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Suntornsuk L, Anurukvorakun O. Sensitivity enhancement in capillary electrophoresis and their applications for analyses of pharmaceutical and related biochemical substances. Electrophoresis 2021; 43:939-954. [PMID: 34902168 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to illustrate sensitivity enhancement methods in capillary electrophoresis (CE) and their applications for pharmaceutical and related biochemical substance analyses. The first two parts of the article describe the introduction and principle of CE. The main part focuses on strategies for sensitivity improvement in CE including detector and capillary technologies and pre-concentration techniques. Applications of these techniques for pharmaceutical and biomedical substance analyses are surveyed during the years 2018-2021. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Suntornsuk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Oraphan Anurukvorakun
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Phranakorn Rajabhat University, Bangkok, 10220, Thailand
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2
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Kauppila TJ, Syage JA, Benter T. Recent developments in atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:423-449. [PMID: 25988849 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI), which is one of the three most important ionization techniques in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, are reviewed. The emphasis is on the practical aspects of APPI analysis, its combination with different separation techniques, novel instrumental developments - especially in gas chromatography and ambient mass spectrometry - and the applications that have appeared in 2009-2014. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:423-449, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina J Kauppila
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Finland
| | - Jack A Syage
- Morpho Detection, 1251 E. Dyer Rd., Santa Ana, CA 92705, USA
| | - Thorsten Benter
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
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3
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Abstract
Microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC) is a special mode of capillary electrophoresis employing a microemulsion as carrier electrolyte. Analytes may partition between the aqueous phase of the microemulsion and its oil droplets which act as a pseudostationary phase. The technique is well suited for the separation of neutral species, in which case charged oil droplets (obtained by addition of an anionic or cationic surfactant) are present. A single set of separation parameters may be sufficient for separation of a wide range of analytes belonging to quite different chemical classes. Fine-tuning of resolution and analysis time may be achieved by addition of organic solvents, by changes in the nature of the surfactants (and cosurfactants) used to stabilize the microemulsion, or by various additives that may undergo some additional interactions with the analytes. Besides the separation of neutral analytes (which may be the most important application area of MEEKC), it can also be employed for cationic and/or anionic species. In this chapter, MEEKC conditions are summarized that have proven their reliability for routine analysis. Furthermore, the mechanisms encountered in MEEKC allow an efficient on-capillary preconcentration of analytes, so that the problem of poor concentration sensitivity of ultraviolet absorbance detection is circumvented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Buchberger
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Universität Linz, TNF-Tower, T 209, Altenbergerstraße 69, Linz, 4040, Austria.
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4
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Miller TH, Musenga A, Cowan DA, Barron LP. Prediction of Chromatographic Retention Time in High-Resolution Anti-Doping Screening Data Using Artificial Neural Networks. Anal Chem 2013; 85:10330-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4024878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H. Miller
- Analytical & Environmental Sciences Division, School of Biomedical Sciences, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro Musenga
- Analytical & Environmental Sciences Division, School of Biomedical Sciences, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Cowan
- Analytical & Environmental Sciences Division, School of Biomedical Sciences, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Leon P. Barron
- Analytical & Environmental Sciences Division, School of Biomedical Sciences, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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Yang H, Ding Y, Cao J, Li P. Twenty-one years of microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (1991-2012): A powerful analytical tool. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:1273-94. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (China Pharmaceutical University); Nanjing; P. R. China
| | - Yao Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (China Pharmaceutical University); Nanjing; P. R. China
| | - Jun Cao
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou; P. R. China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (China Pharmaceutical University); Nanjing; P. R. China
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6
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Yu L, Chu K, Ye H, Liu X, Yu L, Xu X, Chen G. Recent advances in microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Hommerson P, Khan AM, de Jong GJ, Somsen GW. Ionization techniques in capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry: principles, design, and application. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:1096-1120. [PMID: 21462232 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A major step forward in the development and application of capillary electrophoresis (CE) was its coupling to ESI-MS, first reported in 1987. More than two decades later, ESI has remained the principal ionization technique in CE-MS, but a number of other ionization techniques have also been implemented. In this review the state-of-the-art in the employment of soft ionization techniques for CE-MS is presented. First the fundamentals and general challenges of hyphenating conventional CE and microchip electrophoresis with MS are outlined. After elaborating on the characteristics and role of ESI, emphasis is put on alternative ionization techniques including sonic spray ionization (SSI), thermospray ionization (TSI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI), matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) and continuous-flow fast atom bombardment (CF-FAB). The principle of each ionization technique is outlined and the experimental set-ups of the CE-MS couplings are described. The strengths and limitations of each ionization technique with respect to CE-MS are discussed and the applicability of the various systems is illustrated by a number of typical examples.
