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Liu L, Chen D, Wang J, Chen J. Advances of Single-Cell Protein Analysis. Cells 2020; 9:E1271. [PMID: 32443882 PMCID: PMC7290353 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins play a significant role in the key activities of cells. Single-cell protein analysis provides crucial insights in studying cellular heterogeneities. However, the low abundance and enormous complexity of the proteome posit challenges in analyzing protein expressions at the single-cell level. This review summarizes recent advances of various approaches to single-cell protein analysis. We begin by discussing conventional characterization approaches, including fluorescence flow cytometry, mass cytometry, enzyme-linked immunospot assay, and capillary electrophoresis. We then detail the landmark advances of microfluidic approaches for analyzing single-cell protein expressions, including microfluidic fluorescent flow cytometry, droplet-based microfluidics, microwell-based assay (microengraving), microchamber-based assay (barcoding microchips), and single-cell Western blotting, among which the advantages and limitations are compared. Looking forward, we discuss future research opportunities and challenges for multiplexity, analyte, throughput, and sensitivity of the microfluidic approaches, which we believe will prompt the research of single-cell proteins such as the molecular mechanism of cell biology, as well as the clinical applications for tumor treatment and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (L.L.); (D.C.)
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Deyong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (L.L.); (D.C.)
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Future Technologies, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junbo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (L.L.); (D.C.)
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Future Technologies, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (L.L.); (D.C.)
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Future Technologies, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Zhang HX, Lin XM, Wang AL, Zhao YL, Chu HB. Fluorescence enhancement of europium complexes by core-shell Ag@SiO₂ nanoparticles. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 151:716-722. [PMID: 26172458 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Three kinds of core-shell Ag@SiO2 nanoparticles with shell thickness of around 10, 15, and 25 nm, respectively, have been prepared by modified Stöber method and used for fluorescence enhancement. Six kinds of europium complexes with halobenzoic acid have been synthesized. Elemental analysis and lanthanide coordination titration show that the complexes have the compositions of Eu(p-XBA)3·H2O and Eu(o-XBA)3·2H2O (X=F, Cl, Br). The fluorescence spectra investigation indicates that the introduction of Ag@SiO2 nanoparticles into the europium complexes' solution can significantly enhance the fluorescence intensities of the complexes. The sequence of enhancement factors for halobenzoic acid complexes with different halogen atoms is F<Cl<Br, and the fluorescence enhancement factors increase as the excitation wavelength of complexes increase. When the thickness of the SiO2 shell is 25 nm, the fluorescence intensity of the europium complexes can reach a maximum enhancement factor of 5.1. The fluorescence enhancement mechanism may be the metal-enhanced fluorescence resulting from surface plasmon resonance of nanoparticles. And the nanoparticles near the complexes can effectively prevent complexes from the interaction with the solvent molecules, leading to a decrease of nonradiative energy transfer and the suppression of luminescence quench.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Xia Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Huhhot 010021, China
| | - Xue-Mei Lin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Huhhot 010021, China
| | - Ai-Ling Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Huhhot 010021, China
| | - Yong-Liang Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Huhhot 010021, China
| | - Hai-Bin Chu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Huhhot 010021, China.
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Sun L, Zhu G, Yan X, Dovichi NJ. High sensitivity capillary zone electrophoresis-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry for the rapid analysis of complex proteomes. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2013; 17:795-800. [PMID: 23911612 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The vast majority of bottom-up proteomic studies employ reversed-phase separation of tryptic digests coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. These studies are remarkably successful for the analysis of samples containing micrograms of protein. However, liquid chromatography tends to perform poorly for samples containing nanogram amounts of protein, presumably due to loss of trace-level peptides within the chromatographic system. Capillary zone electrophoresis provides a much simpler flow system and would appear to be an attractive alternative to liquid chromatography for separation of small peptide samples before electrospray ionization and mass spectrometry detection. However, capillary zone electrophoresis has received very little attention as a tool for analysis of complex proteomes. In 2012, we reported the use of capillary zone electrophoresis for the analysis of the secretome of Mycobacterium marinum, a model system for tuberculosis. Roughly 400 peptides and over 100 proteins were identified from this medium-complexity proteome; this identification required analysis of a set of 11 fractions and occupied three hours of mass spectrometer time. We have recently employed an improved capillary zone electrophoresis system for the analysis of 100 ng of the Escherichia coli proteome and observed over 1300 peptides and nearly 350 proteins in a single separation. More interestingly, analysis of 1 ng of the E. coli proteome yielded over 600 peptide and 140 protein groups. This sample size approaches that of a large eukaryotic cell, suggesting that capillary zone electrophoresis may ultimately be a useful tool for chemical cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Guijie Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Xiaojing Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Norman J Dovichi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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Abstract
Microscale 2D separation systems have been implemented in capillaries and microfabricated channels. They offer advantages of faster analysis, higher separation efficiency and less sample consumption than the conventional methods, such as liquid chromatography (LC) in a column and slab gel electrophoresis. In this article, we review their recent advancement, focusing on three types of platforms, including 2D capillary electrophoresis (CE), CE coupling with capillary LC, and microfluidic devices. A variety of CE and LC modes have been employed to construct 2D separation systems via sophistically designed interfaces. Coupling of different separation modes has also been realized in a number of microfluidic devices. These separation systems have been applied for the proteomic analysis of various biological samples, ranging from a single cell to tumor tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-6250, USA
| | - Ke Liu
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-6250, USA
| | - Z. Hugh Fan
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-6250, USA
- J Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-6131, USA
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Lowry M, Fakayode SO, Geng ML, Baker GA, Wang L, McCarroll ME, Patonay G, Warner IM. Molecular Fluorescence, Phosphorescence, and Chemiluminescence Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2008; 80:4551-74. [DOI: 10.1021/ac800749v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lowry
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale,
| | - Sayo O. Fakayode
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale,
| | - Maxwell L. Geng
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale,
| | - Gary A. Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale,
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale,
| | - Matthew E. McCarroll
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale,
| | - Gabor Patonay
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale,
| | - Isiah M. Warner
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale,
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