1
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Pöhö P, Lipponen K, Bespalov MM, Sikanen T, Kotiaho T, Kostiainen R. Comparison of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and direct infusion microchip electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in global metabolomics of cell samples. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 138:104991. [PMID: 31404622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.104991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the feasibility of direct infusion electrospray ionization microchip mass spectrometry (chip-MS) was compared to the commonly used liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) in non-targeted metabolomics analysis of human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) reprogrammed from HFF. The total number of the detected features with chip-MS and LC-MS were 619 and 1959, respectively. Approximately 25% of detected features showed statistically significant changes between the cell lines with both analytical methods. The results show that chip-MS is a rapid and simple method that allows high sample throughput from small sample volumes and can detect the main metabolites and classify cells based on their metabolic profiles. However, the selectivity of chip-MS is limited compared to LC-MS and chip-MS may suffer from ion suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi Pöhö
- Drug Research Program and Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katriina Lipponen
- Drug Research Program and Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maxim M Bespalov
- Biomedicum Stem Cell Center, Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Sikanen
- Drug Research Program and Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tapio Kotiaho
- Drug Research Program and Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Risto Kostiainen
- Drug Research Program and Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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2
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Sacrificial Layer Technique for Releasing Metallized Multilayer SU-8 Devices. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9120673. [PMID: 30572576 PMCID: PMC6316518 DOI: 10.3390/mi9120673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The low fabrication cost of SU-8-based devices has opened the fields of point-of-care devices (POC), µTAS and Lab-on-Chip technologies, which call for cheap and disposable devices. Often this translates to free-standing, suspended devices and a reusable carrier wafer. This necessitates a sacrificial layer to release the devices from the substrates. Both inorganic (metals and oxides) and organic materials (polymers) have been used as sacrificial materials, but they fall short for fabrication and releasing multilayer SU-8 devices. We propose photoresist AZ 15nXT (MicroChemicals GmbH, Ulm, Germany) to be used as a sacrificial layer. AZ 15nXT is stable during SU-8 processing, making it suitable for fabricating free-standing multilayer devices. We show two methods for cross-linking AZ 15nXT for stable sacrificial layers and three routes for sacrificial release of the multilayer SU-8 devices. We demonstrate the capability of our release processes by fabrication of a three-layer free-standing microfluidic electrospray ionization (ESI) chip and a free-standing multilayer device with electrodes in a microchannel.
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3
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Ollikainen E, Bonabi A, Nordman N, Jokinen V, Kotiaho T, Kostiainen R, Sikanen T. Rapid separation of phosphopeptides by microchip electrophoresis-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1440:249-254. [PMID: 26931427 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a significant biological process, but separation of phosphorylated peptide isomers is often challenging for many analytical techniques. We developed a microchip electrophoresis (MCE) method for rapid separation of phosphopeptides with on-chip electrospray ionization (ESI) facilitating online sample introduction to the mass spectrometer (MS). With the method, two monophosphorylated positional isomers of insulin receptor peptide (IR1A and IR1B) and a triply phosphorylated insulin receptor peptide (IR3), all with the same amino acid sequence, were separated from the nonphosphorylated peptide (IR0) in less than one minute. For efficient separation of the positional peptide isomers from each other derivatization with 9-fluorenylmethyl reagents (either chloroformate, Fmoc-Cl, or N-succinimidyl carbonate, Fmoc-OSu) was required before the analysis. The derivatization improved not only the separation of the monophosphorylated positional peptide isomers in MCE, but also identification of the phosphorylation site based on MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Ollikainen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ashkan Bonabi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nina Nordman
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ville Jokinen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, Finland, Micronova, Tietotie 3, 02150, Finland
| | - Tapio Kotiaho
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland; Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Risto Kostiainen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Sikanen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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4
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Lotter C, Heiland JJ, Thurmann S, Mauritz L, Belder D. HPLC-MS with Glass Chips Featuring Monolithically Integrated Electrospray Emitters of Different Geometries. Anal Chem 2016; 88:2856-63. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Lotter
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Josef J. Heiland
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sebastian Thurmann
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Laura Mauritz
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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5
