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Sun Y. Research on Detection of Sterol Doping in Sports by Electrochemical Sensors: A Review. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2022; 2022:3394079. [PMID: 36117750 PMCID: PMC9477621 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3394079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The use of doping by athletes to improve performance is prohibited. Therefore, doping testing is an important step to ensure fairness in sports. Doping is gradually metabolized in the body and is therefore difficult to detect immediately by a common method. At the same time, the emergence of new doping agents poses a challenge for highly sensitive detection. Electrochemical sensors are a fast, highly sensitive, and inexpensive analytical detection technology. It provides qualitative and quantitative determination of analytes by altering the electrochemical signal of the analyte or probe at the electrode. In this min-review, we summarized the different electrochemical sensing strategies for sterol doping detection. Some of the representative papers were interpreted in detail. In addition, we compare different sensing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyan Sun
- Physical Education Department, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang, Henan 473000, China
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Liigand J, de Vries R, Cuyckens F. Optimization of flow splitting and make-up flow conditions in liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:314-322. [PMID: 30440111 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE In liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) the LC flow is often split prior to the mass spectrometer, for instance, when collecting fractions of the separated sample for other purposes or when less sensitive parallel detection is applied. The aim of this study is to optimize the actual split ratio and make-up flow composition. METHODS Different types of splitters were evaluated in combination with a make-up flow. A home-made 1/10 T-piece splitter and commercial 1/10, 1/100 and 1/250 splitters were evaluated by continuous and accurate measurements of the actual split ratio throughout the LC gradient. The make-up flow composition was optimized for maximum electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS sensitivity in the positive mode using ESI efficiency measurements. RESULTS Altogether 22 different solvent conditions were tested on 20 pharmaceutical compounds with a wide variety of functional groups and physicochemical properties (molecular weight, logP, and pKa ). Methanol/10 mM formic acid in water (90/10) provided on average the best results. CONCLUSIONS Methanol/10 mM formic acid in water (90/10) proved to be the best make-up flow composition in relation to the average sensitivity obtained. Stronger acidic conditions using oxalic acid or higher formic acid concentrations had a clear positive effect on the sensitivity of compounds with low ionization efficiency. The tested split ratios were relatively stable over the main part of the gradient but showed some variation at very low and very high organic conditions. Differences were larger with methanol compared with acetonitrile containing solvent compositions and when applied without a column or with very long connecting tubing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaanus Liigand
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ronald de Vries
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Filip Cuyckens
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
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Harrison CR. Role of Capillary Electrophoresis in the Fight Against Doping in Sports. Anal Chem 2013; 85:6982-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac302821x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Harrison
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California
92182, United States
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He Y, Li X, Tong P, Lu M, Zhang L, Chen G. An online field-amplification sample stacking method for the determination of β2-agonists in human urine by CE-ESI/MS. Talanta 2013; 104:97-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Zhang Y, Chen Z. Separation of isomeric bavachin and isobavachalcone in the fructus Psoraleae by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:1644-50. [PMID: 22761143 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bavachin and isobavachalcone are the isomeric compounds in the fructus Psoraleae. The ion trap mass spectrometric fragmentation pathways of the bavachin and isobavachalcone in negative ion mode were elucidated for the identification. A novel method for determination of isomeric bavachin and isobavachalcone has been developed by capillary electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometric detection. The effects of several factors such as concentration, pH of ammonium acetate buffer, separation voltage, composition and flow rate of the sheath liquid were investigated. Under optimal conditions, the linear concentration range for bavachin and isobavachalcone were 0.8-100 μg/mL with the correlation coefficient of 0.996 and 0.995, respectively. Relative standard deviations of migration time and peak areas were lower than 5%. The limits of detection (signal/noise = 3) were 60 ng/mL. The proposed method can be successfully applied to the determination of bavachin and isobavachalcone in the fructus Psoraleae and six fructus Psoraleae-containing preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Imbert L, Gaudin M, Libong D, Touboul D, Abreu S, Loiseau PM, Laprévote O, Chaminade P. Comparison of electrospray ionization, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and atmospheric pressure photoionization for a lipidomic analysis of Leishmania donovani. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1242:75-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Lu M, Li Q, Lai Y, Zhang L, Qiu B, Chen G, Cai Z. Determination of stimulants and narcotics as well as their in vitro metabolites by online CE-ESI-MS. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:472-8. [PMID: 21254133 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A simple, rapid and sensitive CE-ESI-MS method for the simultaneous analysis of seven stimulants and narcotics (amphetamine, ephedrine, methadone, pethidine, tetracaine, codeine and heroin) was developed. The CE-ESI-MS experimental conditions were optimized as follows: 20 mmol/L ammonium acetate with pH 9.0 as running buffer, the separation voltage of 22 kV and the sheath liquid of isopropanol/water (1:1 v/v) containing 7.5 mmol/L acetic acid with 3.0 μL/min flow rate. Under the optimized conditions, the stimulants and narcotics were well separated within 4.6 min using a 70-cm length fused-silica capillary (50 μm id). The detection limits (S/N=3) of the CE-ESI-MS analysis were in the range of 0.40-1.0 ng/mL. Method repeatability of intra-day and inter-day was satisfactory. The recoveries obtained from the analysis of spiked urine samples were between 84.1 and 108%. The developed method was successfully applied for the simultaneous analysis of methadone, pethidine and codeine and their in vitro metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghua Lu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, PR China
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Cheng J, Zhang L, Lu Q, Lu M, Chen Z, Chen G. pCEC coupling with ESI-MS for the analysis of β2-agonists and narcotics using a poly-(1-hexadecene-co-TMPTMA) monolithic column. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:1991-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Highly sensitive transient isotachophoresis sample stacking coupling with capillary electrophoresis-amperometric detection for analysis of doping substances. Talanta 2010; 81:1288-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2010.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 01/31/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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LU M, LI X, FENG Q, CHEN G, ZHANG L. Analysis of diuretics by capillary electrochromatography using poly(1-hexadecene- co-TMPTMA) monolithic column. Se Pu 2010; 28:253-9. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2010.00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Abstract
The list of prohibited substances in sports includes a group of masking agents that are forbidden in both in- and out-of-competition doping tests. This group consists of a series of compounds that are misused in sports to mask the administration of other doping agents, and includes: diuretics, used to reduce the concentration in urine of other doping agents either by increasing the urine volume or by reducing the excretion of basic doping agents by increasing the urinary pH; probenecid, used to reduce the concentration in urine of acidic compounds, such as glucuronoconjugates of some doping agents; 5alpha-reductase inhibitors, used to reduce the formation of 5alpha-reduced metabolites of anabolic androgenic steroids; plasma expanders, used to maintain the plasma volume after misuse of erythropoietin or red blood cells concentrates; and epitestosterone, used to mask the detection of the administration of testosterone. Diuretics may be also misused to achieve acute weight loss before competition in sports with weight categories. In this chapter, pharmacological modes of action, intended pharmacological effects for doping purposes, main routes of biotransformation and analytical procedures used for anti-doping controls to screen and confirm these substances will be reviewed and discussed.
