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Gitsels A, Van Lent S, Sanders N, Vanrompay D. Chlamydia: what is on the outside does matter. Crit Rev Microbiol 2020; 46:100-119. [PMID: 32093536 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2020.1730300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This review summarises major highlights on the structural biology of the chlamydial envelope. Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacteria, characterised by a unique biphasic developmental cycle. Depending on the stage of their lifecycle, they appear in the form of elementary or reticulate bodies. Since these particles have distinctive functions, it is not surprising that their envelope differs in lipid as well as in protein content. Vice versa, by identifying surface proteins, specific characteristics of the particles such as rigidity or immunogenicity may be deduced. Detailed information on the bacterial membranes will increase our understanding on the host-pathogen interactions chlamydiae employ to survive and grow and might lead to new strategies to battle chlamydial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlieke Gitsels
- Laboratory of Immunology and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah Van Lent
- Laboratory of Immunology and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Niek Sanders
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Daisy Vanrompay
- Laboratory of Immunology and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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2
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Mihailovic J, Inic-Kanada A, Smiljanic K, Stein E, Barisani-Asenbauer T, Cirkovic Velickovic T. Lysine acetylation of major Chlamydia trachomatis antigens. EUPA OPEN PROTEOMICS 2016; 10:63-69. [PMID: 29900103 PMCID: PMC5988610 DOI: 10.1016/j.euprot.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis causes trachoma and sexually transmitted diseases. Molecular mechanisms of chlamydial pathogenesis and immunity remain unclear. Acetylation of lysine is a post-translational modification that occurs in prokaryotes. Lysine acetylation sites were discovered in major chlamydial antigens. 60 kDa chaperonin, EF-G and PmpB showed the highest degree of acetylation.
Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) is a human pathogen causing trachoma and infertility. We investigated acetylation at lysine residues of chlamydial antigenic proteins: major outer membrane protein (MOMP), 60 kDa chaperonin (chlamydial Hsp60), elongation factor G (EF-G), enolase and the polymorphic membrane proteins PmpB, PmpE and PmpF. 60 kDa chaperonin, EF-G and PmpB showed the highest degree of acetylation. Our data show that important Ct antigens could be post-translationally modified by acetylation of lysine residues at multiple sites. Further studies are needed to investigate total acetylome of Ct and the impact PTMs might have on Ct biology and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Mihailovic
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences and Department of Biochemistry, University of BelgradeFaculty of Chemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Inic-Kanada
- OCUVACCenter of Ocular Inflammation and Infection, Laura Bassi Centers of Expertise, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katarina Smiljanic
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences and Department of Biochemistry, University of BelgradeFaculty of Chemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Elisabeth Stein
- OCUVACCenter of Ocular Inflammation and Infection, Laura Bassi Centers of Expertise, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Talin Barisani-Asenbauer
- OCUVACCenter of Ocular Inflammation and Infection, Laura Bassi Centers of Expertise, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tanja Cirkovic Velickovic
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences and Department of Biochemistry, University of BelgradeFaculty of Chemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
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3
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Cho Y, Sun J, Han JH, Jang JH, Kang ZW, Hahn TW. An immunoproteomic approach for characterization of the outer membrane proteins ofSalmonellaGallinarum. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:888-94. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youngjae Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon Korea
| | - Jisun Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon Korea
| | - Jang Hyuck Han
- KBNP Technology Institute; KBNP Inc.; Yesan Chungnam Korea
| | - Joo Hyun Jang
- KBNP Technology Institute; KBNP Inc.; Yesan Chungnam Korea
| | - Zheng Wu Kang
- KBNP Technology Institute; KBNP Inc.; Yesan Chungnam Korea
| | - Tae-Wook Hahn
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon Korea
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4
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Patrone V, Campana R, Vallorani L, Dominici S, Federici S, Casadei L, Gioacchini AM, Stocchi V, Baffone W. CadF expression in Campylobacter jejuni strains incubated under low-temperature water microcosm conditions which induce the viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2013; 103:979-88. [PMID: 23314927 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-013-9877-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a major gastrointestinal pathogen that colonizes host mucosa via interactions with extracellular matrix proteins such as fibronectin. The aim of this work was to study in vitro the adhesive properties of C. jejuni ATCC 33291 and C. jejuni 241 strains, in both culturable and viable but non-culturable (VBNC) forms. To this end, the expression of the outer-membrane protein CadF, which mediates C. jejuni binding to fibronectin, was evaluated. VBNC bacteria were obtained after 46-48 days of incubation in freshwater at 4 °C. In both cellular forms, the expression of the cadF gene, assessed at different time points by RT-PCR, was at high levels until the third week of VBNC induction, while the intensity of the signal declined during the last stage of incubation. CadF protein expression by the two C. jejuni strains was analysed using 2-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry; the results indicated that the protein, although at low levels, is also present in the VBNC state. Adhesion assays with culturable and VBNC cells, evaluated on Caco-2 monolayers, showed that non-culturable bacteria retain their ability to adhere to intestinal cells, though at a reduced rate. Our results demonstrate that the C. jejuni VBNC population maintains an ability to adhere and this may thus have an important role in the pathogenicity of this microorganism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania Patrone
- Division of Toxicology, Hygienic and Environmental Sciences Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via S. Chiara 27, 61029, Urbino, Italy
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5
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Casadei L, Vallorani L, Gioacchini AM, Guescini M, Burattini S, D'Emilio A, Biagiotti L, Falcieri E, Stocchi V. Proteomics-based investigation in C2C12 myoblast differentiation. Eur J Histochem 2012; 53:e31. [PMID: 22073363 PMCID: PMC3167332 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2009.e31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle cell differentiation is a multistage process extensively studied over the years. Even if great improvements have been achieved in defining biological process underlying myogenesis, many molecular mechanisms need still to be clarified. To further highlight this process, we studied cells at undifferentiated, intermediate and highly differentiated stages, and we analyzed, for each condition, morphological and proteomic changes. We also identified the proteins that showed statistical significant changes by a ESI-Q-TOF mass spectrometer. This work provides further evidence of the involvement of particular proteins in skeletal muscle development. Furthermore, the high level of expression of many heat shock proteins, suggests a relationship between differentiation and cellular stress. Intriguingly, the discovery of myogenesis-correlated proteins, known to play a role in apoptosis, suggests a link between differentiation and this type of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Casadei
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo", Italy
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Abstract
Q fever is a worldwide zoonosis caused by Coxiella burnetii. The disease most frequently manifests clinically as a self-limited febrile illness, as pneumonia (acute Q fever) or as a chronic illness that presents mainly as infective endocarditis. The extreme infectivity of the bacterium results in large outbreaks, and the recent outbreak in the Netherlands underlines its impact on public health. Recent studies on the bacterium have included genome sequencing, the investigation of host-bacterium interactions, the development of cellular and animal models of infection, and the comprehensive analysis of different clinical isolates by whole genome and proteomic approaches. Current approaches for diagnosing Q fever are based on serological methods and PCR techniques, but the diagnosis of early stage disease lacks specificity and sensitivity. Consequently, different platforms have been created to explore Q fever biomarkers. Several studies using a combination of proteomics and recombinant protein screening approaches have been undertaken for the development of diagnostics and vaccines. In this review, we highlight advances in the field of C. burnetii proteomics, focusing mainly on the contribution of these technologies to the development and improvement of Q fever diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Kowalczewska
- URMITE, CNRS UMR 6236-IRD 198, Université de la Méditerranée, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France.
