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Abstract
Isotachophoresis (ITP) is a versatile electrophoretic technique that can be used for sample preconcentration, separation, purification, and mixing, and to control and accelerate chemical reactions. Although the basic technique is nearly a century old and widely used, there is a persistent need for an easily approachable, succinct, and rigorous review of ITP theory and analysis. This is important because the interest and adoption of the technique has grown over the last two decades, especially with its implementation in microfluidics and integration with on-chip chemical and biochemical assays. We here provide a review of ITP theory starting from physicochemical first-principles, including conservation of species, conservation of current, approximation of charge neutrality, pH equilibrium of weak electrolytes, and so-called regulating functions that govern transport dynamics, with a strong emphasis on steady and unsteady transport. We combine these generally applicable (to all types of ITP) theoretical discussions with applications of ITP in the field of microfluidic systems, particularly on-chip biochemical analyses. Our discussion includes principles that govern the ITP focusing of weak and strong electrolytes; ITP dynamics in peak and plateau modes; a review of simulation tools, experimental tools, and detection methods; applications of ITP for on-chip separations and trace analyte manipulation; and design considerations and challenges for microfluidic ITP systems. We conclude with remarks on possible future research directions. The intent of this review is to help make ITP analysis and design principles more accessible to the scientific and engineering communities and to provide a rigorous basis for the increased adoption of ITP in microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Ramachandran
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Juan G Santiago
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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2
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Thormann W, Mosher RA. Dynamic computer simulations of electrophoresis: 2010-2020. Electrophoresis 2021; 43:10-36. [PMID: 34287996 PMCID: PMC9292373 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The transport of components in liquid media under the influence of an applied electric field can be described with the continuity equation. It represents a nonlinear conservation law that is based upon the balance laws of continuous transport processes and can be solved in time and space numerically. This procedure is referred to as dynamic computer simulation. Since its inception four decades ago, the state of dynamic computer simulation software and its use has progressed significantly. Dynamic models are the most versatile tools to explore the fundamentals of electrokinetic separations and provide insights into the behavior of buffer systems and sample components of all electrophoretic separation methods, including moving boundary electrophoresis, CZE, CGE, ITP, IEF, EKC, ACE, and CEC. This article is a continuation of previous reviews (Electrophoresis 2009, 30, S16–S26 and Electrophoresis 2010, 31, 726–754) and summarizes the progress and achievements made during the 2010 to 2020 time period in which some of the existing dynamic simulators were extended and new simulation packages were developed. This review presents the basics and extensions of the three most used one‐dimensional simulators, provides a survey of new one‐dimensional simulators, outlines an overview of multi‐dimensional models, and mentions models that were briefly reported in the literature. A comprehensive discussion of simulation applications and achievements of the 2010 to 2020 time period is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Thormann
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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3
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KITAGAWA F, NIIMIYA Y, NUKATSUKA I. LVSEP Analysis of Cationic Analytes in Cationic Polymer-Coating Microchannel Prepared by Vacuum-Drying Method. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2021. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2021.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko KITAGAWA
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University
| | - Yuka NIIMIYA
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University
| | - Isoshi NUKATSUKA
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University
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4
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Rosenfeld T, Bercovici M. Amplification-free detection of DNA in a paper-based microfluidic device using electroosmotically balanced isotachophoresis. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:861-868. [PMID: 29459920 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc01250k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) which utilizes the native high electroosmotic flow (EOF) in nitrocellulose to achieve stationary isotachophoresis (ITP) focusing. This approach decouples sample accumulation from the length of the channel, resulting in significant focusing over short channel lengths. We provide a brief theory for EOF-balanced ITP focusing under continuous injection from a depleting reservoir and present the design of a short (7 mm) paper-based microfluidic channel, which allows a 200 μL sample to be processed in approximately 6 min, resulting in a 20 000-fold increase in concentration - a full order of magnitude improvement compared to previous paper-based ITP devices. We show the stability of the assay over longer (40 min) durations of time, and using Morpholino probes, we present the applicability of the device for amplification-free detection of nucleic acids, with a limit-of-detection (LoD) of 5 pM in 10 min. Finally, we utilize the small footprint of the channel and show a multiplexed platform in which 12 assays operate in parallel in a 24-well plate format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tally Rosenfeld
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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5
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Tubaon RM, Haddad PR, Quirino JP. Electrokinetic Removal of Dodecyl Sulfate Micelles from Digested Protein Samples Prior to Electrospray-Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2017; 89:13058-13063. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ria Marni Tubaon
- Australian Centre for Research
on Separation Science, School of Physical Sciences- Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Paul R. Haddad
- Australian Centre for Research
on Separation Science, School of Physical Sciences- Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Joselito P. Quirino
