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Roychoudhury A, Francis KA, Patel J, Jha SK, Basu S. A decoupler-free simple paper microchip capillary electrophoresis device for simultaneous detection of dopamine, epinephrine and serotonin. RSC Adv 2020; 10:25487-25495. [PMID: 35518591 PMCID: PMC9055240 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03526b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper demonstrates a new and simplified configuration for capillary electrophoresis-amperometric detection (CE-AD) using a paper microfluidic chip incorporating inexpensive wax printing and screen printing based methods and then used for electrophoretic separation and simultaneous in-channel amperometric detection of three clinically relevant neurochemicals in a single run without using any decouplers. Detection of neurochemicals e.g., dopamine, epinephrine and serotonin is crucial for early prediction of neurological disorders including Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, dementia, as well as progressive neuro-psychiatric conditions such as depression, anxiety, as well as certain cardiovascular diseases. The plasma concentrations of such neurochemicals are as important as those present in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and can be useful for rapid and convenient biosensing. However, simultaneous detection of such neurochemicals in a complex mixture such as human serum requires their separation prior to detection. With the developed microchip, separation and detection of the neurochemicals were exhibited within 650 seconds without pre-treatment and the procedure was validated with spiked fetal bovine serum samples. Beside this, the developed paper microfluidic chip has potential to be integrated in point-of-care diagnosis with onsite detection ability. Moreover, the use of a straight channel capillary, a screen-printed carbon electrode without decoupler, in-channel amperometric detection and low sample volume requirements (2 μL) are shown as additional advantages. This paper demonstrates a simplified configuration for capillary electrophoresis-amperometric detection using paper microfluidic chip for separation and simultaneous detection of three clinically relevant neurochemicals without using any decouplers.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Appan Roychoudhury
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi 110016
- India
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
| | - Kevin Antony Francis
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi 110016
- India
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
| | - Jay Patel
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology
- Nagpur 440010
- India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Jha
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi 110016
- India
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
| | - Suddhasatwa Basu
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi 110016
- India
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Denoroy L, Parrot S. Analysis of Amino Acids and Related Compounds by Capillary Electrophoresis. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2016.1212378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Sensitive determination of neurotransmitters in urine by microchip electrophoresis with multiple-concentration approaches combining field-amplified and reversed-field stacking. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1025:33-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Rungsawang T, Punrat E, Adkins J, Henry C, Chailapakul O. Development of Electrochemical Paper-based Glucose Sensor Using Cellulose-4-aminophenylboronic Acid-modified Screen-printed Carbon Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201500406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Li X, Chen Z, Yang F, Pan J, Li Y. Development of a microchip-pulsed electrochemical method for rapid determination of L-DOPA and tyrosine inMucuna pruriens. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:1590-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zuanguang Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou; China
| | - Fan Yang
- Laboratory of Physical Biology; Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai; China
| | - Jianbin Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou; China
| | - Yinbao Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou; China
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AL-Othman ZA, Ali I. NANO CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS IN MICROCHIPS: A NEED OF THE PRESENT CENTURY. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.566031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeid A. AL-Othman
- a Department of Chemistry, College of Science , King Saud University , Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Ali
- b Department of Chemistry , Jamia Millia Islamia, (Central University) , New Delhi, India
