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Techniques for Detection of Clinical Used Heparins. Int J Anal Chem 2021; 2021:5543460. [PMID: 34040644 PMCID: PMC8121598 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5543460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparins and sulfated polysaccharides have been recognized as effective clinical anticoagulants for several decades. Heparins exhibit heterogeneity depending on the sources. Meanwhile, the adverse effect in the clinical uses and the adulteration of oversulfated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS) in heparins develop additional attention to analyze the purity of heparins. This review starts with the description of the classification, anticoagulant mechanism, clinical application of heparins and focuses on the existing methods of heparin analysis and detection including traditional detection methods, as well as new methods using fluorescence or gold nanomaterials as probes. The in-depth understanding of these techniques for the analysis of heparins will lay a foundation for the further development of novel methods for the detection of heparins.
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Nevídalová H, Michalcová L, Glatz Z. Capillary electrophoresis-based approaches for the study of affinity interactions combined with various sensitive and nontraditional detection techniques. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:625-642. [PMID: 30600537 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nearly all processes in living organisms are controlled and regulated by the synergy of many biomolecule interactions involving proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, nucleotides, saccharides, and small molecular weight ligands. There is growing interest in understanding them, not only for the purposes of interactomics as an essential part of system biology, but also in their further elucidation in disease pathology, diagnostics, and treatment. The necessity of detailed investigation of these interactions leads to the requirement of laboratory methods characterized by high efficiency and sensitivity. As a result, many instrumental approaches differing in their fundamental principles have been developed, including those based on capillary electrophoresis. Although capillary electrophoresis offers numerous advantages for such studies, it still has one serious limitation, its poor concentration sensitivity with the most commonly used detection method-ultraviolet-visible spectrometry. However, coupling capillary electrophoresis with a more sensitive detector fulfils the above-mentioned requirement. In this review, capillary electrophoresis combined with fluorescence, mass spectrometry, and several nontraditional detection techniques in affinity interaction studies are summarized and discussed, together with the possibility of conducting these measurements in microchip format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Nevídalová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Michalcová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Glatz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Liu X, Zhang Q, Tu Y, Zhao W, Gai H. Single gold nanoparticle localized surface plasmon resonance spectral imaging for quantifying binding constant of carbohydrate-protein interaction. Anal Chem 2013; 85:11851-7. [PMID: 24266418 DOI: 10.1021/ac402538k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying carbohydrate-protein (ligand-receptor) interactions is important to understand diverse biological processes and to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic methods. We develop an approach to quantitatively study carbohydrate-protein interactions by Au nanoparticle localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peak position shift at the single particles level. Unlike the previous techniques for single particle LSPR spectral imaging, only the first-order streak of an individual nanoparticle is needed to extract a LSPR spectrum, which has great potential to increase throughput to 500 single particle spectra in each frame. LSPR peak shift of protein modified single Au nanoparticles is found to be a function of its ligand concentration, which can be used to fit the binding constants of the interactions. The moderate interactions of Antithrombin III (AT III) and heparins including low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) are determined as well as the strong interaction of transferrin and antitransferrin and the weak interaction of bovine serum album (BSA) and heparin. The measured binding constants of transferrin to antitransferrin, heparin and LMWH to AT III, and BSA to heparin are (3.0 ± 0.6) × 10(9) M(-1), (3.1 ± 0.3) × 10(6) M(-1), (8.0 ± 0.5) × 10(5) M(-1), and (5.1 ± 0.1) × 10(3) M(-1), respectively, which are in good agreement with the reported values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthesis for Functional Materials, Jiangsu Normal University , Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
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Determination of binding constants between one protein and multiple carbohydrates by affinity chromatography on a microchip. J Chromatogr A 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Yu H, Xu L, You T. Indirect electrochemiluminescence detection of lysine and histidine separated by capillary electrophoresis based on charge displacement. LUMINESCENCE 2012; 28:217-21. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.2367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin 130022 China
| | - Lei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin 130022 China