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Identification of Chlamydia trachomatis outer membrane complex proteins by differential proteomics. J Bacteriol 2010; 192:2852-60. [PMID: 20348250 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01628-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular chlamydial infectious particle, or elementary body (EB), is enveloped by an intra- and intermolecular cysteine cross-linked protein shell called the chlamydial outer membrane complex (COMC). A few abundant proteins, including the major outer membrane protein and cysteine-rich proteins (OmcA and OmcB), constitute the overwhelming majority of COMC proteins. The identification of less-abundant COMC proteins has been complicated by limitations of proteomic methodologies and the contamination of COMC fractions with abundant EB proteins. Here, we used parallel liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses of Chlamydia trachomatis serovar L2 434/Bu EB, COMC, and Sarkosyl-soluble EB fractions to identify proteins enriched or depleted from COMC. All well-described COMC proteins were specifically enriched in the COMC fraction. In contrast, multiple COMC-associated proteins found in previous studies were strongly enriched in the Sarkosyl-soluble fraction, suggesting that these proteins are not COMC components or are not stably associated with COMC. Importantly, we also identified novel proteins enriched in COMC. The list of COMC proteins identified in this study has provided reliable information for further understanding chlamydial protein secretion systems and modeling COMC and EB structures.
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Liao Y, Deng J, Zhang A, Zhou M, Hu Y, Chen H, Jin M. Immunoproteomic analysis of outer membrane proteins and extracellular proteins of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae JL03 serotype 3. BMC Microbiol 2009; 9:172. [PMID: 19695095 PMCID: PMC2741471 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-9-172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is the causative agent of porcine contagious pleuropneumonia, a highly contagious respiratory infection in pigs, and all the 15 serotypes are able to cause disease. Current vaccines including subunit vaccines could not provide satisfactory protection against A. pleuropneumoniae. In this study, the immunoproteomic approach was applied to the analysis of extracellular and outer membrane proteins of A. pleuropneumoniae JL03 serotype 3 for the identification of novel immunogenic proteins for A. pleuropneumoniae. Results A total of 30 immunogenic proteins were identified from outer membrane and extracellular proteins of JL03 serotype 3, of which 6 were known antigens and 24 were novel immunogenic proteins for A. pleuropneumoniae. Conclusion These data provide information about novel immunogenic proteins for A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 3, and are expected to aid in development of novel vaccines against A. pleuropneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei, PR China.
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Frikha-Gargouri O, Gdoura R, Znazen A, Gargouri B, Gargouri J, Rebai A, Hammami A. Evaluation of an in silico predicted specific and immunogenic antigen from the OmcB protein for the serodiagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infections. BMC Microbiol 2008; 8:217. [PMID: 19077181 PMCID: PMC2615015 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-8-217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The OmcB protein is one of the most immunogenic proteins in C. trachomatis and C. pneumoniae infections. This protein is highly conserved leading to serum cross reactivity between the various chlamydial species. Since previous studies based on recombinant proteins failed to identify a species specific immune response against the OmcB protein, this study evaluated an in silico predicted specific and immunogenic antigen from the OmcB protein for the serodiagnosis of C. trachomatis infections. Results Using the ClustalW and Antigenic programs, we have selected two predicted specific and immunogenic regions in the OmcB protein: the N-terminal (Nt) region containing three epitopes and the C-terminal (Ct) region containing two epitopes with high scores. These regions were cloned into the PinPoint Xa-1 and pGEX-6P-1 expression vectors, incorporating a biotin purification tag and a glutathione-S-transferase tag, respectively. These regions were then expressed in E. coli. Only the pGEX-6P-1 has been found suitable for serological studies as its tag showed less cross reactivity with human sera and was retained for the evaluation of the selected antigens. Only the Ct region of the protein has been found to be well expressed in E. coli and was evaluated for its ability to be recognized by human sera. 384 sera were tested for the presence of IgG antibodies to C. trachomatis by our in house microimmunofluorescence (MIF) and the developed ELISA test. Using the MIF as the reference method, the developed OmcB Ct ELISA has a high specificity (94.3%) but a low sensitivity (23.9). Our results indicate that the use of the sequence alignment tool might be useful for identifying specific regions in an immunodominant antigen. However, the two epitopes, located in the selected Ct region, of the 24 predicted in the full length OmcB protein account for approximately 25% of the serological response detected by MIF, which limits the use of the developed ELISA test when screening C. trachomatis infections. Conclusion The developed ELISA test might be used as a confirmatory test to assess the specificity of serological results found by MIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olfa Frikha-Gargouri
- Department of Microbiology and research laboratory Microorganismes et Pathologie Humaine, Habib Bourguiba hospital of Sfax, Tunisia.
