1
|
Abstract
Isotachophoresis (ITP) is a versatile electrophoretic technique that can be used for sample preconcentration, separation, purification, and mixing, and to control and accelerate chemical reactions. Although the basic technique is nearly a century old and widely used, there is a persistent need for an easily approachable, succinct, and rigorous review of ITP theory and analysis. This is important because the interest and adoption of the technique has grown over the last two decades, especially with its implementation in microfluidics and integration with on-chip chemical and biochemical assays. We here provide a review of ITP theory starting from physicochemical first-principles, including conservation of species, conservation of current, approximation of charge neutrality, pH equilibrium of weak electrolytes, and so-called regulating functions that govern transport dynamics, with a strong emphasis on steady and unsteady transport. We combine these generally applicable (to all types of ITP) theoretical discussions with applications of ITP in the field of microfluidic systems, particularly on-chip biochemical analyses. Our discussion includes principles that govern the ITP focusing of weak and strong electrolytes; ITP dynamics in peak and plateau modes; a review of simulation tools, experimental tools, and detection methods; applications of ITP for on-chip separations and trace analyte manipulation; and design considerations and challenges for microfluidic ITP systems. We conclude with remarks on possible future research directions. The intent of this review is to help make ITP analysis and design principles more accessible to the scientific and engineering communities and to provide a rigorous basis for the increased adoption of ITP in microfluidics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Ramachandran
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Juan G Santiago
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Thormann W, Mosher RA. Dynamic computer simulations of electrophoresis: 2010-2020. Electrophoresis 2021; 43:10-36. [PMID: 34287996 PMCID: PMC9292373 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The transport of components in liquid media under the influence of an applied electric field can be described with the continuity equation. It represents a nonlinear conservation law that is based upon the balance laws of continuous transport processes and can be solved in time and space numerically. This procedure is referred to as dynamic computer simulation. Since its inception four decades ago, the state of dynamic computer simulation software and its use has progressed significantly. Dynamic models are the most versatile tools to explore the fundamentals of electrokinetic separations and provide insights into the behavior of buffer systems and sample components of all electrophoretic separation methods, including moving boundary electrophoresis, CZE, CGE, ITP, IEF, EKC, ACE, and CEC. This article is a continuation of previous reviews (Electrophoresis 2009, 30, S16–S26 and Electrophoresis 2010, 31, 726–754) and summarizes the progress and achievements made during the 2010 to 2020 time period in which some of the existing dynamic simulators were extended and new simulation packages were developed. This review presents the basics and extensions of the three most used one‐dimensional simulators, provides a survey of new one‐dimensional simulators, outlines an overview of multi‐dimensional models, and mentions models that were briefly reported in the literature. A comprehensive discussion of simulation applications and achievements of the 2010 to 2020 time period is also included.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Thormann
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xu N, Lin H, Uchiyama K, Lin J. On‐site sampling of inorganic contamination on the metal surface and analysis with capillary electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:1593-1599. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xu
- Department of ChemistryBeijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and InstrumentationMOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical BiologyTsinghua University Beijing P. R. China
- Department of Applied ChemistryGraduate School of Urban Environmental SciencesTokyo Metropolitan University Hachioji Tokyo Japan
| | - Haifeng Lin
- Department of Applied ChemistryGraduate School of Urban Environmental SciencesTokyo Metropolitan University Hachioji Tokyo Japan
| | - Katsumi Uchiyama
- Department of Applied ChemistryGraduate School of Urban Environmental SciencesTokyo Metropolitan University Hachioji Tokyo Japan
| | - Jin‐Ming Lin
- Department of ChemistryBeijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and InstrumentationMOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical BiologyTsinghua University Beijing P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rosenfeld T, Bercovici M. Amplification-free detection of DNA in a paper-based microfluidic device using electroosmotically balanced isotachophoresis. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:861-868. [PMID: 29459920 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc01250k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) which utilizes the native high electroosmotic flow (EOF) in nitrocellulose to achieve stationary isotachophoresis (ITP) focusing. This approach decouples sample accumulation from the length of the channel, resulting in significant focusing over short channel lengths. We provide a brief theory for EOF-balanced ITP focusing under continuous injection from a depleting reservoir and present the design of a short (7 mm) paper-based microfluidic channel, which allows a 200 μL sample to be processed in approximately 6 min, resulting in a 20 000-fold increase in concentration - a full order of magnitude improvement compared to previous paper-based ITP devices. We show the stability of the assay over longer (40 min) durations of time, and using Morpholino probes, we present the applicability of the device for amplification-free detection of nucleic acids, with a limit-of-detection (LoD) of 5 pM in 10 min. Finally, we utilize the small footprint of the channel and show a multiplexed platform in which 12 assays operate in parallel in a 24-well plate format.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tally Rosenfeld