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Yuan B, Wu H, Sanders T, McCullum C, Zheng Y, Tchounwou PB, Liu YM. Chiral capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine: evidence for its enantioselective metabolism in PC-12 nerve cells. Anal Biochem 2011; 416:191-5. [PMID: 21683678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A fully automated chiral capillary electrophoresis-tandem mass spectrometry (CE-MS/MS) method was developed for enantiomeric quantification of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) and its precursors, phenylalanine (Phe) and tyrosine (Tyr). To avoid MS source contamination, a negatively charged chiral selector, sulfated β-cyclodextrin (sulfated β-CD), that migrated away from the detector was used in combination with the partial filling technique. The six stereoisomers were simultaneously quantified in less than 12 min. Detection limits were 0.48 and 0.51 μM for l- and d-DOPA enantiomers, respectively. Assay reproducibility values (relative standard deviations [RSDs], n=6) were 4.43, 3.15, 4.91, 5.16, 3.96, and 3.25% for l- and d-DOPA, l- and d-Tyr, and l- and d-Phe at 10 μM, respectively. Thanks to the high enantioseparation efficiency, detection of trace d-DOPA in l-/d-DOPA mixtures could be achieved. The assay was employed to study the metabolism of DOPA, a well-known therapeutic drug for treating Parkinson's disease. It was found that l-DOPA was metabolized effectively in PC-12 cells. Approximately 88% of l-DOPA disappeared after incubation at a cell density of 2×10(6)cells/ml for 3 h. However, d-DOPA coexisting with l-DOPA in the incubation solution remained intact. The enantiospecific metabolism of DOPA in this neuronal model was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiqing Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
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Shiddiky MJA, Lee KS, Son J, Park DS, Shim YB. Development of extraction and analytical methods of nitrite ion from food samples: microchip electrophoresis with a modified electrode. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:4051-4057. [PMID: 19371142 DOI: 10.1021/jf900230x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Two simple and fast methods for the extraction of the nitrite ion (NO(2)(-)) from food samples have been developed. The methods were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopic and electrochemical measurements, and their performance for NO(2)(-) extraction was compared with a standard method. The extraction methods yielded relative recoveries between 100 and 120% with good reproducibility of 3.9% (RSD, n = 4) in UV-visible experiments. Microchip electrophoresis with electrochemical detection (MCE-ED) coupled with a copper (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane [Cu(II)-MPS] complex-modified carbon paste electrode (CPE) has been employed to detect NO(2)(-) in extracted samples. The Cu(II)-MPS complex was synthesized and characterized by voltammetry, XPS, and FT-IR analyses. Experimental parameters affecting the separation and detection performances of the MCE-ED method were assessed and optimized. The potential for the electrocatalytic reduction of NO(2)(-) for MCE-ED was found to be -190 mV (vs Ag/AgCl). When extracted food samples were analyzed by the MCE-ED method, a reproducible response for the NO(2)(-) reduction (RSD of 4.3%) at the modified-CPE reflected the negligible electrode fouling. A wide dynamic range of 1.0-160 ppm was observed for analyzing standard NO(2)(-) with a sensitivity of 0.05106 ± 0.00141, and the detection limit, based on S/N = 3, was found to be 0.35 ± 0.05 ppm. No apparent interference from NO(3)(-), other inorganic ions, and biological compounds was observed under the optimal experimental conditions. A standard addition method for real samples showed wide concentration ranges of 1.10-155 and 1.2-150 ppm for analyzing NO(2)(-) in ham and sausage samples, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad J A Shiddiky
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Innovative Biophysio Sensor Technology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea
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Shiddiky MJA, Rahman MA, Cheol CS, Shim YB. Fabrication of disposable sensors for biomolecule detection using hydrazine electrocatalyst. Anal Biochem 2008; 379:170-5. [PMID: 18513487 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Revised: 05/03/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have developed electrochemical DNA and protein sensors on screen-printed electrodes based on the catalytic activity of hydrazine. The sensors use carboxylic acid-functionalized conductive polymer, poly-5,2',5',2''-terthiophene-3'-carboxylic acid (polyTTCA) to make firm immobilization of dendrimer (DEN) through the covalent bond formation between the carboxylic acid groups of polymer and amine groups of dendrimer. The gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were adsorbed on the remaining amine groups of dendrimer. The thiolated DNA probe or primary antibody was subsequently immobilized on the AuNP-covered dendrimer surfaces. Avidin-labeled hydrazine (Av-Hyd) was then immobilized on the sensor surfaces through the avidin-biotin interaction between the Av-Hyd unit and the biotinylated DNA or secondary antibody. The electrocatalytic reduction current of H(2)O(2) was measured by differential pulse voltammetry. The detection signal was amplified by the polyTTCA/DEN assembly loaded with AuNPs (approximately 3.5 nm) onto which target analyte-linked Av-Hyd was adsorbed. Linear dynamic ranges for the electrocatalytic detection of DNA and human immunoglobulin G (IgG) extending from 50 fM to 7.5 nM and from 40 fg/ml to 2.5 ng/ml, respectively, were observed along with detection limits of approximately 30 fM and 25 fg/ml, respectively. The low detection limit of the disposable sensors offers good promise for practical DNA and protein detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad J A Shiddiky
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Innovative BioPhysio Sensor Technology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea.
