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Otin J, Tran NT, Benoit A, Buisson C, Taverna M. Online large volume sample staking preconcentration and separation of enantiomeric GHRH analogs by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:807-817. [PMID: 36787346 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
A capillary electrophoresis method is proposed to analyze the four most well-known growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analogs that are misused by athletes. Dimethyl-β-cyclodextrin used as a chiral selector allowed, for the first time, the separation of those basic peptide analogs, including enantiopeptides (sermorelin and CJC-1293) that differ by the chirality of only one amino acid. To increase the method sensitivity, electrokinetic preconcentration methods have been investigated. The large volume sample stacking with polarity switching (PS-LVSS) method with an injected sample volume corresponding to 80% of the capillary one was found superior to the sweeping in terms of signal enhancement factor (SEF). Acid and organic solvent addition to the sample (0.1 mM phosphoric acid with 30% methanol) led to a twofold signal improvement, when compared to water as a matrix. We increased capillary dimensions to provide a signal enhancement through the injection of a larger sample volume. Finally, using a combination of the optimized PS-LVSS preconcentration with the chiral capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), the GHRH analogs were separated and limits of detection between 75 and 200 ng/mL were reached. This method was successfully applied to urine after a desalting step. An optimized C18 SPE was used for that purpose in order to provide low sample conductivity (<130 µS/cm) and preserve the efficiency of LVSS preconcentration. SEF of 640 was obtained with desalted urine spiked with sermorelin by comparison to the CZE (without preconcentration) method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanie Otin
- Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - N Thuy Tran
- Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Aurélie Benoit
- Laboratoire AntiDopage Français (LADF), Université Paris-Saclay, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Corinne Buisson
- Laboratoire AntiDopage Français (LADF), Université Paris-Saclay, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Myriam Taverna
- Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France.,Institut universitaire de France, Paris, France
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Zhang CX, Meagher MM. Sample Stacking Provides Three Orders of Magnitude Sensitivity Enhancement in SDS Capillary Gel Electrophoresis of Adeno-Associated Virus Capsid Proteins. Anal Chem 2017; 89:3285-3292. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Xuan Zhang
- Department of Therapeutics
Production and Quality, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Michael M. Meagher
- Department of Therapeutics
Production and Quality, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
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Quan HH, Li M, Huang Y, Hahn JH. A hydrophobic ionic liquid compartmentalized sampling/labeling and its separation techniques in polydimethylsiloxane microchip capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2016; 38:372-379. [PMID: 27739089 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This paper demonstrates a novel compartmentalized sampling/labeling method and its separation techniques using a hydrophobic ionic liquid (IL)-1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)-imidate (BmimNTf2 )-as the immiscible phase, which is capable of minimizing signal losses during microchip capillary electrophoresis (MCE). The MCE device consists of a silica tube connected to a straight polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) separation channel. Poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDAC) was coated on the inner surface of channel to ease the introduction of IL plugs and enhance the IL wetting on the PDMS surface for sample releasing. Electroosmotic flow (EOF)-based sample compartmentalization was carried out through a sequenced injection into sampling tubes with the following order: leading IL plug/sample segment/terminal IL plug. The movement of the sample segment was easily controlled by applying an electrical voltage across both ends of the chip without a sample volume change. This approach effectively prevented analyte diffusion before injection into MCE channels. When the sample segment was manipulated to the PDDAC-modified PDMS channel, the sample plug then was released from isolation under EOF while IL plugs adsorbed onto channel surfaces owing to strong adhesion. A mixture of flavin adenine nucleotides (FAD) and flavin mononucleotides (FMN) was successfully separated on a 2.5 cm long separation channel, for which the theoretical numbers of plates were 15 000 and 17 000, respectively. The obtained peak intensity was increased 6.3-fold over the corresponding value from conventional electrokinetic injection with the same sampling time. Furthermore, based on the compartmented sample segment serving as an interim reactor, an on-chip fluorescence labeling is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Hua Quan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Material & Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ming Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Material & Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Hahn
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