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Zhang A, Xie C, Chen H, Jin M. Identification of immunogenic cell wall-associated proteins of Streptococcus suis serotype 2. Proteomics 2008; 8:3506-15. [PMID: 18686301 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anding Zhang
- Unit of Animal Infectious Diseases, National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei, P. R. China
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Kowalczewska M, Fenollar F, Lafitte D, Raoult D. Identification of candidate antigen in Whipple's disease using a serological proteomic approach. Proteomics 2006; 6:3294-305. [PMID: 16637011 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200500171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Whipple's disease (WD) is a chronic multisystemic infection, caused by Tropheryma whipplei, a Gram-positive rod. Recently, a reliable method has been developed for cultivating T. whipplei in vitro. This together with the availability of complete genome sequence of T. whipplei prompted us to initiate proteome analysis of T. whipplei. The objective of the present study was to identify candidate proteins for serological diagnosis of WD. Immunoreactivities of sera collected from 18 patients with WD were compared with those of 24 control subjects who did not have WD. For this, we used 2-DE, immunoblotting, and MS. In total, we identified 23 candidate antigenic proteins. These included a subset of six proteins, each of which was found significantly more frequently in cases as compared to their controls. The remaining 17 proteins were found exclusively in cases. The methods we used in the current study enabled us to identify candidate antigens that, in our view, might be useful for serological diagnosis of WD.
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Ying T, Wang H, Li M, Wang J, Wang J, Shi Z, Feng E, Liu X, Su G, Wei K, Zhang X, Huang P, Huang L. Immunoproteomics of outer membrane proteins and extracellular proteins of Shigella flexneri 2a 2457T. Proteomics 2006; 5:4777-93. [PMID: 16281178 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200401326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Shigella flexneri 2a is an important pathogen causing bacillary dysentery in humans. In order to investigate any potential vaccine candidate proteins present in outer membrane proteins (OMPs) and extracellular proteins of S. flexneri 2a 2457T, we use the proteome mapping and database analyzing techniques. A subproteome map and database of OMPs were established first. One hundred and nine of the total 126 marked spots were cut out and processed to MALDI-TOF-MS and PMF. Eighty-seven spots were identified and they represented 55 OMP entries. Furthermore, immunoproteomics analysis of OMPs and extracellular proteins were performed. Total of 34 immunoreactive spots were identified, in which 22 and 12 were from OMPs and extracellular proteins, respectively. Eight novel antigens were found and some of these antigens may be potential vaccine candidate proteins. These results are useful for future studying of pathogenicity, vaccine, and novel antibacterial drugs. Maps and tables of all identified proteins are available on the Internet at www.proteomics.com.cn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Ying
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, China
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Ying TY, Wang JJ, Wang HL, Feng EL, Wei KH, Huang LY, Huang PT, Huang CF. Immunoproteomics of membrane proteins of Shigella flexneri 2a 2457T. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:6880-3. [PMID: 16425402 PMCID: PMC4725026 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i43.6880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2005] [Revised: 04/28/2005] [Accepted: 04/30/2005] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To screen the immunogenic membrane proteins of Shigella flexneri 2a 2457T. METHODS The routine two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and Western blotting were combined to screen immunogenic proteins of S. flexneri 2a 2457T. Serum was gained from rabbits immunized with the same bacteria. Immunogenic spots were cut out from the polyacrylamide gel and digested by trypsin in-gel. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) was performed to determine the molecular weight of peptides. Electrospray ionization (ESI-MS/MS) was performed to determine the sequences of the interesting peptides. RESULTS A total of 20 spots were successfully identified from Coomassie brilliant blue stained gels representing 13 protein entries, 5 known antigens and 8 novel antigens. A hypothetical protein (YaeT) was detected, which might be a candidate target of vaccine. CONCLUSION Membrane proteins of S. flexneri 2a 2457T were successfully observed by 2-DE. Several known and novel antigens were identified by mass spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yi Ying
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Lab of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, China
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14
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Villarino A, Duran R, Wehenkel A, Fernandez P, England P, Brodin P, Cole ST, Zimny-Arndt U, Jungblut PR, Cerveñansky C, Alzari PM. Proteomic identification of M. tuberculosis protein kinase substrates: PknB recruits GarA, a FHA domain-containing protein, through activation loop-mediated interactions. J Mol Biol 2005; 350:953-63. [PMID: 15978616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2005] [Revised: 05/20/2005] [Accepted: 05/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Genes for functional Ser/Thr protein kinases (STPKs) are ubiquitous in prokaryotic genomes, but little is known about their physiological substrates and their actual involvement in bacterial signal transduction pathways. We report here the identification of GarA (Rv1827), a Forkhead-associated (FHA) domain-containing protein, as a putative physiological substrate of PknB, an essential Ser/Thr protein kinase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Using a global proteomic approach, GarA was found to be the best detectable substrate of the PknB catalytic domain in non-denatured whole-cell protein extracts from M. tuberculosis and the saprophyte Mycobacterium smegmatis. Enzymological and binding studies of the recombinant proteins demonstrate that docking interactions between the activation loop of PknB and the C-terminal FHA domain of GarA are required to enable efficient phosphorylation at a single N-terminal threonine residue, Thr22, of the substrate. The predicted amino acid sequence of the garA gene, including both the N-terminal phosphorylation motif and the FHA domain, is strongly conserved in mycobacteria and other related actinomycetes, suggesting a functional role of GarA in putative STPK-mediated signal transduction pathways. The ensuing model of PknB-GarA interactions suggests a substrate recruitment mechanism that might apply to other mycobacterial kinases bearing multiple phosphorylation sites in their activation loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Villarino
- Unité de Biochimie Structurale (URA 2185 CNRS), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Ying TY, Liao X, Feng EL, Wang HL, Huang LY, Huang CF. Application of immunoproteomics methods in research on Shigella flexneri 2a 2457T. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2005; 13:1272-1274. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v13.i11.1272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the application of immunoproteomics methods in research on Shigella flexneri 2a 2457T
METHODS: The whole cell proteins of Shigella flexneri 2a 2457T were extracted to perform two-dimensional polyacrylamide electrophoresis of different pH gradient, and then Western blotting was used to screen immunogenic proteins.
RESULTS: After in-gel digestion, nineteen immunoreactive spots were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), representing 10 protein entries.
CONCLUSION: The immunoproteomics methods can be successfully applied in identifying immunogenic proteins of Shigella flexneri 2a 2457T, which helps to search for the protective antigens in future.