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MESH Headings
- Electrophoresis, Capillary/instrumentation
- Electrophoresis, Capillary/methods
- Equipment Design/instrumentation
- Equipment Design/methods
- Pharmaceutical Preparations/analysis
- Pharmaceutical Preparations/chemistry
- Proteins/analysis
- Proteins/chemistry
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/methods
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hommerson
- Department of Biomedical Analysis, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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He J, Shamsi SA. Chiral micellar electrokinetic chromatography-atmospheric pressure photoionization of benzoin derivatives using mixed molecular micelles. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:1164-75. [PMID: 21500208 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2010] [Revised: 01/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In the present work we report, for the first time, the successful on-line coupling of chiral MEKC (CMEKC) to atmospheric pressure photoionization MS (APPI-MS). Four structurally similar neutral test solutes (e.g. benzoin (BNZ) derivatives) were successfully ionized by APPI-MS. The mass spectra in the positive ion mode showed that the protonated molecular ions of BNZs are not the most abundant fragment ions. Simultaneous enantioseparation by CMEKC and on-line APPI-MS detection of four photoinitiators, hydrobenzoin, BNZ, benzoin methyl ether, benzoin ethyl ether, were achieved using an optimized molar ratio of mixed molecular micelle of two polymeric chiral surfactants (polysodium N-undecenoxy carbonyl-L-leucinate and polysodium N-undecenoyl-L,L-leucylvalinate). The CMEKC conditions, such as voltage, chiral polymeric surfactant concentration, buffer pH, and BGE concentration, were optimized using a multivariate central composite design (CCD). The sheath liquid composition (involving %v/v methanol, dopant concentration, electrolyte additive concentration, and flow rate) and spray chamber parameters (drying gas flow rate, drying gas temperature, and vaporizer temperature) were also optimized with CCD. Models built based on the CCD results and response surface method were used to analyze the interactions between factors and their effects on the responses. The final overall optimum conditions for CMEKC-APPI-MS were also predicted and found in agreement with the experimentally optimized parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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9
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Malmström D, Axén J, Bergquist J, Viberg P, Spégel P. Continuous full filling capillary electrochromatography-electrospraying chromatographic nanoparticles. Electrophoresis 2010; 32:261-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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10
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Ryan R, McEvoy E, Sheila Donegan, Power J, Altria K. Recent developments in the methodology and application of MEEKC. Electrophoresis 2010; 32:184-201. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 08/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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11
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Pantůčková P, Gebauer P, Boček P, Křivánková L. Recent advances in CE-MS: Synergy of wet chemistry and instrumentation innovations. Electrophoresis 2010; 32:43-51. [PMID: 21171112 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
CE with MS detection is a hyphenated technique which greatly improves the ability of CE to deal with real samples, especially with those coming from biology and medicine, where the target analytes are present as trace amounts in very complex matrices. CE-MS is now almost a routine technique performed on commercially available instruments. It faces currently a tremendous development of the technique itself as well as of its wide application area. Great interest in CE-MS is reflected in the scientific literature by many original research articles and also by numerous reviews. The review presented here has a general scope and belongs to a series of regularly published reviews on the topic. It covers the literature from the last 2 years, since January 2008 till June 2010. It brings a critical selection of related literature sorted into groups reflecting the main topics of actual scientific interest: (i) innovations in CE-ESI-MS, (ii) use of alternative interfaces, and (iii) ways to enhance sensitivity. Special attention is paid to novel electrolyte systems amenable to CE-MS including nonvolatile BGEs, to advanced CE separation principles such as MEKC, MEEKC, chiral CE, and to the use of preconcentration techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Pantůčková
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
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12
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Aurora-Prado MS, Silva CA, Tavares MFM, Altria KD. Rapid Determination of Water-Soluble and Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Commercial Formulations by MEEKC. Chromatographia 2010. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-010-1704-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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13
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Badoud F, Grata E, Perrenoud L, Saugy M, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL. Fast analysis of doping agents in urine by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. II: Confirmatory analysis. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:4109-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Somsen GW, Mol R, de Jong GJ. On-line coupling of electrokinetic chromatography and mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:3978-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Revised: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W. Frost
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Meng Jing
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Michael T. Bowser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
