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Krenkova J, Foret F. Microfabricated Liquid Junction Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry Interface. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2531:61-68. [PMID: 35941478 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2493-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Coupling of capillary electrophoresis (CE) with mass spectrometry (MS) represents a powerful combination for performing rapid, efficient, and sensitive analysis of a variety of compounds. Here we describe a construction, operation, and application of a microfabricated liquid junction CE-MS interface. The interface is designed as a microfabricated unit with an integrated liquid junction and electrospray tip made from polyimide, which is positioned in a plastic connection block securing the separation CE capillary and attachable to the CE instrument. The application was demonstrated by CE-MS analysis of dextran oligomers labeled by (2-aminoethyl)trimethylammonium (AETMA) salt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Krenkova
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Frantisek Foret
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
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2
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Krenkova J, Kleparnik K, Luksch J, Foret F. Microfabricated liquid junction hybrid capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry interface for fully automated operation. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:2263-2270. [PMID: 30794321 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
One of the challenging instrumental aspects in coupling an automated CE instrument with ESI mass spectrometry (CE-MS) is finding the balance between the stability, reproducibility and sensitivity of the analysis and compatibility with the standard CE instrumentation. Here, we present a development of a new liquid junction based electrospray interface for automated CE-MS, with a focus on the technical design followed by computer modeling of transport conditions as well as characterization of basic performance of the interface. This hybrid arrangement designed as a microfabricated unit attachable to the automated CE instrument allows using of a wide range of separation capillaries with respect to their diameter, length or internal coating (e.g., for suppressed electroosmotic flow). Different compositions of the ESI liquid and background electrolyte solutions can be used if needed. The microfabricated part, prepared by laser machining from polyimide, includes a self-aligning liquid junction, a short transport channel, and a pointed sprayer for the electrospray ionization. This microfabricated part is positioned in a plastic connection block securing the separation capillary and flushing ports. Transport conditions were modelled using computer simulation and the real life performance of the interface was compared to that of a commercial sheath liquid interface. The basic performance of the interface was demonstrated by separations of peptides, proteins, and oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Krenkova
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Kleparnik
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Luksch
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Foret
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,CEITEC Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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3
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Beutner A, Herl T, Matysik FM. Selectivity enhancement in capillary electrophoresis by means of two-dimensional separation or dual detection concepts. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1057:18-35. [PMID: 30832915 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
For the identification and quantification of analytes in complex samples, highly selective analytical strategies are required. The selectivity of single separation techniques such as gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC), or capillary electrophoresis (CE) with common detection principles can be enhanced by hyphenating orthogonal separation techniques but also by using complementary detection systems. In this review, two-dimensional systems containing CE in at least one dimension are reviewed, namely LC-CE or 2D CE systems. Particular attention is paid to the aspect of selectivity enhancement due to the orthogonality of the different separation mechanisms. As an alternative concept, dual detection approaches are reviewed using the common detectors of CE such as UV/VIS, laser-induced fluorescence, capacitively coupled contactless conductivity (C4D), electrochemical detection, and mass spectrometry. Special emphasis is given to dual detection systems implementing the highly flexible C4D as one detection component. Selectivity enhancement can be achieved in case of complementarity of the different detection techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Beutner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Herl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Frank-Michael Matysik
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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4
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Francisco KJM, do Lago CL. Improving thermal control of capillary electrophoresis with mass spectrometry and capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection by using 3D printed cartridges. Talanta 2018; 185:37-41. [PMID: 29759214 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A 3D-printed cartridge was developed to improve the interface between a capillary electrophoresis instrument and a mass spectrometer. The thermostated airflow from the CE was guided to the entrance of the electrospray source keeping as much as possible the silica capillary in a proper Joule-heating dissipation environment. Hollow 3D-printed walls made of ABS covered by a 0.2 mm thick copper foil on the inner side were used. The cartridge also allows including up to two capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detectors (C4Ds). Experiments about the separation of monoethyl carbonate (a thermally unstable species) shows that the peak area obtained with the original cartridge is only 21% of the value obtained with the 3D-printed cartridge, which demonstrates the improvement in heat dissipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelliton José Mendonça Francisco
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo, SP CEP 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Claudimir Lucio do Lago
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo, SP CEP 05508-000, Brazil.