| | - Tianyan You
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin 130022 China
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AL-Othman ZA, Ali I. NANO CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS IN MICROCHIPS: A NEED OF THE PRESENT CENTURY. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.566031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeid A. AL-Othman
- a Department of Chemistry, College of Science , King Saud University , Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Ali
- b Department of Chemistry , Jamia Millia Islamia, (Central University) , New Delhi, India
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Yang J, Hu M, Cai Y, Tang J, Li H. Determination of uric acid in human urine by capillary zone electrophoresis with indirect laser-induced fluorescence detection. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:3710-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Vuignier K, Schappler J, Veuthey JL, Carrupt PA, Martel S. Drug-protein binding: a critical review of analytical tools. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:53-66. [PMID: 20454782 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3737-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The extent of drug binding to plasma proteins, determined by measuring the free active fraction, has a significant effect on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a drug. It is therefore highly important to estimate drug-binding ability to these macromolecules in the early stages of drug discovery and in clinical practice. Traditionally, equilibrium dialysis is used, and is presented as the reference method, but it suffers from many drawbacks. In an attempt to circumvent these, a vast array of different methods has been developed. This review focuses on the most important approaches used to characterize drug-protein binding. A description of the principle of each method with its inherent strengths and weaknesses is outlined. The binding affinity ranges, information accessibility, material consumption, and throughput are compared for each method. Finally, a discussion is included to help users choose the most suitable approach from among the wealth of methods presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Vuignier
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Quai E-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Ridgeway WK, Seitaridou E, Phillips R, Williamson JR. RNA-protein binding kinetics in an automated microfluidic reactor. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 37:e142. [PMID: 19759214 PMCID: PMC2790880 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkp733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic chips can automate biochemical assays on the nanoliter scale, which is of considerable utility for RNA-protein binding reactions that would otherwise require large quantities of proteins. Unfortunately, complex reactions involving multiple reactants cannot be prepared in current microfluidic mixer designs, nor is investigation of long-time scale reactions possible. Here, a microfluidic 'Riboreactor' has been designed and constructed to facilitate the study of kinetics of RNA-protein complex formation over long time scales. With computer automation, the reactor can prepare binding reactions from any combination of eight reagents, and is optimized to monitor long reaction times. By integrating a two-photon microscope into the microfluidic platform, 5-nl reactions can be observed for longer than 1000 s with single-molecule sensitivity and negligible photobleaching. Using the Riboreactor, RNA-protein binding reactions with a fragment of the bacterial 30S ribosome were prepared in a fully automated fashion and binding rates were consistent with rates obtained from conventional assays. The microfluidic chip successfully combines automation, low sample consumption, ultra-sensitive fluorescence detection and a high degree of reproducibility. The chip should be able to probe complex reaction networks describing the assembly of large multicomponent RNPs such as the ribosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- William K Ridgeway
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, MB33, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Zhang S, Cao W, Li J, Su M. MCE enzyme immunoassay for carcinoembryonic antigen and alpha-fetoprotein using electrochemical detection. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:3427-35. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Liu X, Gomez FA. Microchip frontal affinity chromatography to study the binding of a ligand to teicoplanin-derivatized microbeads. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1194-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Frontal analysis microchip capillary electrophoresis to study the binding of ligands to receptors derivatized on magnetic beads. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 393:615-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2506-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2008] [Revised: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Sloat AL, Roper MG, Lin X, Ferrance JP, Landers JP, Colyer CL. Protein determination by microchip capillary electrophoresis using an asymmetric squarylium dye: Noncovalent labeling and nonequilibrium measurement of association constants. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:3446-55. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Nie Z, Fung YS. Microchip capillary electrophoresis for frontal analysis of free bilirubin and study of its interaction with human serum albumin. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:1924-31. [PMID: 18393342 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
