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Rollo D, Kulkarni A, Yu K, Fabris D. Investigating the Merits of Microfluidic Capillary Zone Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry (CZE-MS) in the Bottom-Up Characterization of Larger RNAs. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:561-574. [PMID: 38350102 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Established bottom-up approaches for the characterization of nucleic acids (NAs) rely on the strand-cleavage activity of nucleotide-specific endonucleases to generate smaller oligonucleotides amenable to gas-phase sequencing. The complexity of these hydrolytic mixtures calls for the utilization of a front-end separation to facilitate full mass spectrometric (MS) characterization. This report explored the merits of microfluidic capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) as a possible alternative to common liquid chromatography techniques. An oligonucleotide ladder was initially employed to investigate the roles of fundamental analyte features and experimental parameters in determining the outcome of CZE-MS analyses. The results demonstrated the ability to fully resolve the various rungs into discrete electrophoretic peaks with full-width half-height (FWHH) resolution that was visibly affected by the overall amount of material injected into the system. Analogous results were obtained from a digestion mixture prepared by treating yeast tRNAPhe (75 nt) with RNase T1, which provided several well-resolved peaks in spite of the increasing sample heterogeneity. The regular shapes of such peaks, however, belied the fact that most of them contained sets of comigrating species, as shown by the corresponding MS spectra. Even though it was not possible to segregate each species into an individual electrophoretic peak, the analysis still proved capable of unambiguously identifying a total of 29 hydrolytic products, which were sufficient to cover 96% of the tRNAPhe's sequence. Their masses accurately reflected the presence of modified nucleotides characteristic of this type of substrate. The analysis of a digestion mixture obtained from the 364 nt HIV-1 5'-UTR proved to be more challenging. The electropherogram displayed fewer well-resolved peaks and significantly greater incidence of product comigration. In this case, fractionating the highly heterogeneous mixture into discrete bands helped reduce signal suppression and detection bias. As a result, the corresponding MS data enabled the assignment of 248 products out of the possible 513 predicted from the 5'-UTR sequence, which afforded 100% sequence coverage. This figure represented a significant improvement over the 36 total products identified earlier under suboptimal conditions, which afforded only 57% coverage, or the 83 observed by direct infusion nanospray-MS (72%). These results provided a measure of the excellent potential of the technique to support the bottom-up characterization of progressively larger NA samples, such as putative NA therapeutics and mRNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Rollo
- University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | | | - Kate Yu
- 908 Devices, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Daniele Fabris
- University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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2
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Pattanayak P, Singh SK, Gulati M, Vishwas S, Kapoor B, Chellappan DK, Anand K, Gupta G, Jha NK, Gupta PK, Prasher P, Dua K, Dureja H, Kumar D, Kumar V. Microfluidic chips: recent advances, critical strategies in design, applications and future perspectives. MICROFLUIDICS AND NANOFLUIDICS 2021; 25:99. [PMID: 34720789 PMCID: PMC8547131 DOI: 10.1007/s10404-021-02502-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic chip technology is an emerging tool in the field of biomedical application. Microfluidic chip includes a set of groves or microchannels that are engraved on different materials (glass, silicon, or polymers such as polydimethylsiloxane or PDMS, polymethylmethacrylate or PMMA). The microchannels forming the microfluidic chip are interconnected with each other for desired results. This organization of microchannels trapped into the microfluidic chip is associated with the outside by inputs and outputs penetrating through the chip, as an interface between the macro- and miniature world. With the help of a pump and a chip, microfluidic chip helps to determine the behavioral change of the microfluids. Inside the chip, there are microfluidic channels that permit the processing of the fluid, for example, blending and physicochemical responses. Microfluidic chip has numerous points of interest including lesser time and reagent utilization and alongside this, it can execute numerous activities simultaneously. The miniatured size of the chip fastens the reaction as the surface area increases. It is utilized in different biomedical applications such as food safety sensing, peptide analysis, tissue engineering, medical diagnosis, DNA purification, PCR activity, pregnancy, and glucose estimation. In the present study, the design of various microfluidic chips has been discussed along with their biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prapti Pattanayak
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411 India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411 India
| | - Monica Gulati
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411 India
| | - Sukriti Vishwas
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411 India
| | - Bhupinder Kapoor
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411 India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Krishnan Anand
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences and National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Mahal Road, Jagatpura, Jaipur, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310 India
| | - Piyush Kumar Gupta
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Plot no. 32-34, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310 India
| | - Parteek Prasher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Energy Acres, Dehradun, 248007 India
| | - Kamal Dua
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007 Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Harish Dureja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 12401 India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, 173229 India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- School of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411 India
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Zhou L, Zhang Q, Xu X, Huo X, Zhou Q, Wang X, Yu Q. Fabricating an Electrospray Ionization Chip Based on Induced Polarization and Liquid Splitting. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12091034. [PMID: 34577678 PMCID: PMC8472801 DOI: 10.3390/mi12091034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The coupling of the microfluidic chip to mass spectrometry (MS) has attracted considerable attention in the area of chemical and biological analysis. The most commonly used ionization technique in the chip–MS system is electrospray ionization (ESI). Traditional chip-based ESI devices mainly employ direct electrical contact between the electrode and the spray solvent. In this study, a microchip ESI source based on a novel polarization-splitting approach was developed. Specifically, the droplet in the microchannel is first polarized by the electric field and then split into two sub-droplets. In this process, the charge generated by polarization is retained in the liquid, resulting in the generation of two charged droplets with opposite polarities. Finally, when these charged droplets reach the emitter, the electrospray process is initiated and both positive and negative ions are formed from the same solution. Preliminary experimental results indicate that the coupling of this polarization-splitting ESI (PS-ESI) chip with a mass spectrometer enables conventional ESI-MS analysis of various analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lvhan Zhou
- Open FIESTA, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China;
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Q.Z.); (X.X.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Qian Zhang
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Q.Z.); (X.X.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Xiangchun Xu
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Q.Z.); (X.X.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Xinming Huo
- Division of Life Science & Health, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Qian Zhou
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Q.Z.); (X.X.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Xiaohao Wang
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Q.Z.); (X.X.); (Q.Z.)
