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Hopp MT, Schmalohr BF, Kühl T, Detzel MS, Wißbrock A, Imhof D. Heme Determination and Quantification Methods and Their Suitability for Practical Applications and Everyday Use. Anal Chem 2020; 92:9429-9440. [PMID: 32490668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many research institutions, clinical diagnostic laboratories, and blood banks are desperately searching for a possibility to identify and quantify heme in different physiological and pathological settings as well as various research applications. The reasons for this are the toxicity of the heme and the fact that it acts as a hemolytic and pro-inflammatory molecule. Heme only exerts these severe and undesired effects when it is not incorporated in hemoproteins. Upon release from the hemoproteins, it enters a biologically available state (labile heme), in which it is loosely associated with proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, or other molecules. While the current methods and procedures for quantitative determination of heme have been used for many years in different settings, their value is limited by the challenging chemical properties of heme. A major cause of inadequate quantification is the separation of labile and permanently bound heme and its high aggregation potential. Thus, none of the current methods are utilized as a generally applicable, standardized approach. The aim of this Feature is to describe and summarize the most common and frequently used chemical, analytical, and biochemical methods for the quantitative determination of heme. Based on this overview, the most promising approaches for future solutions to heme quantification are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-T Hopp
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Benjamin F Schmalohr
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Toni Kühl
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Milena S Detzel
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Amelie Wißbrock
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Diana Imhof
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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Development and validation of an LC–MS/MS sulfonylurea assay for hypoglycemia cases in the emergency department. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 454:130-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Furlanetto S, Orlandini S, Pasquini B, Caprini C, Mura P, Pinzauti S. Fast analysis of glibenclamide and its impurities: quality by design framework in capillary electrophoresis method development. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:7637-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8921-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Mohd AB, Sanka K, Gullapelly R, Diwan PV, Shastri N. Development and validation of RP-HPLC method for glimepiride and its application for a novel self-nanoemulsifying powder (SNEP) formulation analysis and dissolution study. J Anal Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1186/s40543-014-0027-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
There are many analytical methods available for estimation of glimepiride in biological samples and pharmaceutical preparations. To our knowledge, there is no specific reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for estimation of glimepiride and its dissolution study in self-nanoemulsifying powder (SNEP) formulation.
Methods
A simple method was carried out on a 5-μm particle octadesyl silane (ODS) column (250 × 4.6 mm) with acetonitrile: 0.2 M phosphate buffer (pH = 7.4) 40:60 v/v as a mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 mL/min, and quantification was achieved at 228 nm using PDA detector.
Results
The correlation coefficient (r
2) was found to be 0.999 over the concentration range of 0.2 to 2 μg/mL for glimepiride. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, and precision. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were found to be 0.38 and 1.17 μg/mL, respectively.
Conclusions
The proposed method was found to be simple, precise, suitable, and accurate for quantification of glimepiride as an alternative to the existing methods for the routine analysis of glimepiride in pharmaceutical formulations and in vitro dissolution studies.