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Marangoni A, Sambri V, Donati M, Di Leo K, Cevenini R. Development of a hamster model of Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection. Vet Res Commun 2005; 29 Suppl 1:61-70. [PMID: 15943066 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-005-0837-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a new experimental model of Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection in the hamster. Intraperitoneal injection of C. pneumoniae purified elementary bodies (EBs) in the hamsters caused a systemic infection, since it was possible to isolate viable chlamydiae from several organs up to 14 days after infection. In particular, spleen infection was detectable up to 7 days post infection in 100% of animals. In contrast, cultures of the organs obtained from intranasally infected animals were far less frequently positive. Systemic infection probably occurred via macrophages, as demonstrated by the presence of intracellular chlamydial inclusions in peritoneal macrophages of peritoneally inoculated animals four days after infection. Furthermore, by infecting LLC-MK2 cells with supernatant preparations obtained from these macrophages, it was possible to observe the development of chlamydial intra-cytoplasmic inclusions after 96 h. Immunization of 18 hamsters with heat-inactivated purified EBs completely protected 16 animals and substantially reduced infection levels in the remaining two. Sera obtained from immunized hamsters prior to challenge reacted mainly against two C. pneumoniae proteins of about 60 kDa, when tested by immunoblot.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Marangoni
- DMCSS, Section of Microbiology, University of Bologna, Policlinico S. Orsola, Bologna, Italy
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Abstract
Chlamydiae are widespread bacterial pathogens responsible for a broad range of diseases, including sexually transmitted infections, pneumonia and trachoma. To validate the existence of hitherto hypothetical proteins predicted from recent chlamydial genome sequencing projects and to examine the patterns of expression of key components at the protein level, we have surveyed the expressed proteome of Chlamydia trachomatis strain L2. A combination of two-dimensional gel analysis, multi-dimensional protein identification (MudPIT) and nanocapillary liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry allowed a total of 328 chlamydial proteins to be unambiguously assigned. Proteins identified as being expressed in the metabolically inert form, elementary body, of Chlamydia include the entire set of predicted glycolytic enzymes, indicating that metabolite flux rather than de novo synthesis of this pathway is triggered upon infection of host cells. An enzyme central to cell wall biosynthesis was also detected in the intracellular form, reticulate body, of Chlamydia, suggesting that the peptidoglycan is produced during growth within host cells. Other sets of proteins identified include 17 outer membrane-associated proteins of potential significance in vaccine studies and 67 proteins previously annotated as hypothetical or conserved hypothetical. Taken together, >/=35% of the predicted proteome for C. trachomatis has been experimentally verified, representing the most extensive survey of any chlamydial proteome to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Skipp
- Centre for Proteomic Research, and School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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18
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Donati M, Sambri V, Comanducci M, Di Leo K, Storni E, Giacani L, Ratti G, Cevenini R. DNA immunization with pgp3 gene of Chlamydia trachomatis inhibits the spread of chlamydial infection from the lower to the upper genital tract in C3H/HeN mice. Vaccine 2003; 21:1089-93. [PMID: 12559784 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00631-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis pgp3 DNA immunized (no. 300) and non-immunized (no. 300) C3H/HeN mice were infected by vaginal inoculation with infectious C. trachomatis serotype D elementary bodies (EBs) and the spread of infection to the salpinges was assessed by cell culture isolation from tissue homogenates 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days post-infection (p.i.). Overall, the pgp3-DNA immunization prevented salpinx infection in 94 (56%) mice, if compared with the 168 positive animals found among the non-immunized animals (P < 0.001). A group of negative control animals (i.e. mice immunized with plasmid DNA containing an irrelevant insert) was not protected, whereas all the mice of a positive immune control group (mice that had resolved a primary genital C. trachomatis infection) were resistant to re-infection. Pgp3 DNA immunization induced both humoral and mucosal anti-pgp3 antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Donati
- Sezione di Microbiologia DMCSS, University of Bologna, Ospedale Policlinico S Orsola, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Berg Vandahl
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Aarhus, LOKE Diagnostics ApS, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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20
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Abstract
Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacteria, parasitizing eukaryotic cells. Chlamydia trachomatis, C. psittaci and C. pneumoniae are the three species of chlamydiae pathogenic to humans. C. trachomatis shows a tropism for the genital and conjunctival epithelia and consists of 19 different serovars which are pathogenic predominantly for the urogenital tract.A distinguishing feature of chlamydiae is their transition between the infectious elementary body that enters the host cell and the non-infectious reticulate body that replicates intracellularly within an inclusion that does not fuse with lysosomes. Chlamydiae depend for some functions upon the host cell; in particular, chlamydiae have little capacity for generating energy. The complete sequence of the 1000-kb chromosome of C. trachomatis is known, as are most of the genes located on the 7.5-kb cryptic plasmid. Recently, several concepts about the biology and the metabolic pathways of C. trachomatis have been revised in relation to the genome sequence, and different novel proteins have been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Cevenini
- Sezione di Microbiologia, DMCSS, University of Bologna, Policlinico S. Orsola, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy
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21
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Shaw AC, Gevaert K, Demol H, Hoorelbeke B, Vandekerckhove J, Larsen MR, Roepstorff P, Holm A, Christiansen G, Birkelund S. Comparative proteome analysis of Chlamydia trachomatis serovar A, D and L2. Proteomics 2002; 2:164-86. [PMID: 11840563 DOI: 10.1002/1615-9861(200202)2:2<164::aid-prot164>3.0.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis represents a group of human pathogenic obligate intracellular and gram-negative bacteria. The genome of C. trachomatis D comprises 894 open reading frames (ORFs). In this study the global expression of genes in C. trachomatis A, D and L2, which are responsible for different chlamydial diseases, was investigated using a proteomics approach. Based on silver stained two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE), gels with purified elementary bodies (EB) and auto-radiography of gels with 35S-labeled C. trachomatis proteins up to 700 protein spots were detectable within the range of the immobilized pH gradient (IPG) system used. Using mass spectrometry and N-terminal sequencing followed by database searching we identified 250 C. trachomatis proteins from purified EB of which 144 were derived from different genes representing 16% of the ORFs predicted from the C. trachomatis D genome and the 7.5 kb C. trachomatis plasmid. Important findings include identification of proteins from the type III secretion apparatus, enzymes from the central metabolism and confirmation of expression of 25 hypothetical ORFs and five polymorphic membrane proteins. Comparison of serovars generated novel data on genetic variability as indicated by electrophoretic variation and potentially important examples of serovar specific differences in protein abundance. The availability of the complete genome made it feasible to map and to identify proteins of C. trachomatis on a large scale and the integration of our data in a 2-D PAGE database will create a basis for post genomic research, important for the understanding of chlamydial development and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan C Shaw
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.
