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Takahashi F, Shimosaka Y, Mori S, Kaneko M, Harayama Y, Kobayashi K, Shoji T, Seto Y, Tatsumi H, Jin J. Development of a Potential-Modulated Electrochemiluminescence Measurement System for Selective and Sensitive Determination of the Controlled Drug Codeine. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2024; 72:271-279. [PMID: 38432909 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c23-00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Codeine is a common analgesic drug that is a pro-drug of morphine. It also has a high risk of abuse as a recreational drug because of its extensive distribution as an OTC drug. Therefore, sensitive and selective screening methods for codeine are crucial in forensic analytical chemistry. To date, a commercial analytical kit has not been developed for dedicated codeine determination, and there is a need for an analytical method to quantify codeine in the field. In the present work, potential modulation was combined with electrochemiluminescence (ECL) for sensitive determination of codeine. The potential modulated technique involved applying a signal to electrodes by superimposing an AC potential on the DC potential. When tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) ([Ru(bpy)3]2+) was used as an ECL emitter, ECL activity was confirmed for codeine. A detailed investigation of the electrochemical reaction mechanism suggested a characteristic ECL reaction mechanism involving electrochemical oxidation of the opioid framework. Besides the usual ECL reaction derived from the amine framework, selective detection of codeine was possible under the measurement conditions, with clear luminescence observed in an acidic solution. The sensitivity of codeine detection by potential modulated-ECL was one order of magnitude higher than that obtained with the conventional potential sweep method. The proposed method was applied to codeine determination in actual prescription medications and OTC drug samples. Codeine was selectively determined from other compounds in medications and showed good linearity with a low detection limit (150 ng mL-1).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuki Shimosaka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University
| | - Shuki Mori
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University
| | - Mayu Kaneko
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University
| | - Yuta Harayama
- Department of Legal Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine
| | - Kanya Kobayashi
- Department of Legal Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine
| | - Taku Shoji
- Department of Chemical Biology and Applied Chemistry, College of Engineering, Nihon University
| | | | | | - Jiye Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University
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Dick L, Kirchner B. CONAN─Novel Tool to Create and Analyze Liquids in Confined Space. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:6706-6716. [PMID: 37907068 PMCID: PMC10649805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c01075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Modeling of complex liquids at solid surfaces and in confinement is gaining attention due to an increase in computer power and advancement of simulation techniques. Therefore, tools to set up structures and for analysis are needed. In this paper, we present CONAN─a Python code designed to facilitate the study of liquids interacting with solid structures, such as walls or pores. Among other things, the program provides the option to generate a variety of different structures, including carbon walls and nanotubes and their boron nitride analogs, as well as the ability to analyze various structural properties of confined and interfacial liquids. In the case of the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate in carbon nanotubes of different sizes, we demonstrate the abilities of our tool. The average density within the confinement highly depends on the carbon nanotube size, and it is generally lower than the density of the bulk liquid. The arrangement of the individual species within the tube also depends on size, with radial layers forming within the tubular confinement. The density is largely increased in the respective layers, while it is drastically reduced between the layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Dick
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstr. 4+6, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Barbara Kirchner
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstr. 4+6, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
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Moghtader M, Bahram M, Farhadi K. Derivative Linear Sweep Voltammetry and Discrete Wavelet Transform for the Simultaneous Determination of Codeine and Thebaine by Artificial Neural Networks. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202101222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Moghtader
- Department of Analytical Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry Urmia University Urmia Iran
| | - Morteza Bahram
- Department of Analytical Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry Urmia University Urmia Iran
| | - Khalil Farhadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry Urmia University Urmia Iran
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Treder N, Bączek T, Wychodnik K, Rogowska J, Wolska L, Plenis A. The Influence of Ionic Liquids on the Effectiveness of Analytical Methods Used in the Monitoring of Human and Veterinary Pharmaceuticals in Biological and Environmental Samples-Trends and Perspectives. Molecules 2020; 25:E286. [PMID: 31936806 PMCID: PMC7024248 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen the increased utilization of ionic liquids (ILs) in the development and optimization of analytical methods. Their unique and eco-friendly properties and the ability to modify their structure allows them to be useful both at the sample preparation stage and at the separation stage of the analytes. The use of ILs for the analysis of pharmaceuticals seems particularly interesting because of their systematic delivery to the environment. Nowadays, they are commonly detected in many countries at very low concentration levels. However, due to their specific physiological activity, pharmaceuticals are responsible for bioaccumulation and toxic effects in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems as well as possibly upsetting the body's equilibrium, leading to the dangerous phenomenon of drug resistance. This review will provide a comprehensive summary of the use of ILs in various sample preparation procedures and separation methods for the determination of pharmaceuticals in environmental and biological matrices based on liquid-based chromatography (LC, SFC, TLC), gas chromatography (GC) and electromigration techniques (e.g., capillary electrophoresis (CE)). Moreover, the advantages and disadvantages of ILs, which can appear during extraction and separation, will be presented and attention will be given to the criteria to be followed during the selection of ILs for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Treder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (N.T.); (T.B.)