To meet the need for bedside monitoring of free bilirubin for neonates under critical conditions, a microfluidic chip was fabricated and tested for its coupling with CE/frontal analysis (FA) to determine free bilirubin and study of its binding interaction with HSA, which regulated its concentration in plasma. The poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) multichannel chip was fabricated by CO2 laser ablation and bonded with a fused-silica separation capillary for CE/FA separation with UV detection. The chip was designed to allow a complete assay of four electrophoretic runs using preconditioned channels to speed up the determination of free bilirubin and to deliver quick results for bedside monitoring. Under optimized conditions, the linear working range for free bilirubin was from 10 to 200 micromol with RSDs from 2.1 to 5.0% for n=3, and the LOD at 9 micromol for S/N=3. From a binding study between bilirubin and HSA under FA condition, the second binding constant for bilirubin-HSA was determined as 1.07x10(5) L/mol and the number of binding sites per HSA as 3.46. The results enabled the calculation of free bilirubin for jaundiced infants based on the clinically significant level of total bilirubin, producing a range of 118.3-119.4 micromol/L. The developed method is shown to meet the clinical requirement with additional margin of protection to detect the early rising level of free bilirubin prior to jaundice condition. The low-cost microchip CE/FA device is shown to produce quick results with high potential to deliver a suitable bed-side monitoring method for bilirubin management in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Nie
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
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Liu C, Mo YY, Chen ZG, Li X, Li OL, Zhou X. Dual fluorescence/contactless conductivity detection for microfluidic chip. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 621:171-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Revised: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Wu D, Qin J, Lin B. Electrophoretic separations on microfluidic chips. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1184:542-59. [PMID: 18207148 PMCID: PMC7094303 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2007] [Revised: 11/17/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review presents a brief outline and novel developments of electrophoretic separation in microfluidic chips. Distinct characteristics of microchip electrophoresis (MCE) are discussed first, in which sample injection plug, joule heat, channel turn, surface adsorption and modification are introduced, and some successful strategies and recognized conclusions are also included. Important achievements of microfluidic electrophoresis separation in small molecules, DNA and protein are then summarized. This review is aimed at researchers, who are interested in MCE and want to adopt MCE as a functional unit in their integrated microsystems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jianhua Qin
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Bingcheng Lin
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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Peng Y, Pallandre A, Tran NT, Taverna M. Recent innovations in protein separation on microchips by electrophoretic methods. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:157-78. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Shen Z, Liu X, Zhou X, Liang A, Wu D, Yu L, Dai Z, Qin J, Lin B. Quantitative evaluation of the interaction between netropsin and double stranded oligodeoxynucleotides by microfabricated capillary array electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:1544-8. [PMID: 17623435 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Microfabricated capillary array electrophoresis (micro-CAE) was applied to study the interaction between minor groove binder netropsin and a non-selfcomplementary 12 mer double stranded oligodeoxynucleotide: d(CCCCTATACCGC).d(GCGGTATAGGGG). ESI-MS was used to provide an independent verification of the microchip electrophoresis derived data. Simultaneous parallel quantitative assay of multiple samples was performed in a single run (<50 s) on the self-developed micro-CAE device. The binding constant and stoichiometry calculated from Scatchard plot were (2.88 +/- 0.23)x10(5) M(-1) and 1:1, respectively. The values showed a good quantitative agreement with the results determined by ESI-MS and those using other methods reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Shen
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, PR China