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Xia S, Zhang L, Lu M, Qiu B, Chi Y, Chen G. Enantiomeric separation of chiral dipeptides by CE-ESI-MS employing a partial filling technique with chiral crown ether. Electrophoresis 2010; 30:2837-44. [PMID: 19655329 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Enantiomer of chiral dipeptides were separated by CE-ESI-MS in a bare fused-silica capillary using (+)-(18-crown-6)-2,3,11,12-tetracarboxylic acid (18C6H4) as the chiral selector. As 18C6H4 is a kind of nonvolatile chiral selector, in order to prevent from 18C6H4 into the ion-source of CE-ESI-MS, a partial filling technique was employed in this study. Some dipeptides with one chiral center or two chiral centers, such as DL-Leu-DL-Leu, D-Ala-D-Ala and L-Ala-L-Ala, Gly-D-Phe and Gly-L-Phe were used to evaluate this CE-ESI-MS system. Optimized conditions were achivevd with 2.0 mol/L acetic acid (pH 2.15) as the running electrolyte, 5 mM 18C6H4 in 3.0 mol/L acetic acid (pH 2.00) was injected hydrodynamically (50 mbar for 960 s) before sample injection. In total 7.5 mM acetic acid in 80% v/v methanol-water was used as the sheath liquid, and 20 kV applied voltage was used. Under the optimum conditions, these dipeptides were separated and detected. LODs (defined as S/N=3) of this method were 0.20, 0.10, 0.05 and 0.10 micromol/L for D-Ala-D-Ala, L-Ala-L-Ala, DL-Leu-DL-Leu, Gly-L-Phe and Gly-D-Phe, respectively. The RSDs (n=7) of the method were 0.68-2.08% for migration times and 2.32-5.24% for peak areas. The proposed method was also successfully applied to the enantioselective analysis of these dipeptides in the spiked serum samples with satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifei Xia
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
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Validation of a fast liquid chromatography–UV method for the analysis of drugs used in combined cardiovascular therapy in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:3045-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Revised: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Lu M, Zhang L, Lu Q, Chi Y, Chen G. Rapid analysis of peptides and amino acids by CE-ESI-MS using chemically modified fused-silica capillaries. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:2273-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Pontinha A, Oliveira S, Oliveira-Brett A. Electrochemical Oxidation of Metolazone at a Glassy Carbon Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200804352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Xia S, Zhang L, Qiu B, Lu M, Chi Y, Chen G. On-line preconcentration and quantitative analysis of peptide hormone of brain and intestine using on-column transient isotachophoresis coupled with capillary electrophoresis/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:3719-3726. [PMID: 18973196 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A new approach was described to achieve very sensitive analysis of peptide hormone of brain and intestine by capillary electrophoresis coupled with a transient isotachophoresis (tITP) preconcentration method. The system used was electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) as detector and equipped with a sheath flow configuration. The effects of sample matrix, pH and concentration of leading electrolyte (LE), sample injection time, and ESI-MS instrumental parameters on the efficiency of the sample stacking were investigated in detail. Under the optimized conditions, lower than micromole (0.01 microM) concentrations of the peptides were easily detected. Compared to traditional hydrodynamic injection methods, about 40-230-fold increase in detection sensitivity was obtained by this technique. A distinguishing feature of the described approach is that the background electrolyte can serve as terminating electrolyte (TE), which simplifies the process of the experiments. The method was further evaluated by the analysis of low concentration active peptide mixtures spiked in hypothalamus tissue of the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifei Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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Zheng L, Tong P, Zheng X, Chi Y, Chen G, Zhang L. Electrostacking online sample pre-concentration capillary electrophoresis with amperometric detection for β2-agonists in human urine. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:3556-64. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Thörngren JO, Ostervall F, Garle M. A high-throughput multicomponent screening method for diuretics, masking agents, central nervous system (CNS) stimulants and opiates in human urine by UPLC-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2008; 43:980-992. [PMID: 18576434 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A simple and rapid multicomponent screening method of 130 substances for direct injections of urine samples has been developed. The fully automated method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is used for three different classes of doping agents: diuretics, central nervous system stimulants (CNS stimulants) and opiates. The samples are diluted with buffer containing internal standards (IS) by a pipetting robot system into 96-well plates. Samples are injected on a reversed phase sub 2-microm particle column connected to a fast polarity switching and rapid scanning tandem mass spectrometer with an electrospray interface. The software used to evaluate the results produced reports containing a small-sized window for each component and a data table list with flags to indicate any adverse analytical findings in the sample. The report can also be processed automatically using an application software, which interpret the data and indicate if there is a suspicious sample. One 96-well plate can be analyzed within 16 h.
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Lu M, Zhang L, Feng Q, Xia S, Chi Y, Tong P, Chen G. Pressure-assisted capillary electrochromatography with electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry based on silica-based monolithic column for rapid analysis of narcotics. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:936-43. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Schappler J, Guillarme D, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL. Microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography hyphenated to atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:11-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zhang Z, Wang D, Zhang L, Du M, Chen G. Determination of diuretics in human urine by hollow fiber-based liquid–liquid–liquid microextraction coupled to high performance liquid chromatography. Analyst 2008; 133:1187-94. [DOI: 10.1039/b802679c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Song EJ, Babar SME, Oh E, Hasan MN, Hong HM, Yoo YS. CE at the omics level: Towards systems biology – An update. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:129-42. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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