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Quan Yu
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Q.Z.); (X.X.); (Q.Z.)
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (Q.Y.)
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Svejdal RR, Sticker D, Sønderby C, Kutter JP, Rand KD. Thiol-ene microfluidic chip for fast on-chip sample clean-up, separation and ESI mass spectrometry of peptides and proteins. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1140:168-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Chen TY, Wu ML, Chen YC. Ultrasonication-assisted spray ionization-based micro-reactors for online monitoring of fast chemical reactions by mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2019; 54:26-34. [PMID: 30407688 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics can be used to handle relatively small volumes of samples and to conduct reactions in microliter-sized volumes. Electrospray ionization can couple microfluidics with mass spectrometry (MS) to monitor chemical reactions online. However, fabricating microfluidic chips is time-consuming. We herein propose the use of a micro-reactor that is sustained by two capillaries and an ultrasonicator. The inlets of the capillaries were individually immersed to two different sample vials that were subjected to the ultrasonicator. The tapered outlets of the two capillaries were placed cross with an angle of ~60° close to the inlet of the mass spectrometer to fuse the eluents. On the basis of capillary action and ultrasonication, the samples from the two capillaries can be continuously directed to the capillary outlets and fuse simultaneously to generate gas phase ions for MS analysis through ultrasonication-assisted spray ionization (UASI). Any electric contact applied on the capillaries is not required. Nevertheless, UASI spray derived from the eluents can readily occur in front of the mass spectrometer. That is, a micro-reactor was created from the fusing of the eluent containing different reactants from these two UASI capillaries, allowing reactions to be conducted in situ. The solvent in the fused droplets was evaporated quickly, and the product ions could be immediately observed by MS because of the extreme rise in the concentration of the reactants. For proof of concept, pyrazole synthesis reaction and cortisone derivatization by Girard T reagent were selected as the model reactions. The results demonstrated the feasibility of using UASI-based micro-reactor for online MS analysis to detect reaction intermediates and products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te-Yu Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Min-Li Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chie Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
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6
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Khan M, Mao S, Li W, Lin J. Microfluidic Devices in the Fast‐Growing Domain of Single‐Cell Analysis. Chemistry 2018; 24:15398-15420. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mashooq Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry, & Chemical Biology Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Sifeng Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry, & Chemical Biology Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry, & Chemical Biology Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Jin‐Ming Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry, & Chemical Biology Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
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7
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McQuitty RJ, Unterkofler S, Euser TG, Russell PSJ, Sadler PJ. Rapid screening of photoactivatable metallodrugs: photonic crystal fibre microflow reactor coupled to ESI mass spectrometry. RSC Adv 2017; 7:37340-37348. [PMID: 29308187 PMCID: PMC5735366 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06735f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We explore the efficacy of a hyphenated photonic crystal fibre microflow reactor – high-resolution mass spectrometer system as a method for screening the activity of potential new photoactivatable drugs.
We explore the efficacy of a hyphenated photonic crystal fibre microflow reactor – high-resolution mass spectrometer system as a method for screening the activity of potential new photoactivatable drugs. The use of light to activate drugs is an area of current development as it offers the possibility of reduced side effects due to improved spatial and temporal targeting and novel mechanisms of anticancer activity. The di-nuclear ruthenium complex [{(η6-indan)RuCl}2(μ-2,3-dpp)](PF6)2, previously studied by Magennis et al. (Inorg. Chem., 2007, 46, 5059) is used as a model drug to compare the system to standard irradiation techniques. The photodecomposition pathways using blue light radiation are the same for PCF and conventional cuvette methods. Reactions in the presence of small biomolecules 5′-guanosine monophosphate (5′-GMP), 5′-adenosine monophosphate (5′-AMP), l-cysteine (l-Cys) and glutathione (γ-l-glutamyl-l-cysteinyl-glycine, GSH) were studied. The complex was found to bind to nucleobases in the dark and this binding increased upon irradiation with 488 nm light, forming the adducts [(η6-indan)Ru2(μ-2,3-dpp) + 5′-GMP]2+ and [(η6-indan)Ru + (5′-AMP)]+. These findings are consistent with studies using conventional methods. The dinuclear complex also binds strongly to GSH after irradiation, a possible explanation for its lack of potency in cell line testing. The use of the PCF-MS system dramatically reduced the sample volume required and reduced the irradiation time by four orders of magnitude from 14 hours to 12 seconds. However, the reduced sample volume also results in a reduced MS signal intensity. The dead time of the combined system is 15 min, limited by the intrinsic dead volume of the HR-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth J McQuitty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV7 4AL, UK.
| | - Sarah Unterkofler
- Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstrasse 2, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Tijmen G Euser
- Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstrasse 2, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany. .,NanoPhotonics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Philip St J Russell
- Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstrasse 2, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV7 4AL, UK.