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Feng X, Liu BF, Li J, Liu X. Advances in coupling microfluidic chips to mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2015; 34:535-57. [PMID: 24399782 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic technology has shown advantages of low sample consumption, reduced analysis time, high throughput, and potential for integration and automation. Coupling microfluidic chips to mass spectrometry (Chip-MS) can greatly improve the overall analytical performance of MS-based approaches and expand their potential applications. In this article, we review the advances of Chip-MS in the past decade, covering innovations in microchip fabrication, microchips coupled to electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-MS. Development of integrated microfluidic systems for automated MS analysis will be further documented, as well as recent applications of Chip-MS in proteomics, metabolomics, cell analysis, and clinical diagnosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chromatography, Liquid/instrumentation
- Chromatography, Liquid/methods
- Electrophoresis, Microchip/instrumentation
- Electrophoresis, Microchip/methods
- Equipment Design
- Humans
- Lab-On-A-Chip Devices
- Lipids/analysis
- Metabolomics/instrumentation
- Metabolomics/methods
- Polysaccharides/analysis
- Proteins/analysis
- Proteomics/instrumentation
- Proteomics/methods
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/methods
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Feng
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Bi-Feng Liu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Xin Liu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
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6
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Arscott S. SU-8 as a material for lab-on-a-chip-based mass spectrometry. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:3668-3689. [PMID: 25029537 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00617h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This short review focuses on the application of SU-8 for the microchip-based approach to the miniaturization of mass spectrometry. Chip-based mass spectrometry will make the technology commonplace and bring benefits such as lower costs and autonomy. The chip-based miniaturization of mass spectrometry necessitates the use of new materials which are compatible with top-down fabrication involving both planar and non-planar processes. In this context, SU-8 is a very versatile epoxy-based, negative tone resist which is sensitive to ultraviolet radiation, X-rays and electron beam exposure. It has a very wide thickness range, from nanometres to millimetres, enabling the formation of mechanically rigid, very high aspect ratio, vertical, narrow width structures required to form microfluidic slots and channels for laboratory-on-a-chip design. It is also relatively chemically resistant and biologically compatible in terms of the liquid solutions used for mass spectrometry. This review looks at the impact and potential of SU-8 on the different parts of chip-based mass spectrometry - pre-treatment, ionization processes, and ion sorting and detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Arscott
- Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie (IEMN), CNRS UMR8520, The University of Lille, Cité Scientifique, Avenue Poincaré, 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
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7
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Sainiemi L, Sikanen T, Kostiainen R. Integration of Fully Microfabricated, Three-Dimensionally Sharp Electrospray Ionization Tips with Microfluidic Glass Chips. Anal Chem 2012; 84:8973-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac301602b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauri Sainiemi
- Division
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014, Helsinki,
Finland
| | - Tiina Sikanen
- Division
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014, Helsinki,
Finland
| | - Risto Kostiainen
- Division
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014, Helsinki,
Finland
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8
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Nordman N, Sikanen T, Moilanen ME, Aura S, Kotiaho T, Franssila S, Kostiainen R. Rapid and sensitive drug metabolism studies by SU-8 microchip capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1218:739-45. [PMID: 21185563 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Monolithically integrated, polymer (SU-8) microchips comprising an electrophoretic separation unit, a sheath flow interface, and an electrospray ionization (ESI) emitter were developed to improve the speed and throughput of metabolism research. Validation of the microchip method was performed using bufuralol 1-hydroxylation via CYP450 enzymes as the model reaction. The metabolite, 1-hydroxybufuralol, was easily separated from the substrate (R(s)=0.5) with very good detection sensitivity (LOD=9.3nM), linearity (range: 50-500nM, r(2)=0.9997), and repeatability (RSD(Area)=10.3%, RSD(Migrationtime)=2.5% at 80nM concentration without internal standard). The kinetic parameters of bufuralol 1-hydroxylation determined by the microchip capillary electrophoresis (CE)-ESI/mass spectrometry (MS) method, were comparable to the values presented in literature as well as to the values determined by in-house liquid chromatography (LC)-UV. In addition to enzyme kinetics, metabolic profiling was demonstrated using authentic urine samples from healthy volunteers after intake of either tramadol or paracetamol. As a result, six metabolites of tramadol and four metabolites of paracetamol, including both phase I oxidation products and phase II conjugation products, were detected and separated from each other within 30-35s. Before analysis, the urine samples were pre-treated with on-chip, on-line liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) and the results were compared to those obtained from urine samples pre-treated with conventional C18 solid-phase extraction (SPE, off-chip cartridges). On the basis of our results, the SU-8 CE-ESI/MS microchips incorporating on-chip sample pre-treatment, injection, separation, and ESI/MS detection were proven as efficient and versatile tools for drug metabolism research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Nordman
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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9
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Nordman N, Sikanen T, Aura S, Tuomikoski S, Vuorensola K, Kotiaho T, Franssila S, Kostiainen R. Feasibility of SU-8-based capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry microfluidic chips for the analysis of human cell lysates. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:3745-53. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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10