- Australian Centre for Research
on Separation Science, School of Physical Sciences- Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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6
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Lu Y, Hou X, Wang D, Zhong H. Advances of a capillary electrophoretic on-line concentration technique: Electrokinetic supercharging. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2017.1330756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Lu
- Analysis and Testing Centre, Dezhou University, Dezhou, P. R. China
- Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong Province, P. R. China
| | - X. Hou
- Analysis and Testing Centre, Dezhou University, Dezhou, P. R. China
- Department of General Surgery, Dezhou People’s Hospital, Dezhou, P. R. China
| | - D. Wang
- Analysis and Testing Centre, Dezhou University, Dezhou, P. R. China
| | - H. Zhong
- Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong Province, P. R. China
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7
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Kitagawa F, Ishiguro T, Tateyama M, Nukatsuka I, Sueyoshi K, Kawai T, Otsuka K. Combination of large-volume sample stacking with an electroosmotic flow pump with field-amplified sample injection on cross-channel chips. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:2075-2080. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Kitagawa
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology; Hirosaki University; Aomori Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ishiguro
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology; Hirosaki University; Aomori Japan
| | - Misaki Tateyama
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology; Hirosaki University; Aomori Japan
| | - Isoshi Nukatsuka
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology; Hirosaki University; Aomori Japan
| | - Kenji Sueyoshi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka Prefecture University; Sakai Japan
| | - Takayuki Kawai
- Laboratory for Integrated Biodevice Unit; Quantitative Biology Center; Hyogo Japan
| | - Koji Otsuka
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
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8
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Koenka IJ, Hauser PC. Background conductivity independent counter flow preconcentration method for capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:2721-2724. [PMID: 28387958 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A preconcentration method for anions is presented, which relies on a trap created by applying an electric field against a hydrodynamic flow of the sample. The trapping zone is created in front of a cation exchange membrane that allows the isolation of the electrode and thus prevents any interference by electrolysis products. Preconcentration factors of up to 20 were demonstrated for nitrate and formate as model analyte ions and were linearly related to the sample volume passed through the trap. A discrimination between the ions was found possible by adjustment of the hydrodynamic flow velocity. The method was also found to be suitable for the preconcentration of an anion (nitrate at 100 μM) in presence of a second anion at a very high concentration (50 mM formate). The detection limits for the four anions chloride, nitrate, perchlorate, and formate could be lowered from 4, 4.3, 4.2, and 7.2 μM obtained without trapping respectively to 127, 142, 139, and 451 nM with trapping.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter C Hauser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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9
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Šesták J, Thormann W. Insights into head-column field-amplified sample stacking: Part I. Detailed study of electrokinetic injection of a weak base across a short water plug. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1502:51-61. [PMID: 28460869 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The fundamentals of electrokinetic injection of the weak base methadone across a short water plug into a phosphate buffer at low pH were studied experimentally and with computer simulation. The current during electrokinetic injection, the formation of the analyte zone, changes occurring within and around the water plug and mass transport of all compounds in the electric field were investigated. The impact of water plug length, plug injection velocity, and composition of sample, plug and background electrolyte are discussed. Experimental data revealed that properties of sample, water plug and stacking boundary are significantly and rapidly altered during electrokinetic injection. Simulation provided insight into these changes, including the nature of the migrating boundaries and the stacking of methadone at the interface to a newly formed phosphoric acid zone. The data confirm the role of the water plug to prevent contamination of the sample by components of the background electrolyte and suggest that mixing caused by electrohydrodynamic instabilities increases the water plug conductivity. The sample conductivity must be controlled by addition of an acid to prevent generation of reversed flow which removes the water plug and to create a buffering environment. Results revealed that a large increase in background electrolyte concentration is not accompanied with a significant increase in stacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Šesták
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Brno, Czechia
| | - Wolfgang Thormann
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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10
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Theurillat R, Sandbaumhüter FA, Bettschart-Wolfensberger R, Thormann W. Microassay for ketamine and metabolites in plasma and serum based on enantioselective capillary electrophoresis with highly sulfated γ-cyclodextrin and electrokinetic analyte injection. Electrophoresis 2015; 37:1129-38. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Regula Theurillat
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | | | | | - Wolfgang Thormann
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
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11
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Gstoettenmayr D, Quirino J, Ivory CF, Breadmore M. Stacking in a continuous sample flow interface in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1408:236-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Breadmore MC, Tubaon RM, Shallan AI, Phung SC, Abdul Keyon AS, Gstoettenmayr D, Prapatpong P, Alhusban AA, Ranjbar L, See HH, Dawod M, Quirino JP. Recent advances in enhancing the sensitivity of electrophoresis and electrochromatography in capillaries and microchips (2012-2014). Electrophoresis 2015; 36:36-61. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Breadmore