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Characterization of a laboratory-constructed miniaturized device for fast CE measurements with contactless conductivity, amperometric, and mass spectrometry detection. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-017-1978-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Forzano AV, Becirovic V, Martin RS, Edwards JL. Integrated Electrodes and Electrospray Emitter for Polymer Microfluidic Nanospray-MS Interface. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2016; 8:5152-5157. [PMID: 27818712 PMCID: PMC5091296 DOI: 10.1039/c6ay00197a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Interfacing of microfluidic devices to mass spectrometry has challenges including dilution from sheath liquid junctions, fragile electrodes, and excessive dead volumes which prevent optimum performance and common use. The goal of this work is to develop a stable nanospray chip-MS interface that contains easily integrated electrodes and an embedded capillary emitter to mitigate current chip-MS problems. This system uses a hybrid polystyrene-poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PS-PDMS) microfluidic platform with an embedded electrode and integrated capillary emitter used as the nanospray interface. Two chip designs were used to evaluate the performance, illustrate on-chip reaction capabilities. By direct infusion, this system showed good performance with LODs of GSH and caffeine of 9 nM and 1 nM, R2 of 0.996 and 0.992 and sensitivity of 12 counts/nM and 332 counts/nM over a linear dynamic range of 40 nM to 50 μM and 1 to 50 μM respectively. A reaction was performed on the chip with syringe pumps showing the oxidation of glutathione (GSH) to oxidized glutathione (GSSG) using H2O2. The on-chip reaction of GSH oxidation to GSSG, with online-MS detection, successfully demonstrate the stability and robustness of the nanospray interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V. Forzano
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, 63130 USA
| | - Vedada Becirovic
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, 63130 USA
| | - R. Scott Martin
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, 63130 USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone +1 314 977 3624, ,
| | - James L. Edwards
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, 63130 USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone +1 314 977 3624, ,
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10
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Yu C, Qian X, Chen Y, Yu Q, Ni K, Wang X. Microfluidic self-aspiration sonic-spray ionization chip with single and dual ionization channels for mass spectrometry. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra07959h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In consideration of the miniaturization, integration, and universal disadvantages of microfluidic chip-based ionization coupled with mass spectrometry, this study proposed a novel microfluidic self-aspiration sonic-spray ionization chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cilong Yu
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing
- Graduate School at Shenzhen
- Tsinghua University
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Xiang Qian
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing
- Graduate School at Shenzhen
- Tsinghua University
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Yan Chen
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shenzhen 518055
- China
| | - Quan Yu
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing
- Graduate School at Shenzhen
- Tsinghua University
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Kai Ni
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing
- Graduate School at Shenzhen
- Tsinghua University
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Xiaohao Wang
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing
- Graduate School at Shenzhen
- Tsinghua University
- Shenzhen
- China
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Ali I, Alharbi OML, Marsin Sanagi M. Nano-capillary electrophoresis for environmental analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2015; 14:79-98. [PMID: 32214934 PMCID: PMC7087629 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-015-0547-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Many analytical techniques have been used to monitor environmental pollutants. But most techniques are not capable to detect pollutants at nanogram levels. Hence, under such conditions, absence of pollutants is often assumed, whereas pollutants are in fact present at low but undetectable concentrations. Detection at low levels may be done by nano-capillary electrophoresis, also named microchip electrophoresis. Here, we review the analysis of pollutants by nano-capillary electrophoresis. We present instrumentations, applications, optimizations and separation mechanisms. We discuss the analysis of metal ions, pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, explosives, viruses, bacteria and other contaminants. Detectors include ultraviolet-visible, fluorescent, conductivity, atomic absorption spectroscopy, refractive index, atomic fluorescence spectrometry, atomic emission spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, mass spectrometry, time-of-flight mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. Detection limits ranged from nanogram to picogram levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, 110025 India
| | - Omar M. L. Alharbi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Taibah University, P.O. Box 30002, Madinah Al-Munawarah, 41477 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd. Marsin Sanagi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor Malaysia
- Ibnu Sina Institute for Fundamental Science Studies, Nanotechnology Research Alliance, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor Malaysia
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12