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lu Y, Hou X, Wang D, Zhong H. Advances of a capillary electrophoretic on-line concentration technique: Electrokinetic supercharging. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2017.1330756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Lu
- Analysis and Testing Centre, Dezhou University, Dezhou, P. R. China
- Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong Province, P. R. China
| | - X. Hou
- Analysis and Testing Centre, Dezhou University, Dezhou, P. R. China
- Department of General Surgery, Dezhou People’s Hospital, Dezhou, P. R. China
| | - D. Wang
- Analysis and Testing Centre, Dezhou University, Dezhou, P. R. China
| | - H. Zhong
- Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong Province, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Theurillat R, Sandbaumhüter FA, Bettschart-Wolfensberger R, Thormann W. Microassay for ketamine and metabolites in plasma and serum based on enantioselective capillary electrophoresis with highly sulfated γ-cyclodextrin and electrokinetic analyte injection. Electrophoresis 2015; 37:1129-38. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Regula Theurillat
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | | | | | - Wolfgang Thormann
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hattori T, Fukushi K. Highly sensitive tITP-CZE determination ofl-histidine and creatinine in human blood plasma using field-amplified sample injection with mobility-boost effect. Electrophoresis 2015; 37:267-73. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takanari Hattori
- Graduate School of Maritime Sciences; Kobe University; Kobe Japan
| | - Keiichi Fukushi
- Graduate School of Maritime Sciences; Kobe University; Kobe Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Breadmore MC, Tubaon RM, Shallan AI, Phung SC, Abdul Keyon AS, Gstoettenmayr D, Prapatpong P, Alhusban AA, Ranjbar L, See HH, Dawod M, Quirino JP. Recent advances in enhancing the sensitivity of electrophoresis and electrochromatography in capillaries and microchips (2012-2014). Electrophoresis 2015; 36:36-61. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Breadmore
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Ria Marni Tubaon
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Aliaa I. Shallan
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Sui Ching Phung
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Aemi S. Abdul Keyon
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
- Faculty of Science; Department of Chemistry, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Malaysia
| | - Daniel Gstoettenmayr
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Pornpan Prapatpong
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Mahidol University; Rajathevee Bangkok Thailand
| | - Ala A. Alhusban
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Leila Ranjbar
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Hong Heng See
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
- Ibnu Sina Institute for Fundamental Science Studies; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Dawod
- Department of Chemistry; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor MI USA
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Al-Azhar University; Cairo Egypt
| | - Joselito P. Quirino
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Progress in stacking techniques based on field amplification of capillary electrophoresis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:6129-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8062-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
10
|
Yang X, Zhang S, Wang J, Wang C, Wang Z. On-line two-step stacking in capillary zone electrophoresis for the preconcentration of strychnine and brucine. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 814:63-8. [PMID: 24528845 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An on-line sample preconcentration method by two-step stacking i.e., sweeping and micelle to solvent stacking, in capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) has been developed for the determination of strychnine and brucine in traditional Chinese herbal medicines. After experimental optimizations, the best separation was achieved by using 75 mM phosphate buffer (pH 2.5) with 30% methanol (v/v). Compared with normal CZE injection, 51- and 38-fold improvement in concentration sensitivity was achieved for strychnine and brucine, respectively. The calibration curve was linear in the range of 0.1-5.0 μg mL(-1) for both strychnine and brucine, with the correlation coefficients of 0.9998 and 0.9997, respectively. The limits of detection (S/N=3) for both alkaloids were 0.01 μg mL(-1). The inter-day (n=8) and intra-day (n=5) reproducibilities expressed as the relative standard deviations for corrected peak area were less than 9.5%. The method was applied to determine strychnine and brucine in two Chinese herbal medicines, with recoveries ranging from 94.2% to 105.4%. The results indicated that the method is simple, rapid, reliable, and can be applied to determine strychnos alkaloids in traditional Chinese herbal medicines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiumin Yang
- Department of chemistry, College of Science, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, PR China
| | - Shuaihua Zhang
- Department of chemistry, College of Science, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, PR China