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5
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Francisco KJM, do Lago CL. A capillary electrophoresis system with dual capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:1718-24. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudimir Lucio do Lago
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry; University of São Paulo; São Paulo - SP CEP Brazil
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6
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Tycova A, Prikryl J, Foret F. Reproducible preparation of nanospray tips for capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry using 3D printed grinding device. Electrophoresis 2015; 37:924-30. [PMID: 26626777 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The use of high quality fused silica capillary nanospray tips is critical for obtaining reliable and reproducible electrospray/MS data; however, reproducible laboratory preparation of such tips is a challenging task. In this work, we report on the design and construction of low-cost grinding device assembled from 3D printed and commercially easily available components. Detailed description and characterization of the grinding device is complemented by freely accessible files in stl and skp format allowing easy laboratory replication of the device. The process of sharpening is aimed at achieving maximal symmetricity, surface smoothness and repeatability of the conus shape. Moreover, the presented grinding device brings possibility to fabricate the nanospray tips of desired dimensions regardless of the commercial availability. On several samples of biological nature (reserpine, rabbit plasma, and the mixture of three aminoacids), performance of fabricated tips is shown on CE coupled to MS analysis. The special interest is paid to the effect of tip sharpness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tycova
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the CAS, v. v. i, Brno, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Prikryl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the CAS, v. v. i, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Foret
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the CAS, v. v. i, Brno, Czech Republic.,CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
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7
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Capillary electrophoresis in an extended nanospray tip–electrospray as an electrophoretic column. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1388:274-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Cheng YQ, Su Y, Fang XX, Pan JZ, Fang Q. A simple fabrication method for tapered capillary tip and its applications in high-speed CE and ESI-MS. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:1484-8. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Qiang Cheng
- Department of Chemistry; Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
- Institute of Oceanographic Instrumentation; Shandong Academy of Sciences; Qingdao China
| | - Yuan Su
- Department of Chemistry; Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Xiao-Xia Fang
- Department of Chemistry; Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Jian-Zhang Pan
- Department of Chemistry; Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Qun Fang
- Department of Chemistry; Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
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9
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Zhong X, Zhang Z, Jiang S, Li L. Recent advances in coupling capillary electrophoresis-based separation techniques to ESI and MALDI-MS. Electrophoresis 2013; 35:1214-25. [PMID: 24170529 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Coupling CE-based separation techniques to MS creates a powerful platform for analysis of a wide range of biomolecules from complex samples because it combines the high separation efficiency of CE and the sensitivity and selectivity of MS detection. ESI and MALDI, as the most common soft ionization techniques employed for CE and MS coupling, offer distinct advantages for biomolecular characterization. This review is focused primarily on technological advances in combining CE and chip-based CE with ESI and MALDI-MS detection in the past five years. Selected applications in the analyses of metabolites, peptides, and proteins with recently developed CE-MS platforms are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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10
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Krenkova J, Foret F. On-line CE/ESI/MS interfacing: recent developments and applications in proteomics. Proteomics 2012; 12:2978-90. [PMID: 22888067 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
After shining as the ultimate separation - sequencing technique used for the successful completion of the Human Genome Project, in the early 2000s CE experienced lowered popularity among separation scientists. The renewed interest in recent years relates to the separation needs, especially in proteomics, metabolomics, and glycomics, where CE complements liquid chromatography techniques. This interest is further boosted by the regulators requiring additional separation techniques for characterization of newly developed pharmaceuticals. This paper gives a short overview of recent developments in the on-line interfacing of CE separation techniques with electrospray ionization/mass spectrometric analysis. Both the instrumentation and selected CE/ESI/MS applications including analyses of peptides, proteins, and glycans are discussed with the stress on research published in the past 3 years. Techniques related to the proteomic and glycomic analyses such as sample preconcentration, on-line protein digestion, and analyte derivatization prior CE/ESI/MS analysis are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Krenkova
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the ASCR, Brno, Czech Republic.
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11
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Huhn C, Ruhaak LR, Mannhardt J, Wuhrer M, Neusüß C, Deelder AM, Meyer H. Alignment of laser-induced fluorescence and mass spectrometric detection traces using electrophoretic mobility scaling in CE-LIF-MS of labeled N-glycans. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:563-6. [PMID: 22451048 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The combination of optical detection techniques like photometry (UV) or laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) with mass spectrometry for capillary electrophoresis offers advantages, both for later use of stand-alone CE-UV or CE-LIF systems and for combined CE-UV-MS or CE-LIF-MS analysis. Faster method development is enabled, the identification of analytes is facilitated, and it allows christian the optical detection scheme to be used for more precise quantification. However, shortcomings of current methodology and equipment hindered the broader use of such detection combinations mainly due to the long distance between the detection points (at least 20 cm). Large shifts in migration times and changes in resolution are visible between the detection traces hindering their straightforward comparison. We present here novel equipment for a robust coupling of CE-LIF-MS with the shortest possible distance between detection points (12 cm) determined by the length of the electrospray needle. In addition, we encourage the use of a normalization of detection traces using a scale of effective electrophoretic mobility to obtain the same x-scale for both detection traces. As an example, the proposed methodology is applied to a mixture of labeled as well as non-labeled N-glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Huhn
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Central Division of Analytical Chemistry, Jülich, Germany.
