1
|
Effects of amino acid-derived chiral ionic liquids on cyclodextrin-mediated capillary electrophoresis enantioseparations of dipeptides. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1652:462342. [PMID: 34174715 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The synergistic effect of chiral ionic liquids composed of tetraalkylammonium ions and the amino acids Asn, Asp or Pro on the enantioseparations of dipeptides mediated by β-cyclodextrin and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin in capillary electrophoresis was studied. Addition of a chiral ionic liquid resulted in a concentration-dependent increase in the enantioresolutions compared to the sole presence of a cyclodextrin in the background electrolyte. The extent varied with the tetraalkylammonium cation (tetramethylammonium versus tetrabutylammonium) as well as the amino acid component of the ionic liquid. The presence of a chiral ionic liquid did not counteract the pH-dependent reversal of the enantiomer migration order of the dipeptides Ala-Phe, Ala-Tyr and Phe-Phe when increasing the pH of the background electrolyte from 2.5 to 3.5. Comparing the effect of a chiral ionic liquid based on Asp with the addition of equimolar concentrations of the individual components of the ionic liquid, a diverse picture was observed. In some cases, higher resolution values were obtained with the chiral ionic liquid, while for other cases superior enantioseparations were obtained upon separate addition of the amino acid component and a tetraalkylammonium chloride. With regard to the stereochemistry of the amino acid, a superior effect was typically observed using the l-configured amino acid, but in some cases higher resolution values were found in the presence of d-Asp. The rationale for the diverse observations is not obvious and may be due to the zwitterionic nature of analytes as well as the amino acid component of the chiral ionic liquid.
Collapse
|
2
|
Konjaria ML, Scriba GK. Enantioseparation of analogs of the dipeptide alanyl-phenylalanine by capillary electrophoresis using neutral cyclodextrins as chiral selectors. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1623:461158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
3
|
Mikšík I. Capillary electrochromatography of proteins and peptides (2006-2015). J Sep Sci 2016; 40:251-271. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Mikšík
- Institute of Physiology; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fanali C, Fanali S. Chiral Separations using Miniaturized Techniques: State of the Art and Perspectives. Isr J Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201600061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fanali
- Centro Integrato di Ricerca; Campus Bio-Medico University; Rome (Italy)
| | - Salvatore Fanali
- Institute of Chemical Methodologies; Italian National Research Council (CNR); Area della Ricerca di Roma I; Via Salaria km. 29.300-00015 Monterotondo, Rome (Italy)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Peptides are an important class of analytes in chemistry, biochemistry, food chemistry, as well as medical and pharmaceutical sciences including biomarker analysis in peptidomics and proteomics. As a high-resolution technique, capillary electrophoresis (CE) is well suited for the analysis of polar compounds such as peptides. In addition, CE is orthogonal to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as both techniques are based on different physicochemical separation principles. For the successful development of peptide separations by CE, operational parameters including puffer pH, buffer concentration and buffer type, applied voltage, capillary dimensions, as well as background electrolyte additives such as detergents, ion-pairing reagents, cyclodextrins, (poly)amines, and soluble polymers have to be considered and optimized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard K E Scriba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Jena, Philosophenweg 14, Jena, 07743, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ianni F, Sardella R, Carotti A, Natalini B, Lindner W, Lämmerhofer M. Quinine-Based Zwitterionic Chiral Stationary Phase as a Complementary Tool for Peptide Analysis: Mobile Phase Effects on Enantio- and Stereoselectivity of Underivatized Oligopeptides. Chirality 2015; 28:5-16. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Ianni
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
| | - Roccaldo Sardella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
| | - Andrea Carotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
| | - Benedetto Natalini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
| | - Wolfgang Lindner
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhu Q, Heinemann SH, Schönherr R, Scriba GKE. Capillary electrophoresis separation of peptide diastereomers that contain methionine sulfoxide by dual cyclodextrin-crown ether systems. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:3548-54. [PMID: 25216019 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A dual-selector system employing achiral crown ethers in combination with cyclodextrins has been developed for the separation of peptide diastereomers that contain methionine sulfoxide. The combinations of the crown ethers 15-crown-5, 18-crown-6, Kryptofix® 21 and Kryptofix® 22 and β-cyclodextrin, carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin, and sulfated β-cyclodextrin were screened at pH 2.5 and pH 8.0 using a 40/50.2 cm, 50 μm id fused-silica capillary and a separation voltage of 25 kV. No diastereomer separation was observed in the sole presence of crown ethers, while only sulfated β-cyclodextrin was able to resolve some peptide diastereomers at pH 8.0. Depending on the amino acid sequence of the peptide and the applied cyclodextrin, the addition of crown ethers, especially the Krpytofix® diaza-crown ethers, resulted in significantly enhanced chiral recognition. Keeping one selector of the dual system constant, increasing concentrations of the second selector resulted in increased peak resolution and analyte migration time for peptide-crown ether-cyclodextrin combinations. The simultaneous diastereomer separation of three structurally related peptides was achieved using the dual selector system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingfu Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wernisch S, Lindner W. Versatility of cinchona-based zwitterionic chiral stationary phases: Enantiomer and diastereomer separations of non-protected oligopeptides utilizing a multi-modal chiral recognition mechanism. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1269:297-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