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Three-Dimensional Electro-Sonic Flow Focusing Ionization Microfluidic Chip for Mass Spectrometry. MICROMACHINES 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/mi6121463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Feng X, Liu BF, Li J, Liu X. Advances in coupling microfluidic chips to mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2015; 34:535-57. [PMID: 24399782 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic technology has shown advantages of low sample consumption, reduced analysis time, high throughput, and potential for integration and automation. Coupling microfluidic chips to mass spectrometry (Chip-MS) can greatly improve the overall analytical performance of MS-based approaches and expand their potential applications. In this article, we review the advances of Chip-MS in the past decade, covering innovations in microchip fabrication, microchips coupled to electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-MS. Development of integrated microfluidic systems for automated MS analysis will be further documented, as well as recent applications of Chip-MS in proteomics, metabolomics, cell analysis, and clinical diagnosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chromatography, Liquid/instrumentation
- Chromatography, Liquid/methods
- Electrophoresis, Microchip/instrumentation
- Electrophoresis, Microchip/methods
- Equipment Design
- Humans
- Lab-On-A-Chip Devices
- Lipids/analysis
- Metabolomics/instrumentation
- Metabolomics/methods
- Polysaccharides/analysis
- Proteins/analysis
- Proteomics/instrumentation
- Proteomics/methods
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/methods
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Feng
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Bi-Feng Liu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Xin Liu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
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14
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Qian X, Xu J, Yu C, Chen Y, Yu Q, Ni K, Wang X. A reliable and simple method for fabricating a poly(dimethylsiloxane) electrospray ionization chip with a corner-integrated emitter. SENSORS 2015; 15:8931-44. [PMID: 25894936 PMCID: PMC4431197 DOI: 10.3390/s150408931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Monolithically integrated emitters have been increasingly applied to microfluidic devices that are coupled to mass spectrometers (MS) as electrospray ionization sources (ESI). A new method was developed to fabricate a duplicable structure which integrated the emitter into a poly(dimethylsiloxane) chip corner. Two photoresist layers containing a raised base which guaranteed the precise integration of the electrospray tip emitter and ensured that the cutting out of the tip exerted no influence even during repeated prototyping were used to ease the operation of the process. Highly stable ESI-MS performance was obtained and the results were compared with those of a commercial fused-silica capillary source. Furthermore, chip-to-chip and run-to-run results indicated both reliability and reproducibility during repeated fabrication. These results reveal that the proposed chip can provide an ideal ion source for MS across many applications, especially with the perspective to be widely used in portable MS during on-site analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Qian
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Jie Xu
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Cilong Yu
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Yan Chen
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Quan Yu
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Kai Ni
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Xiaohao Wang
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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15
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Arscott S. SU-8 as a material for lab-on-a-chip-based mass spectrometry. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:3668-3689. [PMID: 25029537 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00617h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This short review focuses on the application of SU-8 for the microchip-based approach to the miniaturization of mass spectrometry. Chip-based mass spectrometry will make the technology commonplace and bring benefits such as lower costs and autonomy. The chip-based miniaturization of mass spectrometry necessitates the use of new materials which are compatible with top-down fabrication involving both planar and non-planar processes. In this context, SU-8 is a very versatile epoxy-based, negative tone resist which is sensitive to ultraviolet radiation, X-rays and electron beam exposure. It has a very wide thickness range, from nanometres to millimetres, enabling the formation of mechanically rigid, very high aspect ratio, vertical, narrow width structures required to form microfluidic slots and channels for laboratory-on-a-chip design. It is also relatively chemically resistant and biologically compatible in terms of the liquid solutions used for mass spectrometry. This review looks at the impact and potential of SU-8 on the different parts of chip-based mass spectrometry - pre-treatment, ionization processes, and ion sorting and detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Arscott
- Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie (IEMN), CNRS UMR8520, The University of Lille, Cité Scientifique, Avenue Poincaré, 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
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16
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Recent developments in microfluidic chip-based separation devices coupled to MS for bioanalysis. Bioanalysis 2013; 5:2567-80. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the development of microfluidic chip separation devices coupled to MS has dramatically increased for high-throughput bioanalysis. In this review, advances in different types of microfluidic chip separation devices, such as electrophoresis- and LC-based microchips, as well as 2D design of microfluidic chip-based separation devices will be discussed. In addition, the utilization of chip-based separation devices coupled to MS for analyzing peptides/proteins, glycans, drug metabolites and biomarkers for various bioanalytical applications will be evaluated.