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12
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Hezinová V, Aturki Z, Klepárník K, D'Orazio G, Foret F, Fanali S. Simultaneous analysis of cocaine and its metabolites in urine by capillary electrophoresis-electrospray mass spectrometry using a pressurized liquid junction nanoflow interface. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:653-60. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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13
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Mai TD, Hauser PC. Contactless conductivity detection for electrophoretic microseparation techniques. CHEM REC 2011; 12:106-13. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201100039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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14
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Hommerson P, Khan AM, de Jong GJ, Somsen GW. Ionization techniques in capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry: principles, design, and application. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:1096-1120. [PMID: 21462232 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A major step forward in the development and application of capillary electrophoresis (CE) was its coupling to ESI-MS, first reported in 1987. More than two decades later, ESI has remained the principal ionization technique in CE-MS, but a number of other ionization techniques have also been implemented. In this review the state-of-the-art in the employment of soft ionization techniques for CE-MS is presented. First the fundamentals and general challenges of hyphenating conventional CE and microchip electrophoresis with MS are outlined. After elaborating on the characteristics and role of ESI, emphasis is put on alternative ionization techniques including sonic spray ionization (SSI), thermospray ionization (TSI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI), matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) and continuous-flow fast atom bombardment (CF-FAB). The principle of each ionization technique is outlined and the experimental set-ups of the CE-MS couplings are described. The strengths and limitations of each ionization technique with respect to CE-MS are discussed and the applicability of the various systems is illustrated by a number of typical examples.
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MESH Headings
- Electrophoresis, Capillary/instrumentation
- Electrophoresis, Capillary/methods
- Equipment Design/instrumentation
- Equipment Design/methods
- Pharmaceutical Preparations/analysis
- Pharmaceutical Preparations/chemistry
- Proteins/analysis
- Proteins/chemistry
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/methods
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hommerson
- Department of Biomedical Analysis, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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15
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[Application of capillary electrophoresis in analysis of disease specific proteins]. Se Pu 2011; 29:298-302. [PMID: 21770237 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2011.00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most urgent things in life science is to find out special proteins related to human diseases. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) shows many advantages in protein analysis, such as high separation efficiency, high speed, low cost, etc. Furthermore, there are many different separation modes and multifarious detectors can be chosen in CE for the analysis of different samples. In this paper, the applications of CE in the analysis of specific proteins, which might associate with some serious diseases, such as tumor, neurodegenerative disease and transfusion transmitted infections, are summarized.
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Caslavska J, Jung B, Thormann W. Confirmation analysis of ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate in human serum and urine by CZE-ESI-MSn after intake of alcoholic beverages. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:1760-4. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Kubáň P, Hauser PC. Capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection for microseparation techniques - recent developments. Electrophoresis 2010; 32:30-42. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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El Rassi Z. Electrophoretic and electrochromatographic separation of proteins in capillaries: an update covering 2007-2009. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:174-91. [PMID: 20039288 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This review article covers 3-year period from 2007 to 2009 and is a continuation of the review article by V. Dolnik, [Electrophoresis 2008, 29, 143-156]. This article with 125 references describes recent developments in CE and CEC of proteins in capillary format and does not cover the developments of CE and CEC in microchip format, since Tran et al. review the microchip subject in this special issue. The present review article has four major topics including (i) the separation media, (ii) multidimensional separations, (iii) detection, and (iv) applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad El Rassi
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-3071, USA.
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19
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Klepárník K, Otevřel M. Analyte transport in liquid junction nano-electrospray interface between capillary electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:879-85. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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20
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Klampfl CW. CE with MS detection: A rapidly developing hyphenated technique. Electrophoresis 2009; 30 Suppl 1:S83-91. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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21
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Abstract
In the postgenomic era, proteomics has become a dominant field for identifying and quantifying the complex protein machinery of the cell. The expression levels, posttranslational modifications, and specific interactions of proteins control the biology of such processes as development, differentiation, and signal transduction. Studies of the proteins involved in these processes often lead to a better understanding of biology and of human disease. Powerful separation techniques and sensitive detection methods enable researchers to untangle these complicated networks of processes. CE coupled with either MS or LIF are two of the techniques that make this possible. This review will cover proven CE-based methods for proteomics on the cell and tissue level and their application in biological and clinical studies, relevant new developments in enabling technology such as microfluidic CE-MS demonstrated on model systems, and comment on the future of CE in proteomics.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Electrophoresis, Capillary/instrumentation
- Electrophoresis, Capillary/methods
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Proteins/analysis
- Proteins/genetics
- Proteome/analysis
- Proteomics/methods
- Sequence Alignment
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/methods
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan R Fonslow
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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22
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Multi-compound electrophoretic assays for tyramine oxidase with a UV area detector imaging multiple windows on a looped capillary. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1206:52-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2008] [Revised: 05/29/2008] [Accepted: 06/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Research Spotlight: J. Sep. Sci. 20/2008. J Sep Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200890077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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24
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Kostal V, Katzenmeyer J, Arriaga EA. Capillary electrophoresis in bioanalysis. Anal Chem 2008; 80:4533-50. [PMID: 18484738 DOI: 10.1021/ac8007384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vratislav Kostal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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