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16
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Axén J, Malmström D, Axelsson BO, Petersson P, Sjöberg PJR. Efforts to improve detection sensitivity for capillary electrophoresis coupled to atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:1260-1264. [PMID: 20391596 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization performs best with volatile buffers. However, generally the best separation performance for capillary electrophoresis (CE) is achieved with non-volatile buffers. Hyphenation of CE with mass spectrometry (MS) utilizing atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) enables use of a wider range of separation buffers without compromising detection sensitivity. As APPI is considered to be mass flow sensitive, the use of a larger inner diameter separation capillary (75 microm) allows larger volumes to be injected, without decreased separation performance, thus providing improved sensitivity (approx. a factor of 10), compared to the use of a 25 microm capillary. However, nebulizing gas flow and position of capillary tip in the sprayer have to be carefully optimized to prevent excessive band broadening. Further improvement in sensitivity (approx. a factor of 2) was obtained by decreasing the distance between the sprayer and ionization region, indicating that a specially designed CE/APPI-MS interface for low flow rates will be favourable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Axén
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 599, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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17
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Recent advances of capillary electrophoresis in pharmaceutical analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:29-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3741-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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18
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Bytzek AK, Reithofer MR, Galanski M, Groessl M, Keppler BK, Hartinger CG. The first example of MEEKC-ICP-MS coupling and its application for the analysis of anticancer platinum complexes. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:1144-1150. [PMID: 20349510 PMCID: PMC3512080 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
MEEKC is a powerful electrodriven separation technique with many applications in different disciplines, including medicinal chemistry; however, up to now the coupling to highly sensitive and selective MS detectors was limited due to the ion suppressive effect of the commonly used surfactant SDS. Herein, the first example of the coupling of MEEKC to ICP-MS is presented and an MEEKC method for the separation of Pt(II) and Pt(IV) anticancer drugs and drug candidates was developed. Different compositions of microemulsions were evaluated and the data were compared with those collected with standard ultraviolet/visible (UV/vis) spectroscopy detection. The MEEKC-ICP-MS system was found to be more sensitive than MEEKC-UV/vis and the analysis of UV/vis silent compounds is now achievable. The migration behavior of the Pt(II) and Pt(IV) compounds under investigation is correlated to their different chemical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K. Bytzek
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael R. Reithofer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Galanski
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Groessl
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard K. Keppler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian G. Hartinger
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Henchoz Y, Romand S, Schappler J, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL, Carrupt PA. High-throughput log P determination by MEEKC coupled with UV and MS detections. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:952-64. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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20
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Ryan R, Donegan S, Power J, Altria K. Advances in the theory and application of MEEKC. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:755-67. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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21
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Tagliaro F, Pascali J, Fanigliulo A, Bortolotti F. Recent advances in the application of CE to forensic sciences: A update over years 2007â2009. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:251-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Gilpin
- Brehm Research Laboratory University Park, Wright State University, Fairborn, Ohio 45324-2031, USA
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Ryan R, Donegan S, Power J, McEvoy E, Altria K. Recent advances in the methodology, optimisation and application of MEEKC. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:65-82. [PMID: 19107700 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
MEEKC is an electrodriven separation technique. Oil-in-water microemulsions (MEs) and to a lesser extent water-in-oil MEs have been used in MEEKC as BGEs to achieve separation of a diverse range of solutes. The more common (oil-in-water) MEs are composed of nanometre-sized droplets of oil suspended in an aqueous buffer. Interfacial tension between the oil and aqueous phase is reduced close to zero by the presence of a surfactant and a co-surfactant. MEEKC is capable of providing fast and efficient separations for a wide range of acidic, basic and neutral, water-soluble and -insoluble compounds. This review details the advances in MEEKC-based separations from the period 2006 to 2008. Areas covered include online sample concentration, chiral separation, suppressed electroosmosis MEEKC, MEEKC-MS, and the use of MEEKC in predicting migration behaviour and solute characteristics. A fundamental introduction to MEEKC, along with the presentation and discussion of recent applications is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richie Ryan
- Waterford Institute of Technology, Cork Road Campus, Waterford, Ireland.