| | - Tomasz Bączek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (N.T.); (T.B.)
| | - Katarzyna Wychodnik
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences with Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębowa 23 A, 80-204 Gdańsk, Poland; (K.W.); (J.R.); (L.W.)
| | - Justyna Rogowska
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences with Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębowa 23 A, 80-204 Gdańsk, Poland; (K.W.); (J.R.); (L.W.)
| | - Lidia Wolska
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences with Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębowa 23 A, 80-204 Gdańsk, Poland; (K.W.); (J.R.); (L.W.)
| | - Alina Plenis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (N.T.); (T.B.)
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Brown K, Jacquet C, Biscay J, Allan P, Dennany L. Electrochemiluminescent sensors as a screening strategy for psychoactive substances within biological matrices. Analyst 2020; 145:4295-4304. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an00846j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescent sensors for point-of-care devices; a screening strategy for the direct detection of hallucinogens within a variety of biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Brown
- WESTChem Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- University of Strathclyde
- Technology and Innovation Centre
- Glasgow
- UK
| | - Charlotte Jacquet
- WESTChem Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- University of Strathclyde
- Technology and Innovation Centre
- Glasgow
- UK
| | - Julien Biscay
- WESTChem Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- University of Strathclyde
- Technology and Innovation Centre
- Glasgow
- UK
| | - Pamela Allan
- WESTChem Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- University of Strathclyde
- Technology and Innovation Centre
- Glasgow
- UK
| | - Lynn Dennany
- WESTChem Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- University of Strathclyde
- Technology and Innovation Centre
- Glasgow
- UK
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Dziomba S, Belka M, Kowalski P, Plenis A, Bączek T. The advances of electromigration techniques applied for alkaloid analysis. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 27:1312-38. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Dziomba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Medical University of Gdańsk; Hallera 107; 80-416; Gdańsk; Poland
| | - Mariusz Belka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Medical University of Gdańsk; Hallera 107; 80-416; Gdańsk; Poland
| | - Piotr Kowalski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Medical University of Gdańsk; Hallera 107; 80-416; Gdańsk; Poland
| | - Alina Plenis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Medical University of Gdańsk; Hallera 107; 80-416; Gdańsk; Poland
| | - Tomasz Bączek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Medical University of Gdańsk; Hallera 107; 80-416; Gdańsk; Poland
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Luo X, Tu X, Wu Y, Luo S, Chen B. Application of 1-Alkyl-3-methylimidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids as Background Electrolytes in Nonaqueous Capillary Electrophoresis for the Analysis of Coptidis Alkaloids. ANAL LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2011.649448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Rabanes HR, Guidote AM, Quirino JP. Capillary electrophoresis of natural products: Highlights of the last five years (2006-2010). Electrophoresis 2011; 33:180-95. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Analytical applications of the electrochemiluminescence of tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) coupled to capillary/microchip electrophoresis: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 704:16-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 07/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Liu H, Yuan R, Chai Y, Mao L, Yang X, Zhuo Y, Yuan Y. A novel solid-state electrochemiluminescence detector for capillary electrophoresis based on tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) immobilized in Nafion/PTC-NH2 composite film. Talanta 2011; 84:387-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Capillary electrophoresis with electrochemiluminescence detection: fundamental theory, apparatus, and applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:3323-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4445-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Adcock JL, Barrow CJ, Barnett NW, Conlan XA, Hogan CF, Francis PS. Chemiluminescence and electrochemiluminescence detection of controlled drugs. Drug Test Anal 2010; 3:145-60. [PMID: 21154734 DOI: 10.1002/dta.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2010] [Revised: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We review the determination of various controlled drugs (opioids, tranquilizers, stimulants, and hallucinogens) using flow-analysis methodologies (flow injection analysis, high performance liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, and microfluidic devices) with chemiluminescence and electrochemiluminescence reagents such as luminol, diaryloxalates, tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II), permanganate, manganese(IV), and sulfite, for industrial, clinical, pharmaceutical, and forensic science applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqui L Adcock
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3217, Australia
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Liu YM, Shi YM, Liu ZL, Tian W. A sensitive method for simultaneous determination of four macrolides by CE with electrochemiluminescence detection and its applications in human urine and tablets. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:364-70. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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14
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Liu YM, Shi YM, Liu ZL. Determination of enoxacin and ofloxacin by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemiluminescence detection in biofluids and drugs and its application to pharmacokinetics. Biomed Chromatogr 2009; 24:941-7. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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