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Development of High-Resolution Multidimensional Native Protein Microfluidic Chip Electrophoresis Fingerprinting and its Application in the Quick Analysis of Unknown Microorganisms. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1665:462797. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Piendl SK, Geissler D, Weigelt L, Belder D. Multiple Heart-Cutting Two-Dimensional Chip-HPLC Combined with Deep-UV Fluorescence and Mass Spectrometric Detection. Anal Chem 2020; 92:3795-3803. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian K. Piendl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - David Geissler
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Laura Weigelt
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Application of nanocomposite polymer hydrogels for ultra-sensitive fluorescence detection of proteins in gel electrophoresis. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Zhu Z, Lu JJ, Liu S. Protein separation by capillary gel electrophoresis: a review. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 709:21-31. [PMID: 22122927 PMCID: PMC3227876 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 10/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) has been used for protein separation for more than two decades. Due to the technology advancement, current CGE methods are becoming more and more robust and reliable for protein analysis, and some of the methods have been routinely used for the analysis of protein-based pharmaceuticals and quality controls. In light of this progress, we survey 147 papers related to CGE separations of proteins and present an overview of this technology. We first introduce briefly the early development of CGE. We then review the methodology, in which we specifically describe the matrices, coatings, and detection strategies used in CGE. CGE using microfabricated channels and incorporation of CGE with two-dimensional protein separations are also discussed in this section. We finally present a few representative applications of CGE for separating proteins in real-world samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaifang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019
| | - Joann J. Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019
| | - Shaorong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019
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AL-Othman ZA, Ali I. NANO CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS IN MICROCHIPS: A NEED OF THE PRESENT CENTURY. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.566031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeid A. AL-Othman
- a Department of Chemistry, College of Science , King Saud University , Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Ali
- b Department of Chemistry , Jamia Millia Islamia, (Central University) , New Delhi, India
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Liu K, Fan ZH. Thermoplastic microfluidic devices and their applications in protein and DNA analysis. Analyst 2011; 136:1288-97. [PMID: 21274478 DOI: 10.1039/c0an00969e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidics is a platform technology that has been used for genomics, proteomics, chemical synthesis, environment monitoring, cellular studies, and other applications. The fabrication materials of microfluidic devices have traditionally included silicon and glass, but plastics have gained increasing attention in the past few years. We focus this review on thermoplastic microfluidic devices and their applications in protein and DNA analysis. We outline the device design and fabrication methods, followed by discussion on the strategies of surface treatment. We then concentrate on several significant advancements in applying thermoplastic microfluidic devices to protein separation, immunoassays, and DNA analysis. Comparison among numerous efforts, as well as the discussion on the challenges and innovation associated with detection, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Liu
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-6250, USA
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Ross D, Shackman JG, Kralj JG, Atencia J. 2D separations on a 1D chip: gradient elution moving boundary electrophoresis-chiral capillary zone electrophoresis. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:3139-3148. [PMID: 20886128 DOI: 10.1039/c004819d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A new method is described for two-dimensional (2D) separations using a microfluidic chip normally employed for single dimension electrophoresis. The method employs a combination of gradient elution moving boundary electrophoresis (GEMBE) and chiral capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). The simplicity of the first dimension GEMBE method enables its implementation in the injection channel of a conventional electrophoresis chip, simplifying the design and operation of the device. The method was used for high resolution 2D chiral separations of a mixture of amino acids considered as possible signatures of extant or extinct life for solar system exploration. The enantiomers of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, alanine, and valine were all resolved as well as glycine (achiral) and several unidentified impurities, giving an estimated peak capacity of 35 for the region between valine and glycine. The results highlight the need for high peak capacity separations for chiral amino acid analysis if accurate enantiomeric ratios are to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ross
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
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Abstract
We review microfluidic devices designed for multidimensional sample analysis, with a primer on relevant theory, an emphasis on protein analysis, and an eye towards future improvements and challenges to the field. Image shows results of an on-chip IEF-CE separation of a protein mixture; unpublished surface plot data from A. E. Herr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Tia
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, 308B Stanley Hall, MC # 1762 Berkeley, CA 94720-1762, USA