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Wang Y, Chen H, He Q, Soper SA. A high-performance polycarbonate electrophoresis microchip with integrated three-electrode system for end-channel amperometric detection. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:1881-8. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Walker C, Xia Z, Foster Z, Lutz B, Fan Z. Investigation of Airbrushing for Fabricating Microelectrodes in Microfluidic Devices. ELECTROANAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200704118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Poinsot V, Rodat A, Gavard P, Feurer B, Couderc F. Recent advances in amino acid analysis by CE. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:207-23. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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CREVILLEN A, HERVAS M, LOPEZ M, GONZALEZ M, ESCARPA A. Real sample analysis on microfluidic devices☆. Talanta 2007; 74:342-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2007.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2007] [Revised: 09/27/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Polymer microfabrication technologies for microfluidic systems. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 390:89-111. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1692-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 467] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2007] [Revised: 10/05/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Xu L, Sun Y, Xu P, Ma B. Assay of levodopa in brain by CE. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, BLOOD SUBSTITUTES, AND IMMOBILIZATION BIOTECHNOLOGY 2007; 35:415-20. [PMID: 17701487 DOI: 10.1080/10731190701460291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This article reports a CE (capillary electrophoresis) method for the determination of Levodopa (L-DP) in rabbit brain tissue. L-DP was separated and determined on a fused quartz capillary (75 microm ID, 75 cm length, 50 cm effective length, Beckman Co.) with a mobile phase of phosphate buffer (pH = 2.5, 20 mmol/L THAM, 3% carboxymethyl-beta-cyclodextrin), sample pressure 0.6 kPa x 6 s, separation voltage 20 KV, detected at 280 nm and temperature 25 degrees C. The calibration curve was linear (r = 0.9999, n = 6) within the range of 0.5-16 microg/ml for L-DP. The recovery ratio was 87.87%. The mean relative standard deviation (RSD) was 2.73% (n = 5). This method is convenient, rapid, accurate, and brings about good recovery; it can be used for content determination of levodopa in rabbit brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Xu
- Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Du Y, Wang E. Capillary electrophoresis and microchip capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical and electrochemiluminescence detection. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:875-90. [PMID: 17536733 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances and key strategies in capillary electrophoresis and microchip CE with electrochemical detection (ECD) and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection are reviewed. This article consists of four main parts: CE-ECD; microchip CE-ECD; CE-ECL; and microchip CE-ECL. It is expected that ECD and ECL will become powerful tools for CE microchip systems and will lead to the creation of truly disposable devices. The focus is on papers published in the last two years (from 2005 to 2006).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
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Shiddiky MJA, Shim YB. Trace Analysis of DNA: Preconcentration, Separation, and Electrochemical Detection in Microchip Electrophoresis Using Au Nanoparticles. Anal Chem 2007; 79:3724-33. [PMID: 17428034 DOI: 10.1021/ac0701177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a simple and sensitive on-chip preconcentration, separation, and electrochemical detection (ED) method for trace analysis of DNA. The microchip comprised of three parallel channels: the first two are for the field-amplified sample stacking and subsequent field-amplified sampled injection steps, while the third one is for the microchip gel electrophoresis (MGE) with ED (MGE-ED). To improve preconcentration and separation performances of the method, the stacking and separation buffers containing the hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) matrix were modified with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The formation of AuNPs and HPC/AuNP-modified buffers were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy and TEM experiments. The conducting polymer-modified electrode was also modified with AuNPs to enhance detection performances of the electrode. The conducting polymer/AuNP layers act as electrocatalysts for the direct detection of DNA based on their oxidation in a solution phase. The total sensitivity was improved by approximately 25 000-fold when compared with a conventional MGE-ED analysis. The calibration plots were linear (r2 = 0.9993) within the range of 0.003-1.0 pg/microL for a 20-bp DNA sample. The sensitivity was 0.20 nA/(fg/microL), with a detection limit of 5.7 amol in a 50-microL sample, based on S/N = 3. The applicability of the method for the analysis of 13 fragments present in a 100-bp DNA ladder was successfully demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad J A Shiddiky
- Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Keumjeong-ku, Busan 609-735, South Korea
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Sun X, Wang M. Fabrication and characterization of planar reference electrode for on-chip electroanalysis. Electrochim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2006.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tsunoda M. Recent advances in methods for the analysis of catecholamines and their metabolites. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:506-14. [PMID: 16924378 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0675-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2006] [Revised: 05/05/2006] [Accepted: 07/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Catecholamines, for example epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine, are widely distributed and are important neurotransmitters and hormones in mammalian species. Several methods have been developed for analysis of catecholamines and related compounds. Determination of catecholamines in biological fluids has enabled us to clarify the physiological role played by these amines. Catecholamine levels in plasma and/or urine are also useful for diagnosis of several diseases, for example hypertension, pheochromocytoma, and neuroblastoma. This review covers reports from 2000 to the present of methods for the analysis of catecholamines and their metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Tsunoda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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Kong Y, Chen H, Wang Y, Soper SA. Fabrication of a gold microelectrode for amperometric detection on a polycarbonate electrophoresis chip by photodirected electroless plating. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:2940-50. [PMID: 16688700 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A novel method of photoresist-free micropatterning coupled with electroless gold plating is described for the fabrication of an integrated gold electrode for electrochemical detection (ED) on a polycarbonate (PC) electrophoresis microchip. The microelectrode layout was photochemically patterned onto the surface of a PC plate by selective exposure of the surface coated without photoresist to 254 nm UV light through a chromium/quartz photomask. Thus, the PC plate was selectively sensitized by formation of reactive chemical moieties in the exposed areas. After a series of wet chemistry reactions, the UV-exposed area was activated with a layer of gold nanoparticles that served as a seed to catalyze the electroless plating. The gold microelectrode was then selectively plated onto the activated area by using an electroless gold plating bath. Nonselective gold deposition on the unwanted areas was eliminated by sonication of the activated PC plate in a KSCN solution before electroless plating, and the adhesion of the plated electrodes to the PC surface was strengthened with thermal annealing. Compared with the previously reported electroless plating technique for fabrication of microelectrodes on a microchip, the present method avoided the use of a membrane stencil with an electrode pattern to restrict the area to be wet-chemically sensitized. The CE with integrated ED (CE-ED) microchip was assembled by thermal bonding an electrode-plated PC cover plate to a microchannel-embossed PC substrate. The novel method allows one to fabricate low-cost, electrode-integrated, complete PC CE-ED chips with no need of a clean room. The fabricated CE-ED microchip was demonstrated for separation and detection of model analytes, including dopamine (DA) and catechol (CA). Detection limits of 0.65 and 1.03 microM were achieved for DA and CA, respectively, and theoretical plate number of 1.4 x 10(4) was obtained for DA. The plated gold electrode can be used for about 4 h, bearing usually more than 100 runs before complete failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Kong
- Department of Chemistry, The Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Zhejiang University, Xixi Campous, Hangzhou, China
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