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Sikanen T, Wiedmer SK, Heikkilä L, Franssila S, Kostiainen R, Kotiaho T. Dynamic coating of SU-8 microfluidic chips with phospholipid disks. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:2566-74. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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11
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Sikanen T, Franssila S, Kauppila TJ, Kostiainen R, Kotiaho T, Ketola RA. Microchip technology in mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2010; 29:351-391. [PMID: 19514079 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Microfabrication of analytical devices is currently of growing interest and many microfabricated instruments have also entered the field of mass spectrometry (MS). Various (atmospheric pressure) ion sources as well as mass analyzers have been developed exploiting microfabrication techniques. The most common approach thus far has been the miniaturization of the electrospray ion source and its integration with various separation and sampling units. Other ionization techniques, mainly atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and photoionization, have also been subject to miniaturization, though they have not attracted as much attention. Likewise, all common types of mass analyzers have been realized by microfabrication and, in most cases, successfully applied to MS analysis in conjunction with on-chip ionization. This review summarizes the latest achievements in the field of microfabricated ion sources and mass analyzers. Representative applications are reviewed focusing on the development of fully microfabricated systems where ion sources or analyzers are integrated with microfluidic separation devices or microfabricated pums and detectors, respectively. Also the main microfabrication methods, with their possibilities and constraints, are briefly discussed together with the most commonly used materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Sikanen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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12
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Hoffmann P, Eschner M, Fritzsche S, Belder D. Spray Performance of Microfluidic Glass Devices with Integrated Pulled Nanoelectrospray Emitters. Anal Chem 2009; 81:7256-61. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9015038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hoffmann
- University of Leipzig, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Eschner
- University of Leipzig, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefanie Fritzsche
- University of Leipzig, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- University of Leipzig, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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13
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Feng X, Liu X, Luo Q, Liu BF. Mass spectrometry in systems biology: an overview. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2008; 27:635-660. [PMID: 18636545 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
As an emerging field, systems biology is currently the talk of the town, which challenges our philosophy in comprehending biology. Instead of the reduction approach advocated in molecular biology, systems biology aims at systems-level understanding of correlations among molecular components. Such comprehensive investigation requires massive information from the "omics" cascade demanding high-throughput screening techniques. Being one of the most versatile analytical methods, mass spectrometry has already been playing a significant role at this early stage of systems biology. In this review, we documented the advances in modern mass spectrometry technologies as well as nascent inventions. Recent applications of mass spectrometry-based techniques and methodologies in genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics and metabolomics will be further elaborated individually. Undoubtedly, more applications of mass spectrometry in systems biology can be expected in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Feng
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Photonics of MOE, Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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14
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Sikanen T, Tuomikoski S, Ketola RA, Kostiainen R, Franssila S, Kotiaho T. Analytical characterization of microfabricated SU-8 emitters for electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2008; 43:726-735. [PMID: 18205241 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We present a detailed optimization and characterization of the analytical performance of SU-8-based emitters for electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI/MS). The improved SU-8 fabrication process presented here enhances patterning accuracy and reduces the time and cost of fabrication. All emitters are freestanding and enable sample delivery by both pressure-driven and spontaneous flows. The optimized emitter design incorporates a sharp, double-cantilevered tip implemented to the outlet of an SU-8 microchannel and provides highly sensitive ESI/MS detection. Moreover, the optimized design allows the use of relatively large microchannel dimensions (up to 200 x 50 microm(2), w x h) without sacrificing the detection sensitivity. This is advantageous with a view of preventing emitter clogging and enabling reproducible analysis. The measured limits of detection for the optimized emitter design were 1 nM for verapamil and 4 nM for Glu-fibrinopeptide B with good quantitative linearities between 1 nM and 10 microM (R(2) = 0.9998) for verapamil and between 4 nM and 3 microM (R(2) = 0.9992) for Glu-fibrinopeptide B. The measured tip-to-tip repeatability for signal intensity was 14% relative standard deviation (RSD) (n = 3; 5 microM verapamil) and run-to-run repeatability 4-11% RSD (n = 4; 5 microM verapamil) for all individual emitters tested. In addition, long-term stability of < 2% RSD was maintained for timescales of 30 min even under free flow conditions. SU-8 polymer was also shown to be chemically stable against most of the tested electrospray solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Sikanen