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Hommerson P, Khan AM, de Jong GJ, Somsen GW. Capillary electrophoresis-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry using an orthogonal interface: set-up and system parameters. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2009; 20:1311-1318. [PMID: 19349196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2009.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2009] [Revised: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) as an alternative ionization technique for capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) was investigated using a grounded sheath-flow CE-MS sprayer and an orthogonal APCI source. Infusion experiments indicated that highest analyte signals were achieved when the sprayer tip was in close vicinity of the vaporizer entrance. The APCI-MS set-up enabled detection of basic, neutral, and acidic compounds, whereas apolar and ionic compounds could not be detected. In the positive ion mode, analytes could be detected in the entire transfer voltage range (0-5 kV), whereas highest signal intensities were observed when the corona discharge current was between 1000 and 2000 nA. In the negative ion mode, the transfer voltage typically was 500 V and the optimum corona discharge current was 6000 nA. Analyte signals were raised with increasing nebulizing gas pressure, but the pressure was limited to 25 psi to avoid siphoning and current drops. Signal intensities appeared to be optimal and constant over a wide range of sheath liquid flow rate (5-25 microL/min) and vaporizer temperature (200-350 degrees C). APCI-MS signals were unaffected by the composition of the background electrolyte (BGE), even when it contained sodium phosphate and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Consequently, BGE composition, sheath-liquid flow rate, and vaporizer temperature can be optimized with respect to the CE separation without affecting the APCI-MS response. The analysis of a mixture of basic compounds and a steroid using volatile and nonvolatile BGEs further demonstrates the feasibility of CE-APCI-MS. Detection limits (S/N = 3) were 1.6-10 microM injected concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hommerson
- Department of Biomedical Analysis, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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25
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Klampfl CW. CE with MS detection: A rapidly developing hyphenated technique. Electrophoresis 2009; 30 Suppl 1:S83-91. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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26
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Quirino JP, Haddad PR. Neutral analyte focusing by micelle collapse in partial-filling MEKC with UV and ESI-MS detection. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1670-4. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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27
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Wan H, Åhman M, Holmén AG. Relationship between Brain Tissue Partitioning and Microemulsion Retention Factors of CNS Drugs. J Med Chem 2009; 52:1693-700. [DOI: 10.1021/jm801441s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wan
- Lead Generation, DMPK and Physical Chemistry, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Madeleine Åhman
- Lead Generation, DMPK and Physical Chemistry, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Anders G. Holmén
- Lead Generation, DMPK and Physical Chemistry, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
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28
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Li FA, Huang JL, Shen SY, Wang CW, Her GR. Development of a Liquid-Junction/Low-Flow Interface for Phosphate Buffer Capillary Electrophoresis Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2009; 81:2810-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ac802491y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fu-An Li
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Li Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Yu Shen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Che-Wei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guor-Rong Her
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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29
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Henchoz Y, Bard B, Guillarme D, Carrupt PA, Veuthey JL, Martel S. Analytical tools for the physicochemical profiling of drug candidates to predict absorption/distribution. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:707-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2634-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Revised: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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He J, Shamsi SA. Multivariate approach for the enantioselective analysis in micellar electrokinetic chromatography-mass spectrometry. I. Simultaneous optimization of binaphthyl derivatives in negative ion mode. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:845-56. [PMID: 19110258 PMCID: PMC2861921 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2008] [Revised: 11/10/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A mixture of two molecular micelles polysodium N-undecenoxy carbonyl-L-leucinate, (poly-L-SUCL) and polysodium N-undecanoyl leucylvalinate, (poly-L-SULV) was utilized in micellar electrokinetic chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (MEKC-ESI-MS) to simultaneously separate and detect enantiomers of binaphthyl derivatives. Separation parameters such as background buffer composition, voltage, temperature, and nebulizer pressure were optimized using a multivariate central composite design (CCD). Baseline enantioseparation for both analytes was achieved. The CCD was also used in the optimization of sheath liquid and spray chamber parameters to achieve optimum ESI-MS response. The results demonstrate that CCD is a powerful tool for the optimization of MEKC-MS parameters and the response surface model analysis can provide in-depth statistical understandings of the significant factors required to achieve maximum enantioresolution and ESI-MS sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, 50 Decatur Street, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Shahab A. Shamsi
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, 50 Decatur Street, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: the Prohibited List 2008-analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2009; 1:4-13. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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