID: 36630744 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.115058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Amide hydrolysis using enzyme labels, such as proteases, occurs at a slower rate than phosphoester and carboxyl ester hydrolysis. Thus, it is not very useful for obtaining high signal amplification in biosensors. However, amide hydrolysis is less sensitive to nonenzymatic spontaneous hydrolysis, allowing for lower background levels. Herein, we report that amide hydrolysis by DT-diaphorase (DT-D) occurs rapidly and that its combination with five redox-cycling reactions allows for the development of a highly sensitive electrochemical immunosensor. DT-D rapidly generates ortho-aminohydroxy-naphthalene (oAN) from its amide substrate via amide hydrolysis, which not even trypsin, a highly catalytic protease, can achieve. NADH, which is required for amide hydrolysis, advantageously acts as a reducing agent for rapid electrooxidation-based redox-cycling reactions. In the presence of oAN, DT-D, and NADH, two redox-cycling reactions rapidly occur. In the additional presence of an electron mediator, Ru(NH3)63+ [Ru(III)], three more redox-cycling reactions occur because Ru(III) reacts rapidly with oAN and DT-D. Although the O2-related redox-cycling reactions and redox reaction decrease electrochemical signals, this signal-decreasing effect is not significant in air-saturated solutions. The slow electrooxidation of NADH at an indium tin oxide electrode and sluggish reaction between NADH and Ru(III) allow for low electrochemical backgrounds. When the developed signal amplification scheme is tested for the sandwich-type electrochemical detection of parathyroid hormone (PTH), a detection limit of ∼1 pg/mL is obtained. The detection method is highly sensitive and can accurately measure PTH in serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Putu Udiyani Prayikaputri
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonhwa Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghye Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Suhkmann Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Haesik Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Wang Y, Zhao P, Zhang S, Zhu K, Shangguan X, Liu L, Zhang S. Application of Janus Particles in Point-of-Care Testing. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12090689. [PMID: 36140074 PMCID: PMC9496037 DOI: 10.3390/bios12090689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Janus particles (JPs), named after the two-faced Roman god, are asymmetric particles with different chemical properties or polarities. JPs have been widely used in the biomedical field in recent years, including as drug carriers for targeted controlled drug release and as biosensors for biological imaging and biomarker detection, which is crucial in the early detection and treatment of diseases. In this review, we highlight the most recent advancements made with regard to Janus particles in point-of-care testing (POCT). Firstly, we introduce several commonly used methods for preparing Janus particles. Secondly, we present biomarker detection using JPs based on various detection methods to achieve the goal of POCT. Finally, we discuss the challenges and opportunities for developing Janus particles in POCT. This review will facilitate the development of POCT biosensing devices based on the unique properties of Janus particles.
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Zhao Y, Song X. An Electrochemical-Based Point-of-Care Testing Methodology for Uric Acid Measurement. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2022; 2022:8555842. [PMID: 35915620 PMCID: PMC9338848 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8555842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Point-of-care technology (POCT) is an important method in clinical testing in the future, which can achieve the purpose of rapid analysis. In this work, we assembled an electrochemical POC sensor for uric acid (UA) by surface modification of a screen-printed electrode. Copper nanowires were used as electrode modifiers to achieve high-performance electrochemical oxidation of UA. This electrochemical sensor can achieve linear detection of UA in the range of 10 μM to 2 mM. The detection limit of the sensor was calculated to be 2 μM. Although the detection performance of this sensor is not competitive with high-performance electrochemical sensors, it has been able to meet the needs of POC detection. At the same time, the sensor has excellent anti-interference performance. It has also been used successfully to test urine and serum samples from healthy and gout patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuetong Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No.155 Nnajing Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xia Song
- Department of Operating Room, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No.155 Nnajing Street, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning Province, China
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Alkaline Phosphatase Electrochemical Micro-Sensor Based on 3D Graphene Networks for the Monitoring of Osteoblast Activity. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12060406. [PMID: 35735554 PMCID: PMC9221009 DOI: 10.3390/bios12060406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is a significant biomarker that indicates osteoblast activity and skeletal growth. Efficient ALP detection methods are essential in drug development and clinical diagnosis. In this work, we developed an in-situ synthesized three-dimensional graphene networks (3DGNs)-based electrochemical sensor to determine ALP activity. The sensor employs an ALP enzymatic conversion of non-electroactive substrate to electroactive product and presents the ALP activity as an electrochemical signal. With 3DGNs as the catalyst and signal amplifier, a sample consumption of 5 μL and an incubation time of 2 min are enough for the sensor to detect a wide ALP activity range from 10 to 10,000 U/L, with a limit of detection of 5.70 U/L. This facile fabricated sensor provides a quick response, cost-effective and non-destructive approach for monitoring living adherent osteoblast cell activity and holds promise for ALP quantification in other biological systems and clinical samples.
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UTAGAWA Y, ITO K, INOUE KY, NASHIMOTO Y, INO K, SHIKU H. Electrochemical Substrates and Systems for Enzyme-Based Bioassays. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2022. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.71.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kentaro ITO
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University
| | - Kumi Y. INOUE
- Center for Basic Education, Faculty of Engineering, Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi
| | - Yuji NASHIMOTO
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Kosuke INO
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University
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