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Cong Y, Zhang L, Tao D, Liang Y, Zhang W, Zhang Y. Miniaturized two-dimensional capillary electrophoresis on a microchip for analysis of the tryptic digest of proteins. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:588-94. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Das C, Zhang J, Denslow ND, Fan ZH. Integration of isoelectric focusing with multi-channel gel electrophoresis by using microfluidic pseudo-valves. LAB ON A CHIP 2007; 7:1806-1812. [PMID: 18030404 DOI: 10.1039/b712794d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) protein separation is achieved in a plastic microfluidic device by integrating isoelectric focusing (IEF) with multi-channel polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). IEF (the first dimension) is carried out in a 15 mm-long channel while PAGE (the second dimension) is in 29 parallel channels of 65 mm length that are orthogonal to the IEF channel. An array of microfluidic pseudo-valves is created for introducing different separation media, without cross-contamination, in both dimensions; it also allows transfer of proteins from the first to the second dimension. Fabrication of pseudo-valves is achieved by photo-initiated, in situ gel polymerization; acrylamide and methylenebisacrylamide monomers are polymerized only in the PAGE channels whereas polymerization does not take place in the IEF channel where a mask is placed to block the UV light. IEF separation medium, carrier ampholytes, can then be introduced into the IEF channel. The presence of gel pseudo-valves does not affect the performance of IEF or PAGE when they are investigated separately. Detection in the device is achieved by using a laser induced fluorescence imaging system. Four fluorescently-labeled proteins with either similar pI values or close molecular weight are well separated, demonstrating the potential of the 2D electrophoresis device. The total separation time is less than 10 minutes for IEF and PAGE, an improvement of 2 orders of magnitude over the conventional 2D slab gel electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Champak Das
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, PO Box 116250, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Emrich CA, Medintz IL, Chu WK, Mathies RA. Microfabricated Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis Device for Differential Protein Expression Profiling. Anal Chem 2007; 79:7360-6. [PMID: 17822308 DOI: 10.1021/ac0711485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A microfluidic separation system is developed to perform two-dimensional differential gel electrophoretic (DIGE) separations of complex, cellular protein mixtures produced by induced protein expression in E. coli. The micro-DIGE analyzer is a two-layer borosilicate glass microdevice consisting of a single 3.75 cm long channel for isoelectric focusing, which is sampled in parallel by 20 channels effecting a second-dimension separation by native electrophoresis. The connection between the orthogonal separation systems is accomplished by smaller channels comprising a microfluidic interface (MFI) that prevents media leakage between the two dimensions and enables facile loading of discontinuous gel systems in each dimension. Proteins are covalently labeled with Cy2 and Cy3 DIGE and detected simultaneously with a rotary confocal fluorescence scanner. Reproducible two-dimensional separations of both purified proteins and complex protein mixtures are performed with minimal run-to-run variation by including 7 M urea in the second-dimension separation matrix. The capabilities of the micro-DIGE analyzer are demonstrated by following the induced expression of maltose binding protein in E. coli. Although the absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in the second-dimension sizing separation limits the orthogonality and peak capacity of the separation, this analyzer is a significant first step toward the reproducible two-dimensional analysis of complex protein samples in microfabricated devices. Furthermore, the microchannel interface structures developed here will facilitate other multidimensional separations in microdevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Emrich
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Hiratsuka A, Kinoshita H, Maruo Y, Takahashi K, Akutsu S, Hayashida C, Sakairi K, Usui K, Shiseki K, Inamochi H, Nakada Y, Yodoya K, Namatame I, Unuma Y, Nakamura M, Ueyama K, Ishii Y, Yano K, Yokoyama K. Fully Automated Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis System for High-Throughput Protein Analysis. Anal Chem 2007; 79:5730-9. [PMID: 17602572 DOI: 10.1021/ac070485a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We developed a fully automated electrophoresis system for rapid and highly reproducible protein analysis. All the two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis procedures including isoelectric focusing (IEF), on-part protein staining, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and in situ protein detection were automatically completed. The system comprised Peltiert devices, high-voltage generating devices, electrodes, and three disposable polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) parts for IEF, reaction chambers, and SDS-PAGE. Because of miniaturization of the IEF part, rapid IEF was achieved in 30 min. A gel with a tapered edge gel on the SDS-PAGE part realized a connection between the parts without use of a gluing material. A biaxial conveyer was employed for the part relocation, sample introduction, and washing processes to realize a low-maintenance and cost-effective automation system. Performances of the system and a commercial minigel system were compared in terms of detected number, resolution, and reproducibility of the protein spots. The system achieved high-resolution comparable to the minigel system despite shorter focusing time and smaller part dimensions. The resulting reproducibility was better or comparable to the performance of the minigel system. Complete 2D separation was achieved within 1.5 h. The system is practical, portable, and has automation capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsunori Hiratsuka
- Research Center of Advanced Bionics, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, c/o Katayanagi Institute, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1, Katakura, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan
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