| | - Juntao Wang
- Department of chemistry, College of Science, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, PR China
| | - Chun Wang
- Department of chemistry, College of Science, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, PR China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Department of chemistry, College of Science, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ye X, Mori S, Xu Z, Hayakawa S, Hirokawa T. DNA aggregation and cleavage in CGE induced by high electric field in aqueous solution accompanying electrokinetic sample injection. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:3155-62. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Ye
- Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University; Japan
| | - Satomi Mori
- Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University; Japan
| | - Zhongqi Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; Donghua University; Shanghai P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile; Donghua University; Ministry of Education; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Shinjiro Hayakawa
- Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University; Japan
| | - Takeshi Hirokawa
- Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University; Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Breadmore MC, Shallan AI, Rabanes HR, Gstoettenmayr D, Abdul Keyon AS, Gaspar A, Dawod M, Quirino JP. Recent advances in enhancing the sensitivity of electrophoresis and electrochromatography in capillaries and microchips (2010-2012). Electrophoresis 2013; 34:29-54. [PMID: 23161056 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CE has been alive for over two decades now, yet its sensitivity is still regarded as being inferior to that of more traditional methods of separation such as HPLC. As such, it is unsurprising that overcoming this issue still generates much scientific interest. This review continues to update this series of reviews, first published in Electrophoresis in 2007, with updates published in 2009 and 2011 and covers material published through to June 2012. It includes developments in the field of stacking, covering all methods from field amplified sample stacking and large volume sample stacking, through to isotachophoresis, dynamic pH junction and sweeping. Attention is also given to online or inline extraction methods that have been used for electrophoresis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Breadmore
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ye X, Mori S, Yamada M, Inoue J, Xu Z, Hirokawa T. Electrokinetic supercharging preconcentration prior to CGE analysis of DNA: Sensitivity depends on buffer viscosity and electrode configuration. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:583-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Ye
- Applied Chemistry,; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University; Hiroshima; Japan
| | - Satomi Mori
- Applied Chemistry,; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University; Hiroshima; Japan
| | - Mihoro Yamada
- Applied Chemistry,; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University; Hiroshima; Japan
| | - Junji Inoue
- Applied Chemistry,; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University; Hiroshima; Japan
| | | | - Takeshi Hirokawa
- Applied Chemistry,; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University; Hiroshima; Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Botello I, Borrull F, Calull M, Aguilar C. Electrokinetic supercharging in CE for the separation and preconcentration of barbiturate drugs in urine samples. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:524-31. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Botello
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Faculty of Chemistry; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona Spain
| | - Francesc Borrull
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Faculty of Chemistry; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona Spain
| | - Marta Calull
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Faculty of Chemistry; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona Spain
| | - Carme Aguilar
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Faculty of Chemistry; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lindenburg PW, Tempels FA, Tjaden UR, van der Greef J, Hankemeier T. On-line large-volume electroextraction coupled to liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry to improve detection of peptides. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1249:17-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
16
|
Review of recent developments of on-line sample stacking techniques and their application in capillary electrophoresis. OPEN CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/s11532-012-0007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractCapillary electrophoresis (CE) has become one of the most useful tools in separation science because of its high separation efficiency, low cost, versatility, ease of sample preparation and automation. However, some limitations of CE, such as poor concentration sensitivity due to its lower sample loading and shorter optical path length, limits its further applications in separation science. In order to solve this problem, various on-line sample preconcentration techniques such as transient isotachophoresis preconcentration, field-enhanced sample stacking, micelle to solvent stacking, micelle collapse, dynamic pH junction, sweeping, solid phase extraction, single drop microextraction and liquid phase microextraction have been combined with CE. Recent developments, applications and some variants together with different combinations of these techniques integrating in CE are reviewed here and our discussions will be confined to the past three years (2008–2011).