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Gao D, Liu H, Jiang Y, Lin JM. Recent advances in microfluidics combined with mass spectrometry: technologies and applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:3309-22. [PMID: 23824006 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50449b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Instrument miniaturization is one of the critical issues to improve sensitivity, speed, throughput, and to reduce the cost of analysis. Microfluidics possesses the ability to handle small sample amounts, with minimal concerns related to sample loss and cross-contamination, problems typical for standard fluidic manipulations. Moreover, the native properties of microfluidics provide the potential for high-density, parallel sample processing, and high-throughput analysis. Recently, the coupling of microfluidic devices to mass spectrometry, especially electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI), has attracted an increasing interest and produced tremendous achievements. The interfaces between microfluidics and mass spectrometry are one of the primary focused problems. In this review, we summarize the latest achievements since 2008 in the field of the technologies and applications in the combining of microfluidics with ESI-MS and MALDI-MS. The integration of several analytical functions on a microfluidic device such as sample pretreatment and separations before sample introduction into the mass spectrometer is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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18
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Stalmach A, Albalat A, Mullen W, Mischak H. Recent advances in capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry for clinical proteomic applications. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:1452-64. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angelique Stalmach
- Department of Proteomics and Systems Medicine; BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences; College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow; UK
| | - Amaya Albalat
- Department of Proteomics and Systems Medicine; BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences; College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow; UK
| | - William Mullen
- Department of Proteomics and Systems Medicine; BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences; College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow; UK
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20
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Chao TC, Hansmeier N. Microfluidic devices for high-throughput proteome analyses. Proteomics 2012; 13:467-79. [PMID: 23135952 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decades, microfabricated bioanalytical platforms have gained enormous interest due to their potential to revolutionize biological analytics. Their popularity is based on several key properties, such as high flexibility of design, low sample consumption, rapid analysis time, and minimization of manual handling steps, which are of interest for proteomics analyses. An ideal totally integrated chip-based microfluidic device could allow rapid automated workflows starting from cell cultivation and ending with MS-based proteome analysis. By reducing or eliminating sample handling and transfer steps and increasing the throughput of analyses these workflows would dramatically improve the reliability, reproducibility, and throughput of proteomic investigations. While these complete devices do not exist for routine use yet, many improvements have been made in the translation of proteomic sample handling and separation steps into microfluidic formats. In this review, we will focus on recent developments and strategies to enable and integrate proteomic workflows into microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Chiao Chao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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21
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Lin SL, Bai HY, Lin TY, Fuh MR. Microfluidic chip-based liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for determination of small molecules in bioanalytical applications. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:635-43. [PMID: 22451056 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The development and integration of microfabricated liquid chromatography (LC) microchips have increased dramatically in the last decade due to the needs of enhanced sensitivity and rapid analysis as well as the rising concern on reducing environmental impacts of chemicals used in various types of chemical and biochemical analyses. Recent development of microfluidic chip-based LC mass spectrometry (chip-based LC-MS) has played an important role in proteomic research for high throughput analysis. To date, the use of chip-based LC-MS for determination of small molecules, such as biomarkers, active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), and drugs of abuse and their metabolites, in clinical and pharmaceutical applications has not been thoroughly investigated. This mini-review summarizes the utilization of commercial chip-based LC-MS systems for determination of small molecules in bioanalytical applications, including drug metabolites and disease/tumor-associated biomarkers in clinical samples as well as adsorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion studies of APIs in drug discovery and development. The different types of commercial chip-based interfaces for LC-MS analysis are discussed first and followed by applications of chip-based LC-MS on biological samples as well as the comparison with other LC-MS techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ling Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan
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22
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Alzahrani E, Welham K. Fabrication of an octadecylated silica monolith inside a glass microchip for protein enrichment. Analyst 2012; 137:4751-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an16018h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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AL-Othman ZA, Ali I. NANO CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS IN MICROCHIPS: A NEED OF THE PRESENT CENTURY. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.566031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeid A. AL-Othman
- a Department of Chemistry, College of Science , King Saud University , Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Ali
- b Department of Chemistry , Jamia Millia Islamia, (Central University) , New Delhi, India
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LIANG Y, WU C, DAI Z, LIANG Z, LIANG Z, ZHANG L, ZHANG Y. Microchip-based reversed-phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry platform for protein analysis. Se Pu 2011; 29:469-74. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2011.00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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25
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Lee J, Soper SA, Murray KK. A solid-phase bioreactor with continuous sample deposition for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:693-699. [PMID: 21337630 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We report the development of a solid-phase proteolytic digestion and continuous deposition microfluidic chip platform for low volume fraction collection and off-line matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. Tryptic peptides were formed in an on-chip bioreactor and continuously deposited onto a MALDI target plate using a motor-driven xyz stage. The bioreactor consisted of a 4 cm × 200 µm × 50 µm microfluidic channel with covalently immobilized trypsin on an array of 50 µm diameter micropost structures with a 50 µm edge-to-edge inter-post spacing. A 50 µm i.d. capillary tube was directly attached to the end of the bioreactor for continuous sample deposition. The MALDI target plate was modified by spin-coating a nitrocellulose solution containing a MALDI matrix on the surface prior to effluent deposition. Protein molecular weight standards were used for evaluating the performance of the digestion and continuous deposition system. Serpentine sample traces 200 µm wide were obtained with a 30 fmol/mm quantity deposition rate and a 3.3 nL/mm volumetric deposition rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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26
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Kitagawa F, Otsuka K. Recent progress in microchip electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 55:668-78. [PMID: 21130595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights the methodological and instrumental developments in microchip electrophoresis (MCE)-mass spectrometry (MS) from 1997. In MCE-MS, the development of ionization interface is one of the most important issues to realize highly sensitive detection and high separation efficiency. Among several interfaces, electrospray ionization (ESI) has been mainly employed to MCE-MS since a simple structure of the ESI interface is suitable for coupling with the microchips. Although the number of publications is still limited, laser desorption ionization (LDI) interface has also been developed for MCE-MS. The characteristics of the ESI and LDI interfaces applied to the electrophoresis microchips are presented in this review. The scope of applications in MCE-MS covers mainly biogenic compounds such as bioactive amines, peptides, tryptic digests and proteins. This review provides a comprehensive table listing the applications in MCE-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Kitagawa