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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15
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Sikanen T, Tuomikoski S, Ketola RA, Kostiainen R, Franssila S, Kotiaho T. Fully Microfabricated and Integrated SU-8-Based Capillary Electrophoresis-Electrospray Ionization Microchips for Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2007; 79:9135-44. [DOI: 10.1021/ac071531+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Polymer microfabrication technologies for microfluidic systems. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 390:89-111. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1692-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 467] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2007] [Revised: 10/05/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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17
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Koster S, Verpoorte E. A decade of microfluidic analysis coupled with electrospray mass spectrometry: an overview. LAB ON A CHIP 2007; 7:1394-1412. [PMID: 17960264 DOI: 10.1039/b709706a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This review presents a thorough overview covering the period 1997-2006 of microfluidic chips coupled to mass spectrometry through an electrospray interface. The different types of fabrication processes and materials used to fabricate these chips throughout this period are discussed. Three 'eras' of interfaces are clearly distinguished. The earliest approach involves spraying from the edge of a chip, while later devices either incorporate a standard fused-silica emitter inserted into the device or fully integrated emitters formed during chip fabrication. A summary of microfluidic-electrospray devices for performing separations and sample pretreatment steps before sample introduction into the mass spectrometer is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Koster
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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18
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Hoffmann P, Häusig U, Schulze P, Belder D. Microfluidic glass chips with an integrated nanospray emitter for coupling to a mass spectrometer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:4913-6. [PMID: 17516595 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200605152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hoffmann
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Chemo- und Biosensorik, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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19
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Sikanen T, Heikkilä L, Tuomikoski S, Ketola RA, Kostiainen R, Franssila S, Kotiaho T. Performance of SU-8 Microchips as Separation Devices and Comparison with Glass Microchips. Anal Chem 2007; 79:6255-63. [PMID: 17636877 DOI: 10.1021/ac0703956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Effective analytical performance of native, all-SU-8 separation microdevices is addressed by comparing their performance to commercial glass microdevices in microchip zone electrophoresis accompanied by fluorescence detection. Surface chemistry and optical properties of SU-8 microdevices are also examined. SU-8 was shown to exhibit repeatable electroosmotic properties in a wide variety of buffers, and SU-8 microchannels were successfully utilized in peptide and protein analyses without any modification of the native polymer surface. Selected, fluorescent labeled, biologically active peptides were baseline resolved with migration time repeatability of 2.3-3.6% and plate numbers of 112,900-179,800 m(-1). Addition of SDS (0.1%) or SU-8 developer (1.0%) to the separation buffer also enabled protein analysis by capillary zone electrophoresis. Plate heights of 2.4-5.9 microm were obtained for fluorescent labeled bovine serum albumin. In addition, detection sensitivity through SU-8 microchannels was similar to that through BoroFloat glass, when fluorescence illumination was provided at visible wavelengths higher than 500 nm. On the whole, the analytical performance of SU-8 microchips was very good and fairly comparable to that of commercial glass chips as well as that of traditional capillary electrophoresis and chromatographic methods. Moreover, lithography-based patterning of SU-8 enables straightforward integration of multiple functions on a single chip and favors fully microfabricated lab-on-a-chip systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Sikanen
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Drug Discovery and Development Technology Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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20
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Hoffmann P, Häusig U, Schulze P, Belder D. Mikrofluidische Glas-Chips mit integriertem Nanospray-Emitter zur Kopplung mit der Massenspektrometrie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200605152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Haapala M, Luosujärvi L, Saarela V, Kotiaho T, Ketola RA, Franssila S, Kostiainen R. Microchip for Combining Gas Chromatography or Capillary Liquid Chromatography with Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2007; 79:4994-9. [PMID: 17530739 DOI: 10.1021/ac070157a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a microfabricated nebulizer chip for combining atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry (APPI-MS) with gas chromatography (GC) or capillary liquid chromatography (capLC). The chip consists of a silicon plate and a glass plate or two glass plates. The chip includes a sample inlet channel, auxiliary gas and dopant inlet, vaporizer channel, nozzle, and platinum heater. The sample eluted from the capLC or GC is mixed with auxiliary gas and dopant (toluene) in the heated vaporizer. The chip forms a confined jet of the sample vapor, which is photoionized as it exits the chip. The analytical performance of GC- and capLC-microchip APPI-MS was evaluated with some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, amphetamines, and steroids. The GC-muAPPI-MS method provides high sensitivity down to 0.8 fmol, repeatability (RSD = 7.5-14%), and linearity (r = 0.9952-0.9987). The capLC-muAPPI-MS method shows high sensitivity down to 1 fmol, good repeatability (RSD = 3.6-8.1%), and linearity (r = 0.9989-0.9992).