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Kundlik ML, Zaware BH, Kuchekar SR. Rapid and specific approach for direct measurement of glimepiride in human plasma by LC-ESI-MS-MS employing automated 96 well format: application to a bioequivalence study. J Chromatogr Sci 2012; 50:64-70. [PMID: 22291058 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmr005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
A rapid liquid chromatographic method with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS-MS) detection is developed and validated for quantification of glimepiride in heparinized human plasma. Plasma samples, without a drying and reconstitution step, are extracted by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and eluted with 0.9 mL of acetonitrile-methanol (1:1, v/v) containing 0.05% formic acid. The analyte and glimepiride d8 (internal standard, IS) are chromatographed on a C(18) column; the mobile phase is acetonitrile-2 mm ammonium formate (88:12, v/v), with the pH adjusted to 3.5 with formic acid, at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The retention times of glimepiride and the IS are 0.93 min, and the runtime is 1.6 min per sample. Selected reaction monitoring of MH(+) at m/z 491.20 and 499.26 result in stable fragment ions with m/z 351.80 and 359.96 for glimepiride and the IS, respectively. The response was a linear function of the concentration in the range of 2.0-650.0 ng/mL, with r ≥ 0.9994. The recovery of glimepiride and the IS ranged from 81.91 to 83.36%. The assay has excellent characteristics and has been successfully used for the analysis of glimepiride in healthy human subjects in a bioequivalence study. It was well suited to clinical studies of the drug involving large numbers of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Kundlik
- Padmashri Vikhe Patil College, Pravaranagar, Loni Kurd, Pin-413713, Dis-Ahmednagar, Maharastra State, India
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Kotagiri H, Gannu R, Palem CR, Yamsani SK, Yamsani VV, Yamsani MR. SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF GLIMEPIRIDE AND ATORVASTATIN IN HUMAN SERUM BY HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY: APPLICATION TO PHARMACOKINETIC STUDY. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.591023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harshini Kotagiri
- a Centre for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kakatiya University , Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ramesh Gannu
- a Centre for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kakatiya University , Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Chinna Reddy Palem
- a Centre for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kakatiya University , Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Shravan Kumar Yamsani
- a Centre for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kakatiya University , Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Vamshi Vishnu Yamsani
- a Centre for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kakatiya University , Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Madhsusudan Rao Yamsani
- a Centre for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kakatiya University , Andhra Pradesh, India
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Samala S, Tatipamula SR, Veeresham C. Determination of Glimepiride in Rat Serum by Rp-Hplc Method. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/ajac.2011.22017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Maier V, Znaleziona J, Jirovský D, Skopalová J, Petr J, Ševčík J. Determination of antihyperglycemic drugs in nanomolar concentration levels by micellar electrokinetic chromatography with non-ionic surfactant. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:4492-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Revised: 02/28/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Pathare DB, Jadhav AS, Shingare MS. RP-LC Determination of the cis-Isomer of Glimepiride in a Bulk Drug Substance. Chromatographia 2007. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-007-0356-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Yüzüak N, Özden T, Eren S, Özilhan S. Determination of Glimepiride in Human Plasma by LC–MS–MS. Chromatographia 2007. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-007-0368-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Determination of Glimepiride in Human Plasma by Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2004. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2004.25.1.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Maurer HH, Kratzsch C, Kraemer T, Peters FT, Weber AA. Screening, library-assisted identification and validated quantification of oral antidiabetics of the sulfonylurea-type in plasma by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 773:63-73. [PMID: 12015271 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(01)00618-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An atmospheric pressure chemical ionization liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric (APCI-LC-MS) LC-MS assay is presented for fast and reliable screening and identification as well as precise and sensitive quantification of oral antidiabetics of the sulfonylurea-type (OADs) in plasma. It allowed the specific diagnosis of an overdose situation or a Munchausen syndrome caused by ingestion of OADs. After liquid-liquid extraction, the OADs glibenclamide, glibornuride, gliclazide, glimepiride, glipizide, gliquidone, glisoxepide, tolazamide and tolbutamide were separated using fast gradient elution. After screening and identification in the scan mode using our new LC-MS library, the OADs were quantified in the selected-ion mode. The quantification assay was validated according to the criteria established by the Journal of Chromatography B. All validation data were inside the required limits. The assay is part of a general LC-MS procedure for fast screening, identification and quantification of different toxicologically relevant compounds in plasma and has proven to be appropriate for OADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans H Maurer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Saarland, D-66421 Homburg, (Saar), Germany.
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Paroni R, Comuzzi B, Arcelloni C, Brocco S, de Kreutzenberg S, Tiengo A, Ciucci A, Beck-Peccoz P, Genovese S. Comparison of Capillary Electrophoresis with HPLC for Diagnosis of Factitious Hypoglycemia. Clin Chem 2000. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/46.11.1773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: The diagnosis of “factitious hypoglycemia” is essentially based on the disclosure of hypoglycemic agents in blood or urine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of capillary electrophoresis (CE) as a quantitative method for determination of chlorpropamide, tolbutamide, glipizide, gliclazide, and glibenclamide in serum.