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22
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Abstract
Combining two-dimensional electrophoresis with mass spectrometry resulted in a powerful technology ideally suited to recognize and identify proteins of pathogenic microorganisms. This classical proteome analysis is now complemented by capillary chromatography/mass spectrometry combinations, miniaturization by chip technology and protein interaction investigations. Comparative proteomics is used to reveal vaccine candidates and pathogenicity factors. Immunoproteomics identifies specific and nonspecific antigens. For the management of the huge data amounts, bioinformatics is a valuable instrument for the construction of complex protein databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Jungblut
- Max-Planck-Institute for Infection Biology, Support Unit for Biochemistry, Schumann Str.21/22, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
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23
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Vandahl BB, Birkelund S, Demol H, Hoorelbeke B, Christiansen G, Vandekerckhove J, Gevaert K. Proteome analysis of theChlamydia pneumoniaeelementary body. Electrophoresis 2001; 22:1204-23. [PMID: 11358148 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683()22:6<1204::aid-elps1204>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia pneumoniae is an obligate intracellular human pathogen that causes acute and chronic respiratory tract diseases and that has been implicated as a possible risk factor in the development of atherosclerotic heart disease. C. pneumoniae cultivated in Hep-2 cells were 35S-labeled and infectious elementary bodies (EB) were purified. The EB proteins were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Excised protein spots were in-gel digested with trypsin and peptides were concentrated on reverse-phase chromatographic beads for identification analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry. In the pH range from 3-11, 263 C. pneumoniae protein spots encoded from 167 genes were identified. These genes constitute 15% of the genome. The identified proteins include 31 hypothetical proteins. It has recently been suggested that EB should be able to synthesize ATP. This view may be strengthened by the identification of several proteins involved in energy metabolism. Furthermore, proteins have been found which are involved in the type III secretion apparatus important for pathogenesis of intracellular bacteria. Proteome maps and a table of all identified proteins have been made available on the world wide web at www.gram.au.dk.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Vandahl
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Aarhus, Denmark.
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24
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Vallorani L, Bernardini F, Sacconi C, Pierleoni R, Pieretti B, Piccoli G, Buffalini M, Stocchi V. Identification of Tuber borchii Vittad. mycelium proteins separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using amino acid analysis and sequence tagging. Electrophoresis 2000; 21:3710-6. [PMID: 11271490 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200011)21:17<3710::aid-elps3710>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the first results in the proteome analysis of Tuber borchii Vittad. mycelium, an ectomycorrhizal fungus poorly defined genetically, but known for its generation of edible fruit bodies known as white truffles. Employing isoelectric focusing on immobilized pH gradients, followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, we obtained an electropherogram presenting over 800 spots within the window of isoelectric points (pI) 3.5-9 and a molecular mass of 10-200 kDa. Different reducing agents were tested in the sample preparation buffers, and the standard lysis buffer plus 2% w/v polyvinylpolypyrrolidone allowed the best solubilization and resolution of the proteins. The T. borchii proteins separated in micropreparative gels were electroblotted onto polyvinylidene difluoride membranes and visualized by Coomassie staining. Twenty-three proteins were excised and analyzed by the combination of amino acid and N-terminal analysis. One protein was identified by matching its amino acid composition, estimated isoelectric point and molecular mass against the SWISS-PROT and EMBL databases. Four spots were successfully tagged by Edman microsequencing but no homologous sequences were found in databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Vallorani
- Istituto di Chimica Biologica Giorgio Fornaini, Università degli Studi di Urbino, Italy
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25
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Santucci A, Trabalzini L, Bovalini L, Ferro E, Neri P, Martelli P. Differences between predicted and observed sequences in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Electrophoresis 2000; 21:3717-23. [PMID: 11271491 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200011)21:17<3717::aid-elps3717>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We recently studied the protein composition of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae wine yeast strain (K310) of enological interest. About 2,500 spots of 8-250 kDa observed molecular mass were resolved by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Experimental molecular masses and isoelectric points were calculated for most of them. Twenty-seven proteins were subjected to Edman microsequencing. N-terminal sequences of 12/27 proteins were determined, whereas internal sequences of 6/27 proteins were obtained following in situ proteolysis. Comparison between the experimental data and those reported in the SWISS-PROT database revealed some differences between genotypic and phenotypic sequences. These are indicative of the changes a protein can undergo with respect to the primary structure coded by the genomic DNA. Our results highlight the need to complement genomic analysis with detailed proteomics in order to refine the vast amount of information provided by DNA sequencing and to find an exact correlation between genome and proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Santucci
- Dipartimento di Biologia Molecolare, Università degli Studi di Siena, Italy.