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
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27
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Wang C, Jemere AB, Harrison DJ. Multifunctional protein processing chip with integrated digestion, solid-phase extraction, separation and electrospray. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:3703-10. [PMID: 20967777 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We describe a microfluidic device in which integrated tryptic digestion, SPE, CE separation and electrospray ionization for MS are performed. The chip comprised of 10 × 30 μm channels for CE, and two serially connected 150 μm deep, 800 μm wide channels packed with 40 to 60 μm diameter beads, loaded with either immobilized trypsin, reversed-phase packing or both. On-chip digestion of cytochrome c using the trypsin bed showed complete consumption of the protein in 3 min, in contrast to the 2 h required for conventional solution phase tryptic digestion. SPE of 0.25 μg/mL solutions of the peptides leu-enkephalin, angiotensin II and LHRH gave concentration enhancements in the range of 4.4-12, for a ten times nominal volume ratio. A 100 nM cytochrome c sample concentrated 13.3 times on-chip gave a sequence coverage of 85.6%, with recovery values ranging from 41.2 to 106%. The same sample run without SPE showed only five fragment peaks and a sequence coverage of 41.3%. When both on-chip digestion and SPE (13.3 volume ratio concentration enhancement) were performed on 200 nM cytochrome c samples, a sequence coverage of 76.0% and recovery values of 21-105% were observed. Performing on-chip digestion alone on the same sample gave only one significant fragment peak. The above digestion/peptide concentration step was compared to on-chip protein concentration by SPE followed by on-chip digestion with solution phase trypsin. Both procedures gave similar recovery results; however, much larger trypsin autodigestion interference in the latter approach was apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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28
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Scientific Opinion on the assessment of allergenicity of GM plants and microorganisms and derived food and feed. EFSA J 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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29
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Sun X, Kelly RT, Tang K, Smith RD. Ultrasensitive nanoelectrospray ionization-mass spectrometry using poly(dimethylsiloxane) microchips with monolithically integrated emitters. Analyst 2010; 135:2296-302. [PMID: 20617264 DOI: 10.1039/c0an00253d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) is a widely used substrate for microfluidic devices, as it enables facile fabrication and has other distinctive properties. However, for applications requiring highly sensitive nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry (nanoESI-MS) detection, the use of PDMS microdevices has been hindered by a large chemical background in the mass spectra that originates from the leaching of uncross-linked oligomers and other contaminants from the substrate. A more general challenge is that microfluidic devices containing monolithically integrated electrospray emitters are frequently unable to operate stably in the nanoflow regime where the best sensitivity is achieved. In this report, we extracted the contaminants from PDMS substrates using a series of solvents, eliminating the background observed when untreated PDMS microchips are used for nanoESI-MS, such that peptides at concentrations of 1 nM were readily detected. Optimization of the integrated emitter geometry enabled stable operation at flow rates as low as 10 nL min(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Sun
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
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30
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Kumar A, Malik AK, Picó Y. Sample preparation methods for the determination of pesticides in foods using CE-UV/MS. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:2115-25. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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31
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Fritzsche S, Hoffmann P, Belder D. Chip electrophoresis with mass spectrometric detection in record speed. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:1227-1230. [PMID: 20445873 DOI: 10.1039/c000349b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that the combination of high speed separations on chip with a fast mass spectrometer enables electrophoretic separations with full mass spectra registration within a second. This was accomplished by coupling a microfluidic glass chip with an integrated nanospray emitter to a fast time of flight mass spectrometer working at 100 Hz for data acquisition. Applying field strengths up to 5800 V cm(-1) we achieved separations of model analytes such as pharmaceuticals and peptides with subsequent acquisition of full mass spectra within one second or slightly more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Fritzsche
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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32
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Sikanen T, Franssila S, Kauppila TJ, Kostiainen R, Kotiaho T, Ketola RA. Microchip technology in mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2010; 29:351-391. [PMID: 19514079 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Microfabrication of analytical devices is currently of growing interest and many microfabricated instruments have also entered the field of mass spectrometry (MS). Various (atmospheric pressure) ion sources as well as mass analyzers have been developed exploiting microfabrication techniques. The most common approach thus far has been the miniaturization of the electrospray ion source and its integration with various separation and sampling units. Other ionization techniques, mainly atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and photoionization, have also been subject to miniaturization, though they have not attracted as much attention. Likewise, all common types of mass analyzers have been realized by microfabrication and, in most cases, successfully applied to MS analysis in conjunction with on-chip ionization. This review summarizes the latest achievements in the field of microfabricated ion sources and mass analyzers. Representative applications are reviewed focusing on the development of fully microfabricated systems where ion sources or analyzers are integrated with microfluidic separation devices or microfabricated pums and detectors, respectively. Also the main microfabrication methods, with their possibilities and constraints, are briefly discussed together with the most commonly used materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Sikanen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Xu Z, Murata K, Arai A, Hirokawa T. Band-broadening suppressed effect in long turned geometry channel and high-sensitive analysis of DNA sample by using floating electrokinetic supercharging on a microchip. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2010; 4:14108. [PMID: 20644677 PMCID: PMC2905274 DOI: 10.1063/1.3366719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A featured microchip owning three big reservoirs and long turned geometry channel was designed to improve the detection limit of DNA fragments by using floating electrokinetic supercharging (FEKS) method. The novel design matches the FEKS preconcentration needs of a large sample volume introduction with electrokinetic injection (EKI), as well as long duration of isotachophoresis (ITP) process to enrich low concentration sample. In the curved channel [ approximately 45.6 mm long between port 1 (P1) and the intersection point of two channels], EKI and ITP were performed while the side port 3 (P3) was electrically floated. The turn-induced band broadening with or without ITP process was investigated by a computer simulation (using CFD-ACE+ software) when the analytes traveling through the U-shaped geometry. It was found that the channel curvature determined the extent of band broadening, however, which could be effectively eliminated by the way of ITP. After the ITP-stacked zones passed the intersection point from P1, they were rapidly destacked for separation and detection from ITP to zone electrophoresis by using leading ions from P3. The FEKS carried on the novel chip successfully contributed to higher sensitivities of DNA fragments in comparison with our previous results realized on either a single channel or a cross microchip. The analysis of low concentration 50 bp DNA step ladders (0.23 mugml after 1500-fold diluted) was achieved with normal UV detection at 260 nm. The obtained limit of detections (LODs) were on average 100 times better than using conventional pinched injection, down to several ngml for individual DNA fragment.