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Zhou X, Shen Z, Li D, He X, Lin B. Study of interactions between actinomycin D and oligonucleotides by microchip electrophoresis and ESI-MS. Talanta 2007; 72:561-7. [PMID: 19071655 PMCID: PMC7111764 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2006.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2006] [Revised: 08/13/2006] [Accepted: 11/14/2006] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the interactions between actinomycin D (ActD) and single stranded DNA (ssDNA) 5'-CGTAACCAACTGCAACGT-3' and a duplex stranded DNA (dsDNA) with this sequence were investigated by microchip-based non-gel sieving electrophoresis and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The ssDNA was designed according to the conserved regions of open reading frame 1b (replicase 1B) following the Tor 2 SARS genome sequence of 15611-15593. The binding constants of the interactions between ActD and ssDNA/dsDNA were (8.3+/-0.32)x10(6)M(-1) (ssDNA) and (2.8+/-0.02)x10(5)M(-1) (dsDNA), respectively, calculated from microchip electrophoresis via Scatchard plot. The binding stoichiometries were 1:1 (single/1ActD molecule) and 1:2 (duplex/2ActD molecules) calculated from microchip electrophoresis, and the results were further verified by ESI-MS. The results obtained by these two methods indicated that ActD bound much more tightly to ssDNA used in this work than dsDNA. Furthermore, this is shown that the microchip-based non-gel sieving electrophoresis method is a rapid, highly sensitive and convenient method for the studies of interactions between DNA and small molecule drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomian Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First Municipal People's Hospital, Affiliated of Guangzhou Medical College, 510180 Guangzhou, PR China
- Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Zheng Shen
- Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Dazhi Li
- Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Xinya He
- Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Bingcheng Lin
- Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, PR China
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Stepánek J, Pribyl M, Snita D, Marek M. Microfluidic chip for fast bioassays-evaluation of binding parameters. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2007; 1:24101. [PMID: 19693378 PMCID: PMC2717568 DOI: 10.1063/1.2723647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A seven channel polystyrene (PS) microchip has been constructed using a micromilling machine and a high-temperature assembling. Protein A (PA) has been immobilized by a passive sorption on the microchannel walls. Two bioaffinity assays with human immunoglobulin G (hIgG) as a ligand have been carried out. (i) PA as the receptor and fluorescently labeled hIgG (FITC-hIgG) as the ligand, (ii) PA as the receptor with hIgG as the quantified ligand and fluorescently labeled goat anti-human IgG (FITC-gIgG) as the secondary ligand. One incubation step of the assays took only 5 min instead of hours typical for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay applications. Calibration curves of the dependence of a fluorescence signal on the hIgG concentration in a sample have been obtained in one step due to a parallel arrangement of microchannels. A mathematical model of the PA-FITC-hIgG complex formation in the chip has been developed. The values of the kinetic constant of the PA-FITC-hIgG binding (k(on)=5.5 m(3) mol(-1) s(-1)) and the equilibrium dissociation constant of the formed complex (K(d)</=3x10(-6) mol m(-3)) have been obtained by fitting to experimental data. The proposed microchip enables fast evaluation of kinetic and equilibrium constants of ligand-receptor bioaffinity pairs and the ligand quantification. As the use of microfluidic chips for immunoassays is often limited by price, we used procedures and chemicals that allow for an inexpensive construction and operation of the microdevice, e.g., temperature assembling as a fabrication technique, detection via an ordinary digital camera, nonspecific polystyrene as a substrate, passive sorption of biomolecules as an immobilization technique, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Stepánek
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Praha 6, Czech Republic
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Wang W, Tang J, Wang S, Zhou L, Hu Z. Method development for the determination of coumarin compounds by capillary electrophoresis with indirect laser-induced fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1148:108-14. [PMID: 17383667 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2006] [Revised: 09/20/2006] [Accepted: 09/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with indirect laser-induced fluorescence detection (ILIFD) method is described for the simultaneous determination of esculin, esculetin, isofraxidin, genistein, naringin and sophoricoside. The baseline separation was achieved within 5 min with running buffer (pH 9.4) composed of 5mM borate, 20% methanol (v/v) as organic modifier, 10(-7)M fluorescein sodium as background fluorophore and 20 kV of applied voltage at 30 degrees C of cartridge temperature. Good linearity relationships (correlation coefficients >0.9900) between the second-order derivative peak-heights (RFU) and concentrations of the analytes (mol L(-1)) were obtained. The detection limits for all analytes in second-order derivative electrophoregrams were in the range of 3.8-15 microM. The RSD data of intra-day for migration times and second-order derivative peak-height were less than 0.95 and 5.02%, respectively. This developed method was applied to the analysis of the courmin compounds in herb plants with recoveries in the range of 94.7-102.1%. In this work, although the detection sensitivity was lower than that of direct LIF, yet the method would extend the application range of LIF detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Abstract
The history and current status of research on microfluidics in China is summarized in this review. The recent representative contributions in this field by Chinese scientists are cited. A perspective on some trends in future development of this field in China is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingcheng Lin
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, PR China.
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