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26
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Hanna SL, Sherman NE, Kinter MT, Goldberg JB. Comparison of proteins expressed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains representing initial and chronic isolates from a cystic fibrosis patient: an analysis by 2-D gel electrophoresis and capillary column liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2000; 146 ( Pt 10):2495-2508. [PMID: 11021925 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-146-10-2495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from chronic lung infections in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients have phenotypes distinct from those initially infecting CF patients, as well as from other clinical or environmental isolates. To gain a better understanding of the differences in these isolates, protein expression was followed using two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis and protein identification by peptide sequencing using micro-capillary column liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (microLC/MS/MS). The isolates selected for this analysis were from the sputum of a CF patient: strain 383 had a nonmucoid phenotype typical of isolates from the environment, and strain 2192, obtained from the same patient, had a mucoid phenotype typical of isolates from chronic CF lung infections. Strains 383 and 2192 were confirmed to be genetically identical by restriction endonuclease analysis, random amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Conditions of protein extraction were optimized for consistent high-resolution separation of several hundred proteins from these clinical isolates as detected by Coomassie staining of 2-D gels. Fourteen proteins were selected for analysis; this group included those whose expression was common between both strains as well as unique for each strain. The proteins were identified by microLC/MS/MS of the peptides produced by an in-gel tryptic digestion and compared to translated data from the Pseudomonas Genome Project; optimization of this technique has allowed for the comparison of proteins expressed by strains 383 and 2192.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheri L Hanna
- Department of Microbiology1 and the W. M. Keck Biomedical Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Biomolecular Research Facility2, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Nicholas E Sherman
- Department of Microbiology1 and the W. M. Keck Biomedical Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Biomolecular Research Facility2, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Michael T Kinter
- Department of Cell Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA3
- Department of Microbiology1 and the W. M. Keck Biomedical Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Biomolecular Research Facility2, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Joanna B Goldberg
- Department of Microbiology1 and the W. M. Keck Biomedical Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Biomolecular Research Facility2, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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27
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Shaw AC, Christiansen G, Roepstorff P, Birkelund S. Genetic differences in the Chlamydia trachomatis tryptophan synthase alpha-subunit can explain variations in serovar pathogenesis. Microbes Infect 2000; 2:581-92. [PMID: 10884608 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(00)00368-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The human pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular bacterium, characterized by a developmental cycle that alternates between the infectious, extracellular elementary bodies and intracellular, metabolically active reticulate bodies. The cellular immune effector interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) inhibits chlamydial multiplication in human epithelial cells by induction of the tryptophan degrading enzyme indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase. IFN-gamma causes persistent C. trachomatis serovar A infections with atypical reticulate bodies that are unable to redifferentiate into elementary bodies and show diminished expression of important immunogens, but not of GroEL. However, the sensitivity to IFN-gamma varies among serovars of C. trachomatis. In our previous study significant IFN-gamma-specific, but tryptophan reversible, induction of proteins in C. trachomatis A and L2 with molecular masses of approximately 30 and 40 kDa was observed on 2D-gels. The 30-kDa protein from C. trachomatis L2 migrated with a significantly lower molecular weight in C. trachomatis A. In this paper we include C. trachomatis B, C and D in our investigations and identify the proteins as alpha- and beta-subunits of the chlamydial tryptophan synthase using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. DNA sequencing of the trpA genes from C. trachomatis A and C shows that the TrpA in these serovars is a 7.7-kDa truncated version of C. trachomatis D and L2 TrpA. The truncation probably impairs the TrpA activity, thus elucidating a possible molecular mechanism behind variations in the pathogenesis of C. trachomatis serovars.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Shaw
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Aarhus, The Bartholin Building, DK-8000 C, Aarhus, Denmark
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28
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O'Connor CD, Adams P, Alefounder P, Farris M, Kinsella N, Li Y, Payot S, Skipp P. The analysis of microbial proteomes: strategies and data exploitation. Electrophoresis 2000; 21:1178-86. [PMID: 10786890 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1522-2683(20000401)21:6<1178::aid-elps1178>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Microbes present special opportunities for proteomic analysis that are not yet available for other types of organisms, due mainly to the relative abundance of information on their genomes, their low levels of functional redundancy and their experimental tractability. They are also being used to develop and validate powerful new experimental approaches that surmount some important current limitations in this field. The review surveys the different proteomic procedures that are available and considers the advantages and disadvantages of different experimental strategies. The ways in which microbiologists - and others - can exploit proteomic data are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D O'Connor
- Division of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Hampshire, UK.
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29
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30
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Abstract
Proteome analysis implies the ability to separate proteins as a first step prior to characterization. Thus, the overall performance of the analysis strongly depends on the performance of the separation tool, usually two-dimensional electrophoresis. This review shows how two-dimensional electrophoresis performs with membrane proteins from bacteria or animal or vegetable cells and tissues, the recent progress in this field, and it examines future prospects in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Santoni
- INRA, Laboratoire de biochemie et physiologie moléculaire des plantes, Montpellier, France
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31
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Liu BL, Everson JS, Fane B, Giannikopoulou P, Vretou E, Lambden PR, Clarke IN. Molecular characterization of a bacteriophage (Chp2) from Chlamydia psittaci. J Virol 2000; 74:3464-9. [PMID: 10729119 PMCID: PMC111853 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.8.3464-3469.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparisons of the proteome of abortifacient Chlamydia psittaci isolates from sheep by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis identified a novel abundant protein with a molecular mass of 61.4 kDa and an isoelectric point of 6.41. C-terminal sequence analysis of this protein yielded a short peptide sequence that had an identical match to the viral coat protein (VP1) of the avian chlamydiaphage Chp1. Electron microscope studies revealed the presence of a 25-nm-diameter bacteriophage (Chp2) with no apparent spike structures. Thin sections of chlamydia-infected cells showed that Chp2 particles were located to membranous structures surrounding reticulate bodies (RBs), suggesting that Chp2 is cytopathic for ovine C. psittaci RBs. Chp2 double-stranded circular replicative-form DNA was purified and used as a template for DNA sequence analysis. The Chp2 genome is 4,567 bp and encodes up to eight open reading frames (ORFs); it is similar in overall organization to the Chp1 genome. Seven of the ORFs (1 to 5, 7, and 8) have sequence homologies with Chp1. However, ORF 6 has a different spatial location and no cognate partner within the Chp1 genome. Chlamydiaphages have three viral structural proteins, VP1, VP2, and VP3, encoded by ORFs 1 to 3, respectively. Amino acid residues in the phiX174 procapsid known to mediate interactions between the viral coat protein and internal scaffolding proteins are conserved in the Chp2 VP1 and VP3 proteins. We suggest that VP3 performs a scaffolding-like function but has evolved into a structural protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Liu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, University Medical School, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
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32
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Bini L, Liberatori S, Magi B, Marzocchi B, Raggiaschi R, Pallini V. Protein Blotting and Immunoblotting. PROTEOME RESEARCH: TWO-DIMENSIONAL GEL ELECTROPHORESIS AND IDENTIFICATION METHODS 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-57105-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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33
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SIBioC 2000 32nd National Congress of the Italian Society of Clinical Biochemistry and Clinical Molecular Biology. Clin Chem Lab Med 2000. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2000.38.7.a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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34
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Hoogland C, Sanchez JC, Tonella L, Binz PA, Bairoch A, Hochstrasser DF, Appel RD. The 1999 SWISS-2DPAGE database update. Nucleic Acids Res 2000; 28:286-8. [PMID: 10592248 PMCID: PMC102456 DOI: 10.1093/nar/28.1.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/1999] [Accepted: 10/07/1999] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SWISS-2DPAGE (http://www.expasy.ch/ch2d/ ) is an annotated two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electro-phoresis (2-DE) database established in 1993. The current release contains 24 reference maps from human and mouse biological samples, as well as from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Escherichia coli and Dictyostelium discoideum origin. These reference maps have now 2824 identified spots, corresponding to 614 separate protein entries in the database, in addition to virtual entries for each SWISS-PROT sequence or any user-entered amino acids sequence. Last year improvements in the SWISS-2DPAGE database are as follows: three new maps have been created and several others have been updated; cross-references to newly built federated 2-DE databases have been added; new functions to access the data have been provided through the ExPASy proteomics server.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hoogland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1 rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.