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Zhang Y, Wang W, Xiao X, Jia L. Separation of monoclonal antibody charge state variants by open tubular capillary electrochromatography with immobilised protein as stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1466:180-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Yu PL, Tu YY, Hsieh MM. Combination of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) and hydroxypropyl-γ-cyclodextrin for high-speed enantioseparation of phenothiazines by capillary electrophoresis. Talanta 2015; 131:330-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kawai T, Ito J, Sueyoshi K, Kitagawa F, Otsuka K. Electrophoretic analysis of cations using large-volume sample stacking with an electroosmotic flow pump using capillaries coated with neutral and cationic polymers. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1267:65-73. [PMID: 23084485 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To realize the high-performance and simple-operation analysis of cationic compounds in capillary electrophoresis, we investigated large-volume sample stacking with an electroosmotic flow pump (LVSEP) using capillaries with hydrophilic and weakly cationic inner surface. Three capillary modification methods were employed: thermally passivated physical coating with polymer mixture of poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(allylamine); covalent modification with random copolymer of acryl amide and 3-(methacryloylamino)propyltrimethylammonium chloride; easily preparable physical coating with dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide and polyoxyethylene stearate. In these capillaries, the electroosmotic flow (EOF) was well suppressed in the high ionic strength (I) electrolyte under the acidic and basic pH, whereas the EOF was enhanced in the low I electrolyte, indicating a suitable EOF property for the rapid LVSEP and following separation. In the LVSEP-capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) analyses of benzylamine and 1-naphthylethylamine, up to 550-fold sensitivity increases were successfully obtained in the three capillaries without significantly reducing the repeatability and resolution. LVSEP-cyclodextrin-modified CZE of chlorpheniramine and brompheniramine was also carried out, resulting in up to 380-fold sensitivity enhancement with keeping the baseline separation for the enantiomers. Finally, we performed the LVSEP-CZE analysis of basic proteins, where up to 100-fold sensitivity increases were achieved, but a peak broadening was observed due to the sample adsorption in the low I sample matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Kawai
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan.
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Bottenus D, Jubery TZ, Dutta P, Ivory CF. 10,000-fold concentration increase in proteins in a cascade microchip using anionic ITP by a 3-D numerical simulation with experimental results. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:550-62. [PMID: 21308695 PMCID: PMC3229181 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes both the experimental application and 3-D numerical simulation of isotachophoresis (ITP) in a 3.2 cm long "cascade" poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microfluidic chip. The microchip includes 10 × reductions in both the width and depth of the microchannel, which decreases the overall cross-sectional area by a factor of 100 between the inlet (cathode) and outlet (anode). A 3-D numerical simulation of ITP is outlined and is a first example of an ITP simulation in three dimensions. The 3-D numerical simulation uses COMSOL Multiphysics v4.0a to concentrate two generic proteins and monitor protein migration through the microchannel. In performing an ITP simulation on this microchip platform, we observe an increase in concentration by over a factor of more than 10,000 due to the combination of ITP stacking and the reduction in cross-sectional area. Two fluorescent proteins, green fluorescent protein and R-phycoerythrin, were used to experimentally visualize ITP through the fabricated microfluidic chip. The initial concentration of each protein in the sample was 1.995 μg/mL and, after preconcentration by ITP, the final concentrations of the two fluorescent proteins were 32.57 ± 3.63 and 22.81 ± 4.61 mg/mL, respectively. Thus, experimentally the two fluorescent proteins were concentrated by over a factor of 10,000 and show good qualitative agreement with our simulation results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Bottenus
- Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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Xu J, Yang L, Luo Z, Wang Y. Synthesis of poly(N, N-dimethylacrylamide)-block-poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(N, N-dimethylacrylamide) and its application for separation of proteins by capillary zone electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:1713-20. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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9
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Petr J, Jiang C, Sevcik J, Tesarova E, Armstrong DW. Sterility testing by CE: a comparison of online preconcentration approaches in capillaries with greater internal diameters. Electrophoresis 2010; 30:3870-6. [PMID: 19847804 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Detection of microbial contamination is of critical importance in the medical and the food industry. Rapid tests for the absence or presence of viable microorganisms are in urgent demand. CE is a modern analytical technique that can be adapted for rapid screening of microbial contamination. However, the small dimensions of capillaries allow the introduction of only a small fraction of the sample, which can be problematic when examining large samples. In this article, we examine the possibilities of introducing larger sample volumes using capillaries with greater id together with different stacking techniques. The use of 0.32 mm id capillary and the injection of 60% of the capillary volume led to approximately 120-fold improvement of the injected sample volume over the classical injection 5% of a 0.10-mm id capillary. The setup we described opens new possibilities in sterility testing using CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Petr
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019-0065, USA
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Liu Q, Li Y, Yang Y, Yao S. Separation of acidic and basic proteins by capillary electrophoresis using gemini surfactants and gemini-capped nanoparticles as buffer additives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-009-0166-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Li T, Xu Y, Feng YQ. Open Tubular Capillary Electrochromatographic Separation of Proteins and Peptides Using a TiO2 Nanoparticle-Deposited Capillary by Liquid Phase Deposition. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070903248411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- a Department of Chemistry , Wuhan University , Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Ying Xu