Methods: Serum samples (1 mL), with internal standard added, were purified by solid-phase extraction on OASISTM HLB cartridges (Waters), dried under reduced pressure, and reconstituted with 30–60 μL of acetonitrile:H2O. Analysis was carried out by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography in 5 mmol/L borate, 5 mmol/L phosphate, 75 mmol/L sodium cholate, pH 8.5, containing 25 mL/L methanol. Separation was accomplished in a 20 cm × 50 μm (i.d.) silica capillary at 25 °C and a constant voltage of +10 kV. Pharmacokinetics of gliclazide (80-mg tablet) in a diabetic patient were assayed by both HPLC and CE. Two hypoglycemic patients positive by HPLC analysis for unreported gliclazide and tolbutamide overdose were also screened by CE.
Results: Separation of six drugs (including the internal standard) was accomplished in 5 min plus 5 min rinsing. The between-day CV of the ratio of the areas of the sulfonylurea drugs to internal standard was <1% (n = 10). Linearity (r2 ≥0.998) and recovery (≥80%) were good for all sulfonylurea drugs tested. Pharmacokinetic curves for gliclazide by CE and HPLC were superimposable. CE analysis confirmed the HPLC diagnosis of surreptitious abuse of gliclazide and tolbutamide.
Conclusion: CE is a useful tool in the clinical chemistry and toxicology laboratory for drug monitoring and pharmacokinetic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Paroni
- Laboratory of Separative Techniques, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Barbara Comuzzi
- Laboratory of Separative Techniques, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Cinzia Arcelloni
- Laboratory of Separative Techniques, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Brocco
- Unit of Metabolic Disease, Azienda Ospedaliera e Universita’, 35100 Padova, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Tiengo
- Unit of Metabolic Disease, Azienda Ospedaliera e Universita’, 35100 Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ciucci
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, 20089 Rózzano, Milano, Italy
- Institute of Endocrinological Science, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Beck-Peccoz
- Institute of Endocrinological Science, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Genovese
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, 20089 Rózzano, Milano, Italy
- Institute of Endocrinological Science, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore, 20122 Milano, Italy
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Maurer HH. Systematic toxicological analysis procedures for acidic drugs and/or metabolites relevant to clinical and forensic toxicology and/or doping control. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1999; 733:3-25. [PMID: 10572972 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00266-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews systematic toxicological analysis (STA) procedures for acidic drugs and/or metabolites relevant to clinical and forensic toxicology or doping control using gas chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography, thin-layer chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. Papers from 1992 to 1998 have been taken into consideration. Screening procedures in biosamples (whole blood, plasma, serum, urine, vitreous humor, brain, liver or hair) of humans or animals (horse, or rat) are included for the following drug classes: angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II (AT-II) blockers, anticoagulants of the 4-hydroxy coumarin type, barbiturates, dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (calcium antagonists), diuretics, hypoglycemic sulfonylureas and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Methods for confirmation of preliminary results obtained by screening procedures using immunoassay or chromatographic techniques are also included. Furthermore, procedures for the simultaneous detection of several drug classes are reviewed. The toxicological question to be answered and the consequences for the choice of an adequate method, the sample preparation and the chromatography itself are discussed. The basic information about the biosample assayed, work-up, separation column, mobile phase or separation buffer, detection mode and validation data of each procedure is summarized in 16 tables. They are arranged according to the drug class and the analytical method. Examples of typical applications are presented. Finally, STA procedures are reviewed and described allowing simultaneous screening for different (acidic) drug classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Maurer
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Saarland, Homburg (Saar), Germany.
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Boone CM, Waterval JC, Lingeman H, Ensing K, Underberg WJ. Capillary electrophoresis as a versatile tool for the bioanalysis of drugs--a review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1999; 20:831-63. [PMID: 10746954 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(99)00088-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This review article presents an overview of current research on the use of capillary electrophoretic techniques for the analysis of drugs in biological matrices. The principles of capillary electrophoresis and its various separation and detection modes are briefly discussed. Sample pretreatment methods which have been used for clean-up and concentration are discussed. Finally, an extensive overview of bioanalytical applications is presented. The bioanalyses of more than 200 drugs have been summarised, including the applied sample pretreatment methods and the achieved detection limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Boone
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology, University Center for Pharmacy, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio 44115
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