Collapse
|
17
|
KAEWCHUAY N, FUKUSHI K, TSUBOI A, OKAMURA H, SAITO K, HIROKAWA T. Simultaneous Determination of Pyridine-Triphenylborane Anti-Fouling Agent and Its Degradation Products in Paint-Waste Samples Using Capillary Zone Electrophoresis with Field-Amplified Sample Injection. ANAL SCI 2012; 28:1191-6. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.28.1191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ai TSUBOI
- Graduate School of Maritime Sciences, Kobe University
| | - Hideo OKAMURA
- Graduate School of Maritime Sciences, Kobe University
| | - Keiitsu SAITO
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University
| | - Takeshi HIROKAWA
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yang J, Li HF, Li M, Lin JM. Gas dispersion concentration of trace inorganic contaminants from fuel gas and analysis using head-column field-amplified sample stacking capillary electrophoresis. Analyst 2012; 137:3710-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35409h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
19
|
Jungnickel H, Luch A. A personalized life: biomarker monitoring from cradle to grave. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2012; 101:471-98. [PMID: 22945580 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8340-4_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Considering the holy grail of future medical treatment being personalized medicines, biomarker research will become more and more the focus for attention not only to develop new medical treatment regimes, based on changes in biomarker patterns, but also for nutritional advice to guarantee a lifelong optimized health condition. The current review gives an outline of how personalized medicine can become established for actual medical treatment using new biomarker concepts. Starting from the development of biomarker research using mainly immunological techniques, the review gives an overview about biomarkers of prediction evolved and focuses on new methodology for the identification of biomarkers using hyphenated analytical techniques like metabolomics and lipidomics. The actual use of multivariate statistical methods in combination with metabolomics and lipidomics is discussed not only for medical treatment but also for precautionary risk identification in human biomonitoring studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harald Jungnickel
- Department of Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Gemany,
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kubáň P, Timerbaev AR. CE of inorganic species - A review of methodological advancements over 2009-2010. Electrophoresis 2011; 33:196-210. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2011] [Revised: 07/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
21
|
Pressure-assisted electrokinetic supercharging for the enhancement of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:6750-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
22
|
Dawod M, Chung DS. High-sensitivity capillary and microchip electrophoresis using electrokinetic supercharging. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:2790-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
23
|
Kaewchuay N, Yakushiji Y, Fukushi K, Saito K, Hirokawa T. A novel hybrid mode of sample injection to enhance CZE sensitivity for simultaneous determination of a pyridine-triphenylborane anti-fouling agent and its degradation products. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:1486-91. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
24
|
Xu Z, Kawahito K, Ye X, Timerbaev AR, Hirokawa T. Electrokinetic supercharging with a system-induced terminator and an optimized capillary versus electrode configuration for parts-per-trillion detection of rare-earth elements in CZE. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:1195-200. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 12/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
25
|
Quirino JP, Guidote AM. Two-step stacking in capillary zone electrophoresis featuring sweeping and micelle to solvent stacking: II. Organic anions. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:1004-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2010] [Revised: 12/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
26
|
Breadmore MC, Dawod M, Quirino JP. Recent advances in enhancing the sensitivity of electrophoresis and electrochromatography in capillaries and microchips (2008-2010). Electrophoresis 2010; 32:127-48. [PMID: 21171119 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis has been alive for over two decades now; yet, its sensitivity is still regarded as being inferior to that of more traditional methods of separation such as HPLC. As such, it is unsurprising that overcoming this issue still generates much scientific interest. This review continues to update this series of reviews, first published in Electrophoresis in 2007, with an update published in 2009 and covers material published through to June 2010. It includes developments in the fields of stacking, covering all methods from field-amplified sample stacking and large volume sample stacking, through to ITP, dynamic pH junction and sweeping. Attention is also given to on-line or in-line extraction methods that have been used for electrophoresis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Breadmore
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|