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Leuthold LA, Reymond F, Rossier JS, Varesio E, Hopfgartner G. Multi-track single- and dual-channel plastic microchips for electrospray mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2010; 16:47-55. [PMID: 20065514 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Disposable plastic electrospray chips are particularly attractive for the automated analysis of organic compounds and organometallic compounds. Automated multi-track chip-based infusion electrospray mass spectrometry of low molecular weight compounds using an eight-channel plastic chip is presented. For that purpose, the commercial interface of a triple quadrupole linear ion trap was modified. A dual-channel plastic microchip, where two physically separated channels arrive very close to each other at the chip tip, was used to perform lock-mass accurate mass measurements on a quadrupole-time-of-flight instrument. The same chip was used to demonstrate the formation of an organometallic complex in solution on the chip tip. Furthermore, the potential to control the flow rate of each channel individually, which opens new possibilities in the study of supramolecular complexes, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Alexis Leuthold
- Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 20 Boulevard d'Yvoy, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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35
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Gibson GTT, Mugo SM, Oleschuk RD. Nanoelectrospray emitters: trends and perspective. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2009; 28:918-936. [PMID: 19479726 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The benefits of electrospray ionization are many, including sensitivity, robustness, simplicity and the ability to couple continuous flow methods with mass spectrometry. The technique has seen further improvement by lowering flow rates to the nanoelectrospray regime (<1,000 nL/min), where sample consumption is minimized and sensitivity increases. The move to nanoelectrospray has required a shift in the design of the electrospray source which has mostly involved the emitter itself. The emitter has seen an evolution in architecture as the shape and geometry of the device have proved pivotal in the formation of sufficiently small droplets for sensitive MS detection at these flow rates. There is a clear movement toward the development of emitters that produce multiple Taylor cones. Such multielectrospray emitters have been shown to provide enhanced sensitivity and sample utilization. This article reviews the development of nanoelectrospray emitters, including factors such as geometry and the manner of applying voltage. Designs for emitters that take advantage of multielectrospray are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham T T Gibson
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
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36
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Hoffmann P, Eschner M, Fritzsche S, Belder D. Spray Performance of Microfluidic Glass Devices with Integrated Pulled Nanoelectrospray Emitters. Anal Chem 2009; 81:7256-61. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9015038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hoffmann
- University of Leipzig, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Eschner
- University of Leipzig, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefanie Fritzsche
- University of Leipzig, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- University of Leipzig, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Lee J, Soper SA, Murray KK. Microfluidics with MALDI analysis for proteomics--a review. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 649:180-90. [PMID: 19699392 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Various microfluidic devices have been developed for proteomic analyses and many of these have been designed specifically for mass spectrometry detection. In this review, we present an overview of chip fabrication, microfluidic components, and the interfacing of these devices to matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry. These devices can be directly coupled to the mass spectrometer for on-line analysis in real-time, or samples can be analyzed on-chip or deposited onto targets for off-line readout. Several approaches for combining microfluidic devices with analytical functions such as sample cleanup, digestion, and separations with MALDI mass spectrometry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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38
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Klampfl CW. CE with MS detection: A rapidly developing hyphenated technique. Electrophoresis 2009; 30 Suppl 1:S83-91. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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39
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Visnapuu T, Zamfir AD, Mosoarca C, Stanescu MD, Alamäe T. Fully automated chip-based negative mode nanoelectrospray mass spectrometry of fructooligosaccharides produced by heterologously expressed levansucrase from Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:1337-1346. [PMID: 19337979 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae pathovars possess multiple levansucrases with still unclear specific roles for bacteria. We have cloned and expressed three levansucrase genes, lsc1, lsc2 and lsc3, from P. syringae DC3000 in Escherichia coli. Levansucrases synthesize a high molecular weight fructan polymer, levan, from sucrose and in the case of some levansucrases, fructooligosaccharides (FOS) with potential prebiotic effects are also produced. The ability of purified Lsc3 protein of DC3000 to synthesize FOS was tested using prolonged incubation time and varied concentrations of sugar substrates. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis of reaction products disclosed formation of FOS from both sucrose and raffinose, revealing a new catalytic property for P. syringae levansucrases. In order to analyze Lsc3-produced FOS in underivatized form, we optimized a novel method recently introduced in carbohydrate research, based on fully automated chip-based nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) high-capacity ion trap mass spectrometry (HCT-MS). Uding chip-based nanoESI MS in negative ion mode, FOS, with degrees of polymerization up to five, were detected in reaction mixtures of Lsc3 with sucrose and raffinose. For confirmation, further structural analysis by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) employing collision-induced dissociation at low energies was performed. To validate the method, commercial inulin-derived FOS preparations Orafti P95 and Orafti Synergy1, which are currently used as prebiotics, were used as controls. By chip-based nanoESI HCT-MS, similar FOS distribution was observed in these reference mixtures. Thereby, the obtained data allowed us to postulate that FOS produced by the Lsc3 protein of P. syringae DC3000 may be prebiotic as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Triinu Visnapuu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