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35
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Sanchez-Campillo M, Bini L, Comanducci M, Raggiaschi R, Marzocchi B, Pallini V, Ratti G. Identification of immunoreactive proteins of Chlamydia trachomatis by Western blot analysis of a two-dimensional electrophoresis map with patient sera. Electrophoresis 1999; 20:2269-79. [PMID: 10493131 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1522-2683(19990801)20:11<2269::aid-elps2269>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Western blots of two-dimensional electrophoretic maps of proteins from Chlamydia trachomatis were probed with sera from 17 seropositive patients with genital inflammatory disease. Immunoblot patterns (comprising 28 to 2 spots, average 14.8) were different for each patient; however, antibodies against a spot-cluster due to the chlamydia-specific antigen outer membrane protein-2 (OMP2) were observed in all sera. The next most frequent group of antibodies (15/17; 88%) recognized the hsp60 GroEL-like protein, described as immunopathogenic in chlamydial infections. Reactivity to the major surface-exposed and variable antigen major outer membrane protein (MOMP) was observed at a relatively lower frequency (13/17; 76%). The hsp70 DnaK-like protein was also frequently recognized (11/17; 64.7%) in this patient group. Besides the above confirmatory findings, the study detected several new immunoreactive proteins, with frequencies ranging from 11/17 to 1/17. Some were characterized also by N-terminal amino acid sequencing and homology searches. Amongst these were a novel outer membrane protein (OmpB) and, interestingly, five conserved bacterial proteins: four (23%) sera reacted with the RNA polymerase alpha-subunit, five (29%) recognized the ribosomal protein S1, eight (47%) the protein elongation factor EF-Tu, seven (41%) a putative stress-induced protease of the HtrA family, and seven sera (41%) the ribosomal protein L7/L12. Homologs of the last two proteins were shown to confer protective immunity in other bacterial infections. The data show that immunological sensitization processes commonly thought to play a role in chlamydial pathogenicity may be sustained not only by the hsp60 GroEl-like protein, but also by other conserved bacterial antigens, some of which may be also considered as potential vaccine candidates.
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36
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Shaw AC, Christiansen G, Birkelund S. Effects of interferon gamma on Chlamydia trachomatis serovar A and L2 protein expression investigated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 1999; 20:775-80. [PMID: 10344247 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1522-2683(19990101)20:4/5<775::aid-elps775>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular bacterium causing human ocular and genital disease. The lymphokine interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) is an important immune effector exerting antimicrobial effects towards several intracellular parasites, the chlamydia included. IFN-gamma has been reported to inhibit the chlamydial replication in vitro in part by depleting intracellular levels of tryptophan in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, down-regulation of important immunogens has been described. These findings are extended in this paper, in which we are combining pulse labeling with [35S]methionine and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis with immobilized pH gradients in order to investigate changes in the protein expression of C. trachomatis serovar A and L2 caused by treatment with IFN-gamma. In contrast to what was observed in C. trachomatis L2, our results showed that, in C. trachomatis A, down-regulations of the chlamydia major outer membrane protein and of several other proteins were detectable upon IFN-gamma treatment. In addition, we report the up-regulations of C. trachomatis A and L2 proteins with molecular masses of approximately 30 kDa and 40 kDa which may be part of an, as yet, uncharacterized chlamydial response to IFN-gamma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Shaw
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Aarhus, Denmark.
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37
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Schaible UE, Collins HL, Kaufmann SH. Confrontation between intracellular bacteria and the immune system. Adv Immunol 1999; 71:267-377. [PMID: 9917916 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60405-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- U E Schaible
- Max-Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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38
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Shaw AC, Christiansen G, Birkelund S. Effects of interferon gamma onChlamydia trachomatis serovar A and L2 protein expression investigated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1522-2683(19990101)20:4/5%3c775::aid-elps775%3e3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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39
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Hermann T, Wersch G, Uhlemann EM, Schmid R, Burkovski A. Mapping and identification of Corynebacterium glutamicum proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and microsequencing. Electrophoresis 1998; 19:3217-21. [PMID: 9932818 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150191827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
As a prerequisite for proteome analyses of Corynebacterium glutamicum separation of the cytoplasm and the membrane fraction was optimized and two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis was established. The resulting 2-D protein maps revealed over 1000 silver-stained protein spots separated by isoelectric point and molecular mass for cytoplasmic proteins and approximately 700 silver-stained spots for proteins of the membrane fraction. Proposing a mean size of 1 kbp per gene the complete C. glutamicum genome of 3 Mbp encodes 3000 different proteins; more than half of these can be located using the maps which are presently available. In this study 10 proteins were identified by N-terminal microsequencing, namely the 35 kDa antigen, antigen 84, ATP synthase subunits alpha, gamma and delta, cysteine synthase, elongation factor G and Ts, enolase, and rotamase. For seven sequences, corresponding proteins could not be identified. Additionally, two proteins were specifically detected by immunoblotting, a corynebacterial porin and the cytoplasmic protein threonine dehydratase. The methods and 2-D maps established in this study will be the basis for comparative studies of protein expression and a detailed proteome analysis of C. glutamicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hermann
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität zu Köln, Germany
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40
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Weldingh K, Rosenkrands I, Jacobsen S, Rasmussen PB, Elhay MJ, Andersen P. Two-dimensional electrophoresis for analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture filtrate and purification and characterization of six novel proteins. Infect Immun 1998; 66:3492-500. [PMID: 9673225 PMCID: PMC108378 DOI: 10.1128/iai.66.8.3492-3500.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/1998] [Accepted: 05/05/1998] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Culture filtrate from Mycobacterium tuberculosis contains molecules which promote high levels of protective immunity in animal models of subunit vaccination against tuberculosis. We have used two-dimensional electrophoresis for analysis and purification of six novel M. tuberculosis culture filtrate proteins (CFPs): CFP17, CFP20, CFP21, CFP22, CFP25, and CFP28. The proteins were tested for recognition by M. tuberculosis-reactive memory cells from different strains of inbred mice and for their capacity to induce a skin test response in M. tuberculosis-infected guinea pigs. CFP17, CFP20, CFP21 and CFP25 induced both a high gamma interferon release and a strong delayed-type hypersensitivity response, and CFP21 was broadly recognized by different strains of inbred mice. N-terminal sequences were obtained for the six proteins, and the corresponding genes were identified in the Sanger M. tuberculosis genome database. In parallel we established a two-dimensional electrophoresis reference map of short-term culture filtrate components and mapped novel proteins as well as already-known CFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Weldingh