9
|
Németh K, Mallareddy JR, Domonkos C, Visy J, Tóth G, Péter A. Stereoselective analysis of endomorphin diastereomers: Resolution of biologically active analogues by capillary electrophoresis applying cyclodextrins as mobile phase additives. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 70:32-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
10
|
Terekhova IV, Hammitzsch-Wiedemann M, Shi Y, Sungthong B, Scriba GKE. Investigation of the pH-dependent complex formation between β-cyclodextrin and dipeptide enantiomers by capillary electrophoresis and calorimetry. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:2499-505. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
11
|
Klepárník K, Boček P. Electrophoresis today and tomorrow: Helping biologists' dreams come true. Bioessays 2010; 32:218-226. [PMID: 20127703 DOI: 10.1002/bies.200900152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Intensive research and development of electrophoresis methodology and instrumentation during past decades has resulted in unique methods widely implemented in bioanalysis. While two-dimensional electrophoresis and denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecylsulfate are still the most frequently used electrophoretic methods applied to analyses of proteins, new miniaturized capillary and microfluidic versions of electromigrational methods have been developed. High-throughput electrophoretic instruments with hundreds of capillaries for parallel separations and laser-induced fluorescence detection of labeled DNA strands have been of key importance for the scientific and commercial success of the Human Genome Project. Another powerful method, capillary isoelectric focusing with pressurized and pH-driven mobilization, provides efficient separations and on-line sensitive detection of proteins, bacteria and viruses. Electrophoretic microfluidic devices can integrate single-cell injection, cell lysis, separation of its components and fluorescence or mass spectrometry detection. These miniaturized devices also proved the capability of single-molecule detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karel Klepárník
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Veveří 97, CZ-602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Boček
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Veveří 97, CZ-602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen Y, Zhang J, Zhang L, Chen G. Separation of dipeptides with two chiral centers using 2-hydroxypropyl-β-CD-modified MEKC. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:1493-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
13
|
Sungthong B, Iványi R, Bunz SC, Neusüß C, Scriba GKE. CE-MS characterization of negatively charged α-, β- and γ-CD derivatives and their application to the separation of dipeptide and tripeptide enantiomers by CE. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:1498-505. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
14
|
Capillary electrophoresis analysis of the degradation of the aspartyl tripeptide Phe-Asp-GlyOH at pH 2.0 and 7.4 under forced conditions. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 51:640-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
15
|
Hammitzsch-Wiedemann M, Scriba GKE. Effect of urea on analyte complexation by 2,6-dimethyl-β-CD in peptide enantioseparations by CE. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:3764-71. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
16
|
Scriba GKE. Recent developments in peptide stereoisomer separations by capillary electromigration techniques. Electrophoresis 2009; 30 Suppl 1:S222-8. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
17
|
Muetzelburg MV, Hoffmann R. Separation of multiphosphorylated peptide isomers by CZE. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:4381-5. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
18
|
Gong XY, Dobrunz D, Kümin M, Wiesner M, Revell JD, Wennemers H, Hauser PC. Separating stereoisomers of di-, tri-, and tetrapeptides using capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:565-73. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
19
|
11 The need for CE methods in pharmacopoeial monographs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0149-6395(07)00011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
20
|
Abstract
The article brings a comprehensive survey of recent developments and applications of high-performance capillary electromigration methods, zone electrophoresis, ITP, IEF, affinity electrophoresis, EKC, and electrochromatography, to analysis, preparation, and physicochemical characterization of peptides. New approaches to the theoretical description and experimental verification of electromigration behavior of peptides and to methodology of their separations, such as sample preparation, adsorption suppression, and detection, are presented. Novel developments in individual CE and CEC modes are shown and several types of their applications to peptide analysis are presented: conventional qualitative and quantitative analysis, purity control, determination in biomatrices, monitoring of chemical and enzymatical reactions and physical changes, amino acid and sequence analysis, and peptide mapping of proteins. Some examples of micropreparative peptide separations are given and capabilities of CE and CEC techniques to provide important physicochemical characteristics of peptides are demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Václav Kasicka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Popa TV, Mant CT, Hodges RS. Ion-interaction CZE: the presence of high concentrations of ion-pairing reagents demonstrates the complex mechanisms involved in peptide separations. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:2181-90. [PMID: 17557361 PMCID: PMC2763530 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have furthered our understanding of the separative mechanism of a novel CE approach, termed ion-interaction CZE (II-CZE), developed in our laboratory for the resolution of mixtures of cationic peptides. Thus, II-CZE and RP-HPLC were applied to the separation of peptides differing by a single amino acid substitution in 10- and 12-residue synthetic model peptide sequences. Substitutions differed by a wide range of properties or side-chain type (e.g., alkyl side-chains, polar side-chains, etc.) at the substitution site. When carried out in high concentrations (400 mM) of pentafluoropropionic acid (PFPA), II-CZE separated peptides in order of increasing hydrophobicity when the substituted side-chains were of a similar type; when II-CZE was applied to the mixtures of peptides with substitutions of side-chains that differed in the type of functional group, there was no longer a correlation of electrophoretic mobility in II-CZE with relative peptide hydrophobicity, suggesting that a third factor is involved in the separative mechanism beyond charge and hydrophobicity. Interestingly, the hydrophobic PFPA- anion is best for separating peptides that differ in hydrophobicity with hydrophobic side-chains but high concentrations of the hydrophilic H2PO4- anion are best when separating peptides that differ in polar side-chains relative to hydrophobic side-chains. We speculate that differential hydration/dehydration properties of various side-chains in the peptide and the hydration/dehydration properties of the hydrophilic/hydrophobic anions as well as the electrostatic attractions between the peptide and the anions in solution all play a critical role in these solution-based effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Traian V Popa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hammitzsch-Wiedemann M, Scriba GKE. Influence of buffer substances and urea on the β-cyclodextrin-mediated chiral separation of dipeptides in CE. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:2619-28. [PMID: 17592612 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The influence of buffering substances and urea on the beta-CD-mediated chiral separations of the dipeptides Ala-Phe and Ala-Tyr was studied in the pH range of 2.5-3.8. Only minor effects of the buffer substances on the chiral separation selectivity alpha were observed at a beta-CD concentration of 15 mg/mL. In contrast, the selectivity improved at pH 2.5 but decreased at pH 3.8 upon the addition of 2 M urea. Complexation by beta-CD resulted in a shift of the pK(a) values toward higher values which was more pronounced for the DD-enantiomers of both dipeptides than for the LL-enantiomers. Addition of urea further increased the pK(a) shift. The consequence of this pK(a) shift is an increase of the fraction of the protonated, positively charged form of the peptides which explained the improved chiral separation at pH 2.5 and the reduced selectivity at pH 3.8. A pK(a) shift by the addition of urea was also observed for N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl phenylalanine (BOC-Phe) as a model compound that is strongly complexed by beta-CD. This effect was not stereospecific. Addition of urea resulted in a decrease of the apparent complexation constants between beta-CD and the BOC-Phe enantiomers to the same extent but this did not affect the separation selectivity alpha. For chiral separations that display strong pH dependence such as peptide enantioseparations close to the pK(a) values of the compounds, urea may not solely be regarded as a solubility enhancer for beta-CD but may also influence the separation.
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
This review summarizes applications of CEC for the analysis of proteins and peptides. This "hybrid" technique is useful for the analysis of a broad spectrum of proteins and peptides and is a complementary approach to liquid chromatographic and capillary electrophoretic analysis. All modes of CEC are described--granular packed columns, monolithic stationary phases as well as open-tubular CEC. Attention is also paid to pressurized CEC and the chip-based platform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Miksík
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
De Boni S, Scriba GKE. Capillary electrophoresis analysis of hydrolysis, isomerization and enantiomerization of aspartyl model tripeptides in acidic and alkaline solution. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 43:49-56. [PMID: 16846713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2006] [Revised: 05/30/2006] [Accepted: 06/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the degradation of two aspartyl tripeptides, Gly-Asp-PheNH2 and Phe-Asp-GlyNH2 in solution capillary, electrophoresis methods were developed and validated. Separation of most degradation products including those arising from isomerization and enantiomerization of the Asp residues was achieved in a 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 3.0. Resolution of comigrating compounds could be achieved by addition of cyclodextrins to the background electrolyte. For tripeptide derivatives the assays were linear in the range of 0.015-3.0 mmol/l. Some dipeptides and amino acids exhibited a narrower linear range due to low UV absorbance. The limits of detection were in the range of 0.005-0.1 mmol/l. Incubation of the model peptides was carried out at pH 2 and 10. At pH 2, degradation of the peptides proceeded via C-terminal deamidation and peptide backbone hydrolysis. In contrast, isomerization and enantiomerization were observed in combination with deamidation at pH 10. Generally, degradation of Phe-Asp-GlyNH2 proceeded faster compared to Gly-Asp-PheNH2 due to steric hindrance by the phenyl side chain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia De Boni
- University of Jena, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Rudzińska E, Poliwoda A, Berlicki Ł, Mucha A, Dzygiel P, Wieczorek PP, Kafarski P. Enantiodifferentiation of N-benzyloxycarbonylaminophosphonic and phosphinic acids and their esters using cyclodextrins by means of capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1138:284-90. [PMID: 17097095 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2005] [Revised: 10/25/2006] [Accepted: 10/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis was successfully applied for separation of the enantiomers of N-benzyloxycarbonyl-alpha-aminophosphonic and alpha-aminophosphinic acids as well as their ethyl and phenyl monoesters with the use of a range of commercially available cyclodextrins (alpha, beta and hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrins) as chiral selectors. The dependence of effectiveness of separation on type and concentration of these chiral selectors as well as on pH of background electrolyte was examined in some detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Rudzińska
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|