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Ria Marni Tubaon
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Aliaa I. Shallan
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Sui Ching Phung
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Aemi S. Abdul Keyon
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
- Faculty of Science; Department of Chemistry, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Malaysia
| | - Daniel Gstoettenmayr
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Pornpan Prapatpong
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Mahidol University; Rajathevee Bangkok Thailand
| | - Ala A. Alhusban
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Leila Ranjbar
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Hong Heng See
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
- Ibnu Sina Institute for Fundamental Science Studies; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Dawod
- Department of Chemistry; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor MI USA
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Al-Azhar University; Cairo Egypt
| | - Joselito P. Quirino
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
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13
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Ye X, Mori S, Xu Z, Hayakawa S, Hirokawa T. DNA aggregation and cleavage in CGE induced by high electric field in aqueous solution accompanying electrokinetic sample injection. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:3155-62. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Ye
- Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University; Japan
| | - Satomi Mori
- Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University; Japan
| | - Zhongqi Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; Donghua University; Shanghai P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile; Donghua University; Ministry of Education; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Shinjiro Hayakawa
- Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University; Japan
| | - Takeshi Hirokawa
- Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University; Japan
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14
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Breadmore MC, Shallan AI, Rabanes HR, Gstoettenmayr D, Abdul Keyon AS, Gaspar A, Dawod M, Quirino JP. Recent advances in enhancing the sensitivity of electrophoresis and electrochromatography in capillaries and microchips (2010-2012). Electrophoresis 2013; 34:29-54. [PMID: 23161056 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CE has been alive for over two decades now, yet its sensitivity is still regarded as being inferior to that of more traditional methods of separation such as HPLC. As such, it is unsurprising that overcoming this issue still generates much scientific interest. This review continues to update this series of reviews, first published in Electrophoresis in 2007, with updates published in 2009 and 2011 and covers material published through to June 2012. It includes developments in the field of stacking, covering all methods from field amplified sample stacking and large volume sample stacking, through to isotachophoresis, dynamic pH junction and sweeping. Attention is also given to online or inline extraction methods that have been used for electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Breadmore
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
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15
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Phung SC, Nai YH, Powell SM, Macka M, Breadmore MC. Rapid and sensitive microbial analysis by capillary isotachophoresis with continuous electrokinetic injection under field amplified conditions. Electrophoresis 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sui Ching Phung
- Australia Centre of Research on Separation Science; School of Chemistry; University of Tasmania; Tasmania; Australia
| | - Yi Heng Nai
- Australia Centre of Research on Separation Science; School of Chemistry; University of Tasmania; Tasmania; Australia
| | - Shane M. Powell
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture; University of Tasmania; Tasmania; Australia
| | - Mirek Macka
- Australia Centre of Research on Separation Science; School of Chemistry; University of Tasmania; Tasmania; Australia
| | - Michael C. Breadmore
- Australia Centre of Research on Separation Science; School of Chemistry; University of Tasmania; Tasmania; Australia
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16
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Ye X, Mori S, Yamada M, Inoue J, Xu Z, Hirokawa T. Electrokinetic supercharging preconcentration prior to CGE analysis of DNA: Sensitivity depends on buffer viscosity and electrode configuration. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:583-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Ye
- Applied Chemistry,; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University; Hiroshima; Japan
| | - Satomi Mori
- Applied Chemistry,; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University; Hiroshima; Japan
| | - Mihoro Yamada
- Applied Chemistry,; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University; Hiroshima; Japan
| | - Junji Inoue
- Applied Chemistry,; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University; Hiroshima; Japan
| | | | - Takeshi Hirokawa
- Applied Chemistry,; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University; Hiroshima; Japan
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17
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Lindenburg PW, Tempels FA, Tjaden UR, van der Greef J, Hankemeier T. On-line large-volume electroextraction coupled to liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry to improve detection of peptides. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1249:17-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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18
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KAEWCHUAY N, FUKUSHI K, TSUBOI A, OKAMURA H, SAITO K, HIROKAWA T. Simultaneous Determination of Pyridine-Triphenylborane Anti-Fouling Agent and Its Degradation Products in Paint-Waste Samples Using Capillary Zone Electrophoresis with Field-Amplified Sample Injection. ANAL SCI 2012; 28:1191-6. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.28.1191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ai TSUBOI
- Graduate School of Maritime Sciences, Kobe University
| | - Hideo OKAMURA
- Graduate School of Maritime Sciences, Kobe University
| | - Keiitsu SAITO
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University