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Lee J, Soper SA, Murray KK. Microfluidic chips for mass spectrometry-based proteomics. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2009; 44:579-93. [PMID: 19373851 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices coupled to mass spectrometers have emerged as excellent tools for solving the complex analytical challenges associated with the field of proteomics. Current proteome identification procedures are accomplished through a series of steps that require many hours of labor-intensive work. Microfluidics can play an important role in proteomic sample preparation steps prior to mass spectral identification such as sample cleanup, digestion, and separations due to its ability to handle small sample quantities with the potential for high-throughput parallel analysis. To utilize microfluidic devices for proteomic analysis, an efficient interface between the microchip and the mass spectrometer is required. This tutorial provides an overview of the technologies and applications of microfluidic chips coupled to mass spectrometry for proteome analysis. Various approaches for combining microfluidic devices with electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) are summarized and applications of chip-based separations and digestion technologies to proteomic analysis are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
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Bindila L, Peter-Katalinić J. Chip-mass spectrometry for glycomic studies. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2009; 28:223-253. [PMID: 19145581 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of micro- and nanochip front end technologies for electrospray mass spectrometry addressed a major challenge in carbohydrate analysis: high sensitivity structural determination and heterogeneity assessment in high dynamic range mixtures of biological origin. Chip-enhanced electrospray ionization was demonstrated to provide reproducible performance irrespective of the type of carbohydrate, while the amenability of chip systems for coupling with different mass spectrometers greatly advance the chip/MS technique as a versatile key tool in glycomic studies. A more accurate representation of the glycan repertoire to include novel biologically-relevant information was achieved in different biological sources, asserting this technique as a valuable tool in glycan biomarker discovery and monitoring. Additionally, the integration of various analytical functions onto chip devices and direct hyphenation to MS proved its potential for glycan analysis during the recent years, whereby a new analytical tool is on the verge of maturation: lab-on-chip MS glycomics. The achievements until early beginning of 2007 on the implementation of chip- and functional integrated chip/MS in systems glycobiology studies are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bindila
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Münster, Robert Koch Str. 31, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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Grandori R, Santambrogio C, Brocca S, Invernizzi G, Lotti M. Electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry as a tool for fast screening of protein structural properties. Biotechnol J 2009; 4:73-87. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.200800250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Le Nel A, Krenkova J, Kleparnik K, Smadja C, Taverna M, Viovy JL, Foret F. On-chip tryptic digest with direct coupling to ESI-MS using magnetic particles. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:4944-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Greif D, Galla L, Ros A, Anselmetti D. Single cell analysis in full body quartz glass chips with native UV laser-induced fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1206:83-8. [PMID: 18657818 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Revised: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the individual and inhomogenous cellular response, e.g. to external stimuli, single cell analysis is mandatory and may provide new cognitions in proteomics as well as in other fields of systems biology in the future. Here, we report on novel chip architectures for single cell analysis based on full body quartz glass microfluidic chips (QG chips) that extend our previous studies in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) chips, and enhance the detection sensitivity of native UV laser-induced fluorescence (UV-LIF) detection. Detection of a 10nM tryptophan solution with an S/N ratio of 11.9, which gives a theoretical limit of detection of 2.5 nM (with S/N=3), was possible. With these optimizations the three proteins alpha-chymotrypsinogen A, ovalbumin and catalase each at a concentration of 100 microg/mL (equal to 4 microM, 0.4 microM and 2.2 microM) were injected electrokinetically and could be separated with nearly baseline resolution. Furthermore, fluorescence spectra (excitation wavelength, lambda(ex) = 266 nm) clearly demonstrate the favourable properties like the very high UV transparency and the nearly vanishing background fluorescence of the QG chips as compared to PDMS chips and to PDMS quartz window (PQW) chips. Finally we exploit the improved sensitivity for single cell electropherograms of Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) insect cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Greif
- Experimental Biophysics and Applied Nanoscience, Physics Department, Bielefeld University, Universitaetsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, NRW, Germany.
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Li HF, Liu J, Cai Z, Lin JM. Coupling a microchip with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer for peptide separation and identification. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:1889-94. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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On the use of different mass spectrometric techniques for characterization of sequence variability in genomic DNA. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:135-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1929-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Revised: 01/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/31/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Peng Y, Pallandre A, Tran NT, Taverna M. Recent innovations in protein separation on microchips by electrophoretic methods. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:157-78. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Virus analysis by electrophoresis on a microfluidic chip. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 860:173-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Revised: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Dawoud AA, Sarvaiya HA, Lazar IM. Microfluidic platform with mass spectrometry detection for the analysis of phosphoproteins. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:4645-60. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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