- Department of TB Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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41
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Raulston JE. Response of Chlamydia trachomatis serovar E to iron restriction in vitro and evidence for iron-regulated chlamydial proteins. Infect Immun 1997; 65:4539-47. [PMID: 9353031 PMCID: PMC175652 DOI: 10.1128/iai.65.11.4539-4547.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is a well-established mediator of virulence in several bacterial pathogens, yet little is known about the role of iron in infectious disease processes caused by obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens. In this study, the effect of iron limitation was examined for the sexually transmitted infectious agent Chlamydia trachomatis in an in vitro model of human genital infection using the intracellular iron-chelating reagent deferoxamine mesylate (Desferal). Iron restriction caused a significant reduction in infectivity of C. trachomatis elementary bodies (EB) harvested from Desferal-exposed polarized epithelial cells when compared to that of EB harvested from iron-sufficient control cell cultures. Replacement of the Desferal exposure medium with medium containing iron-saturated transferrin restored chlamydial infectivity, whereas replacement with growth medium alone had no effect. The following three prominent morphological features were observed by electron microscopic examination of chlamydia-infected cells exposed to Desferal: (i) inclusions containing chlamydiae greatly delayed in maturation, (ii) substantial blebbing within chlamydial inclusions, and (iii) electron-dense material surrounding inclusions. Protein analyses of highly purified EB by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that there were at least 19 candidate iron-repressible proteins in C. trachomatis and at least one protein which was iron inducible. One putative iron-repressible protein was confirmed by Western blot (immunoblot) analysis to be the chlamydial heat shock protein 60 (hsp60). The enhanced production of this antigen by chlamydiae as a result of iron limitation is of particular importance since there is a well-documented association between chlamydial hsp60 and destructive immunopathological sequelae in infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Raulston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill 27599-7290, USA.
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Giannikopoulou P, Bini L, Simitsek PD, Pallini V, Vretou E. Two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of the protein family at 90 kDa of abortifacient Chlamydia psittaci. Electrophoresis 1997; 18:2104-8. [PMID: 9420176 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150181137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Four major clusters, designated A, B, C and D, were distinguished in Western Blots by a monoclonal antibody specific for the "antigen family at 90 kDa" after two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis on immobilized pH gradient of chlamydial elementary bodies of abortifacient C. psittaci. Clusters B, C, and D were closely related with molecular mass (kDa) pI values of 91.5/5.2-5.4, 90/5.0-5.2 and 90.5/5.6-5.8, respectively. Cluster A was larger, with molecular mass/pI of 104.7/5.1-5.3. Evidence for the antigenic relationship between cluster A and clusters B, C and D was further supported by immunological cross-reaction with affinity-purified antibodies from serum of ewes with chlamydial-induced abortion. The experimental values obtained for size and pI of the four clusters correlated well with the calculated values from known sequences coded by multiple chlamydial genes. Direct evidence for the correspondence between the immunoreactive clusters B, C and D and the retrieved genes was provided by antibody binding experiments to recombinant polypeptides representing fragments of the deduced proteins. The 4-member antigen family at 90/104 kDa is the first example of proteins coded by multiple genes within the genus Chlamydia.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Giannikopoulou
- Department of Biotechnology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
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Chevallet M, Procaccio V, Rabilloud T. A nonradioactive double detection method for the assignment of spots in two-dimensional blots. Anal Biochem 1997; 251:69-72. [PMID: 9300084 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1997.2206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A method for identification of spots on two-dimensional electrophoresis gels by means of immunoblotting is described. This method does not require radioactive-labeled proteins and is based on the dual use of colloidal gold staining to detect the general 2D pattern on the blot and on chemiluminescence to detect the antibody-reactive spot(s). Profit is taken from the fact that the general gold stain produces a background pattern on strong ECL exposures, which allows alignment of the antibody-reactive spot(s) on the general pattern and therefore easy identification of the spot(s) of interest on the two-dimensional maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chevallet
- CEA-Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Cellulaire et Pathologique, Grenoble, France
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44
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Teixeira-Gomes AP, Cloeckaert A, Bézard G, Dubray G, Zygmunt MS. Mapping and identification of Brucella melitensis proteins by two-dimensional electrophoresis and microsequencing. Electrophoresis 1997; 18:156-62. [PMID: 9059838 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150180128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis was used to map Brucella melitensis proteins. The 2-D proteins map of B. melitensis B115 revealed 595 silver-stained protein spots separated by both isoelectric point and molecular mass. Twenty-five proteins were identified either by immunoblotting using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) or by N-terminal microsequencing. The protein spots identified by MAbs were the 89 kDa outer membrane protein, DnaK, bacterioferritin, CP24, and BP26. Some spots were identified by N-terminal microsequencing as proteins whose sequences had been reported previously from Brucella, such as three heat-shock proteins, namely DnaK, GroEL and GroES; bacterioferritin; Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase; and the 50S ribosomal protein L7/L12. Other proteins had amino acid sequences homologous with those of various proteins from other bacteria found in protein databases: ClpP; the 10K-S protein; the ORFU phosphoprotein; succinyl-CoA synthetase alpha sub-unit; an inorganic pyrophosphatase; the Fe and/or Mn superoxide dismutase; the nucleoside diphosphate kinase, an amino acid ABC type transporter, and an electron transfer flavoprotein small subunit. Seven proteins were identified with N-terminal sequences not yet reported in databases. The 2-D map established in this study will be the basis for comparative studies of protein expression in Brucella.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Teixeira-Gomes
- Laboratoire de Pathologie Infectieuse et Immunologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nouzilly, France
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