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Haapala
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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Saarela V, Haapala M, Kostiainen R, Kotiaho T, Franssila S. Glass microfabricated nebulizer chip for mass spectrometry. LAB ON A CHIP 2007; 7:644-6. [PMID: 17476387 DOI: 10.1039/b700101k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A microfluidic nebulizer chip for mass spectrometry is presented. It is an all-glass device which consists of fusion bonded Pyrex wafers with embedded flow channels and a nozzle at the chip edge. A platinum heater is located on the wafer backside. Fabrication of the chip is detailed, especially glass deep etching, wafer bonding, and metal patterning. Various process combinations of bonding and metallization have been considered (anodic bonding vs. fusion bonding; heater inside/outside channel; metallization before/after bonding; platinum lift-off vs. etching). The chip vaporizes the liquid sample (0.1-10 microL min(-1)) and mixes it with a nebulizer gas (ca. 100 sccm N2). Operating temperatures can go up to 500 degrees C ensuring efficient vaporization. Thermal insulation of the glass ensures low temperatures at the far end of the chip, enabling easy interconnections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville Saarela
- Micro and Nanosciences Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 3500, FI-02015 TKK, Finland.
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Pól J, Kauppila TJ, Haapala M, Saarela V, Franssila S, Ketola RA, Kotiaho T, Kostiainen R. Microchip sonic spray ionization. Anal Chem 2007; 79:3519-23. [PMID: 17381071 DOI: 10.1021/ac070003v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The first microchip version of sonic spray ionization (SSI) as an atmospheric pressure ionization source for mass spectrometry (MS) is presented. The microchip used for SSI has recently been developed in our laboratory, and it has been used before as an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) source. Now the ionization is achieved simply by applying high (sonic) speed nebulizer gas, without heat, corona discharge, or high voltage. The microchip SSI was applied to the analysis of tetra-N-butylammonium, verapamil, testosterone, angiotensin I, and ibuprofen. The limits of detection were in the range of 15 nM to 4 microM. The technique was found to be highly dependent on the position of the chip toward the mass spectrometer inlet, and on the gas and the sample solution flow rates. The microchip SSI provided dynamic linearity following a pattern similar to that used with electrospray, good quantitative repeatability (RSD=16%), and long-term signal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Pól
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Nissilä T, Sainiemi L, Sikanen T, Kotiaho T, Franssila S, Kostiainen R, Ketola RA. Silicon micropillar array electrospray chip for drug and biomolecule analysis. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:3677-3682. [PMID: 17957810 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a lidless micropillar array electrospray ionization chip (microPESI) combined with mass spectrometry (MS) for analysis of drugs and biomolecules. The microPESI chip, made of silicon, contains a sample introduction spot for a liquid sample, an array of micropillars (diameter, height, and distance between pillars in the range of 15-200, 20-40, and 2-80 microm, respectively), and a sharpened tip for direct electrospray formation. The microchips were fabricated using deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) which results in accurate dimensional control. The chip, providing a reliable open-channel filling structure based on capillary forces and a electrospray emitter tip for ionization, allows an easy operation and reliable, non-clogging liquid transfer. The microPESI chip can be used for a fast analysis using single sampling or for continuous infusion measurements using a syringe pump for sample introduction. The microPESI-MS shows high sensitivity, with limit of detection 30 pmol/L (60 amol or 28 fg) for verapamil measured with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and using a sample volume of 2.5 microL. The system shows also good quantitative linearity (r2 > 0.99) with linear dynamic range of at least six orders of magnitude and good ion current stability (standard deviation <5%) in 1-h continuous flow measurement. The microPESI-MS is shown to be a very potential method for direct analysis of drugs and biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teemu Nissilä
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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Mao X, Chu IK, Lin B. A sheath-flow nanoelectrospray interface of microchip electrophoresis MS for glycoprotein and glycopeptide analysis. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:5059-67. [PMID: 17117389 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Microchip was coupled with MS through a stable, sensitive, and controllable sheath-flow nanoelectrospray (nES) interface for glycoprotein and glycopeptide analysis. The nano-ESI (nESI) was made with a delivery capillary, a commercial nES capillary, and a stainless steel (SS) tube which were connected together through a tee unit. High voltage for nES was applied on the SS tube and the commercial nES capillary was used as nES emitter. The delivery capillary was attached to the microchannel for delivering liquid from microchip to the nESI source. The flow rate of sheath liquid was optimized to be 100-200 nL/min which largely reduced the sample dilution. The detection limit of peptides on this microchip/MS platform was at femtomole level. Glycoprotein and glycopeptides were also successfully analyzed on the platform. All the glycoforms and glycopeptides of ribonuclease B (RNase B) were identified with this method. Some structures of the glycopeptides from RNase B were further characterized with MS/MS on the microchip, coupled with a quadrupole IT-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Mao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Scienes, Dalian, PR China
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