- a Department of Chemistry , Wuhan University , Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Qi Feng
- a Department of Chemistry , Wuhan University , Wuhan, P. R. China
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Abstract
Sample stacking techniques remain an important tool for enhancement of the selectivity and sensitivity of analyses in contemporary CZE. This contribution reviews new knowledge on this topic published since 2006. It is organized according to the operational principles used, which include concentration adjustment, application of a pH step, MEKC and sweeping, and transient ITP. Techniques combining several of these principles and comparative studies are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdena Malá
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the ASCR, Brno, Czech Republic
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13
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Yang R, Liu Y, Wang Y. Hydroxyethylcellulose-graft-poly (4-vinylpyridine) as a novel, adsorbed coating for protein separation by CE. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:2321-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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14
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Li MD, Cheng TL, Tseng WL. Nonionic surfactant-capped gold nanoparticles for selective enrichment of aminothiols prior to CE with UV absorption detection. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:388-95. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Lin CY, Liu CH, Chang HC, Tseng WL. Enrichment and separation of acidic and basic proteins using the centrifugal ultrafiltration followed by nanoparticle-filled capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:3024-31. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Liu H, Shi R, Wan W, Yang R, Wang Y. A well-defined diblock copolymer of poly-(ethylene oxide)-block-poly (4-vinylpyridine) for separation of basic proteins by capillary zone electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:2812-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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17
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Kostal V, Katzenmeyer J, Arriaga EA. Capillary electrophoresis in bioanalysis. Anal Chem 2008; 80:4533-50. [PMID: 18484738 DOI: 10.1021/ac8007384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vratislav Kostal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Capillary electrophoresis analysis of biofluids with a focus on less commonly analyzed matrices. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 866:154-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2007] [Revised: 01/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Yang R, Shi R, Peng S, Zhou D, Liu H, Wang Y. Cationized hydroxyethylcellulose as a novel, adsorbed coating for basic protein separation by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:1460-6. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Postler T, Slouka Z, Svoboda M, Přibyl M, Šnita D. Parametrical studies of electroosmotic transport characteristics in submicrometer channels. J Colloid Interface Sci 2008; 320:321-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2007.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Revised: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Tseng WL, Chen SM, Hsu CY, Hsieh MM. On-line concentration and separation of indolamines, catecholamines, and metanephrines in capillary electrophoresis using high concentration of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride). Anal Chim Acta 2008; 613:108-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2007] [Revised: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Lucy CA, MacDonald AM, Gulcev MD. Non-covalent capillary coatings for protein separations in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1184:81-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.10.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2007] [Revised: 10/25/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Simpson SL, Quirino JP, Terabe S. On-line sample preconcentration in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1184:504-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Revised: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Lin CY, Yu CJ, Chen YM, Chang HC, Tseng WL. Simultaneous separation of anionic and cationic proteins by capillary electrophoresis using high concentration of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) as an additive. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1165:219-25. [PMID: 17716677 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Revised: 07/24/2007] [Accepted: 07/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The simultaneous separation of anionic and cationic proteins has been achieved by addition of high concentration of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDAC) in capillary electrophoresis. A capillary was filled with PDDAC so that it would act as ion-pair reagents in the separation of anionic proteins. On the other hand, the PDDAC can also be used as coating additives for the analysis of cationic proteins. Increasing the concentration of PDDAC in the separation buffer had the ability to improve the separation efficiency, change the electrophoretic mobility, and alter the separation selectivity; however, this was not true in the case of analyzing proteins by using the PDDAC larger than 1.6%. By both using a buffer containing 1.6% PDDAC and applying pH-stepwise techniques, 13 proteins with a wide range of pI (4.7-11.1) and molecular masses (6.5-198.0 kDa) could be separated within 30 min in a single run. In addition to this separation, we observed not only more peaks from alpha-chymotrypsinogen A and aprotinin but also the bovine serum albumin (BSA) dimer and trimer. With the 50 nL protein injection sample, the limits of detections at signal-to-noise of 3 for proteins are in the range of 0.07-0.79 microM. Except for BSA, the relative standard derivation values of migration time and peak height for all proteins were <1.3 and <6.9%, respectively. We suggested that this proposed method is a promising approach for clinical diagnosis and proteomics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Yu Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan
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