| | - Takeshi HIROKAWA
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University
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19
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Dawod M, Chung DS. High-sensitivity capillary and microchip electrophoresis using electrokinetic supercharging. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:2790-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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20
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Oukacine F, Quirino JP, Garrelly L, Romestand B, Zou T, Cottet H. Simultaneous Electrokinetic and Hydrodynamic Injection for High Sensitivity Bacteria Analysis in Capillary Electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2011; 83:4949-54. [DOI: 10.1021/ac200684t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farid Oukacine
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS-Université de Montpellier1-Université de Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, case courrier 1706, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- COLCOM SARL, Cap Alpha Avenue de l’Europe, Clapiers 34940 Montpellier, France
| | - Joselito P. Quirino
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia 7001
| | - Laurent Garrelly
- COLCOM SARL, Cap Alpha Avenue de l’Europe, Clapiers 34940 Montpellier, France
| | - Bernard Romestand
- Laboratoire Ecosystèmes Lagunaires, UMR 5119, Université de Montpellier 2, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Tao Zou
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS-Université de Montpellier1-Université de Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, case courrier 1706, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Hervé Cottet
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS-Université de Montpellier1-Université de Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, case courrier 1706, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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21
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Kaewchuay N, Yakushiji Y, Fukushi K, Saito K, Hirokawa T. A novel hybrid mode of sample injection to enhance CZE sensitivity for simultaneous determination of a pyridine-triphenylborane anti-fouling agent and its degradation products. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:1486-91. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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22
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Xu Z, Kawahito K, Ye X, Timerbaev AR, Hirokawa T. Electrokinetic supercharging with a system-induced terminator and an optimized capillary versus electrode configuration for parts-per-trillion detection of rare-earth elements in CZE. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:1195-200. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 12/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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23
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Xu Z, Nakamura K, Timerbaev AR, Hirokawa T. Another Approach Toward over 100 000-Fold Sensitivity Increase in Capillary Electrophoresis: Electrokinetic Supercharging with Optimized Sample Injection. Anal Chem 2010; 83:398-401. [DOI: 10.1021/ac102661b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqi Xu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-hiroshima 739-8527, Japan, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China, and Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Kentaro Nakamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-hiroshima 739-8527, Japan, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China, and Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Andrei R. Timerbaev
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-hiroshima 739-8527, Japan, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China, and Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Takeshi Hirokawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-hiroshima 739-8527, Japan, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China, and Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
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24
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Breadmore MC, Dawod M, Quirino JP. Recent advances in enhancing the sensitivity of electrophoresis and electrochromatography in capillaries and microchips (2008-2010). Electrophoresis 2010; 32:127-48. [PMID: 21171119 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis has been alive for over two decades now; yet, its sensitivity is still regarded as being inferior to that of more traditional methods of separation such as HPLC. As such, it is unsurprising that overcoming this issue still generates much scientific interest. This review continues to update this series of reviews, first published in Electrophoresis in 2007, with an update published in 2009 and covers material published through to June 2010. It includes developments in the fields of stacking, covering all methods from field-amplified sample stacking and large volume sample stacking, through to ITP, dynamic pH junction and sweeping. Attention is also given to on-line or in-line extraction methods that have been used for electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Breadmore
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.
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25
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Botello I, Borrull F, Aguilar C, Calull M. Electrokinetic supercharging focusing in capillary zone electrophoresis of weakly ionizable analytes in environmental and biological samples. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:2964-73. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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26
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Thormann W, Breadmore MC, Caslavska J, Mosher RA. Dynamic computer simulations of electrophoresis: A versatile research and teaching tool. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:726-54. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Timerbaev AR. Inorganic species analysis by CE â An overview for 2007â2008. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:192-204. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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28
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Xu Z, Koshimidzu E, Hirokawa T. Electrokinetic sample injection for high-sensitivity CZE (part 2): Improving the quantitative repeatability and application of electrokinetic supercharging-CZE to the detection of atmospheric electrolytes. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:3534-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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