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Advances in Electrochemical and Acoustic Aptamer-Based Biosensors and Immunosensors in Diagnostics of Leukemia. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2021; 11:bios11060177. [PMID: 34073054 PMCID: PMC8227535 DOI: 10.3390/bios11060177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Early diagnostics of leukemia is crucial for successful therapy of this disease. Therefore, development of rapid, sensitive, and easy-to-use methods for detection of this disease is of increased interest. Biosensor technology is challenged for this purpose. This review includes a brief description of the methods used in current clinical diagnostics of leukemia and provides recent achievements in sensor technology based on immuno- and DNA aptamer-based electrochemical and acoustic biosensors. The comparative analysis of immuno- and aptamer-based sensors shows a significant advantage of DNA aptasensors over immunosensors in the detection of cancer cells. The acoustic technique is of comparable sensitivity with those based on electrochemical methods; moreover, it is label-free and provides straightforward evaluation of the signal. Several examples of sensor development are provided and discussed.
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Liao Z, Wang J, Zhang P, Zhang Y, Miao Y, Gao S, Deng Y, Geng L. Recent advances in microfluidic chip integrated electronic biosensors for multiplexed detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 121:272-280. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Chepelev L, Wake N, Ryan J, Althobaity W, Gupta A, Arribas E, Santiago L, Ballard DH, Wang KC, Weadock W, Ionita CN, Mitsouras D, Morris J, Matsumoto J, Christensen A, Liacouras P, Rybicki FJ, Sheikh A. Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) 3D printing Special Interest Group (SIG): guidelines for medical 3D printing and appropriateness for clinical scenarios. 3D Print Med 2018; 4:11. [PMID: 30649688 PMCID: PMC6251945 DOI: 10.1186/s41205-018-0030-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Medical three-dimensional (3D) printing has expanded dramatically over the past three decades with growth in both facility adoption and the variety of medical applications. Consideration for each step required to create accurate 3D printed models from medical imaging data impacts patient care and management. In this paper, a writing group representing the Radiological Society of North America Special Interest Group on 3D Printing (SIG) provides recommendations that have been vetted and voted on by the SIG active membership. This body of work includes appropriate clinical use of anatomic models 3D printed for diagnostic use in the care of patients with specific medical conditions. The recommendations provide guidance for approaches and tools in medical 3D printing, from image acquisition, segmentation of the desired anatomy intended for 3D printing, creation of a 3D-printable model, and post-processing of 3D printed anatomic models for patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Chepelev
- Department of Radiology and The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Nicole Wake
- Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI2R), Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
- Sackler Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | | | - Waleed Althobaity
- Department of Radiology and The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Ashish Gupta
- Department of Radiology and The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Elsa Arribas
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Lumarie Santiago
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - David H Ballard
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO USA
| | - Kenneth C Wang
- Baltimore VA Medical Center, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - William Weadock
- Department of Radiology and Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Ciprian N Ionita
- Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Buffalo, Buffalo, NY USA
| | - Dimitrios Mitsouras
- Department of Radiology and The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
| | | | | | - Andy Christensen
- Department of Radiology and The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Peter Liacouras
- 3D Medical Applications Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Frank J Rybicki
- Department of Radiology and The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Adnan Sheikh
- Department of Radiology and The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
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Liu F, Ni L, Zhe J. Lab-on-a-chip electrical multiplexing techniques for cellular and molecular biomarker detection. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2018; 12:021501. [PMID: 29682143 PMCID: PMC5893332 DOI: 10.1063/1.5022168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Signal multiplexing is vital to develop lab-on-a-chip devices that can detect and quantify multiple cellular and molecular biomarkers with high throughput, short analysis time, and low cost. Electrical detection of biomarkers has been widely used in lab-on-a-chip devices because it requires less external equipment and simple signal processing and provides higher scalability. Various electrical multiplexing for lab-on-a-chip devices have been developed for comprehensive, high throughput, and rapid analysis of biomarkers. In this paper, we first briefly introduce the widely used electrochemical and electrical impedance sensing methods. Next, we focus on reviewing various electrical multiplexing techniques that had achieved certain successes on rapid cellular and molecular biomarker detection, including direct methods (spatial and time multiplexing), and emerging technologies (frequency, codes, particle-based multiplexing). Lastly, the future opportunities and challenges on electrical multiplexing techniques are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, USA
| | - Liwei Ni
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, USA
| | - Jiang Zhe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, USA
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LI CHIYU, LI WANG, GENG CHUNYANG, REN HAIJUN, YU XIAOHUI, LIU BO. MICROFLUIDIC CHIP FOR CANCER CELL DETECTION AND DIAGNOSIS. J MECH MED BIOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519418300016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Since cancer becomes the most deadly disease to our health, research on early detection on cancer cells is necessary for clinical treatment. The combination of microfluidic device with cell biology has shown a unique method for cancer cell research. In the present review, recent development on microfluidic chip for cancer cell detection and diagnosis will be addressed. Some typical microfluidic chips focussed on cancer cells and their advantages for different kinds of cancer cell detection and diagnosis will be listed, and the cell capture methods within the microfluidics will be simultaneously mentioned. Then the potential direction of microfluidic chip on cancer cell detection and diagnosis in the future is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- CHIYU LI
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian Liaoning Province 116024, P. R. China
| | - WANG LI
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian Liaoning Province 116024, P. R. China
| | - CHUNYANG GENG
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian Liaoning Province 116024, P. R. China
| | - HAIJUN REN
- Dalian Friendship Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116024, P. R. China
| | - XIAOHUI YU
- Dalian Institute of Maternal and Child Health Care, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116024, P. R. China
| | - BO LIU
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian Liaoning Province 116024, P. R. China
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Liu Y, Hu X, Bai L, Jiang Y, Qiu J, Meng M, Liu Z, Ni L. A molecularly imprinted polymer placed on the surface of graphene oxide and doped with Mn(II)-doped ZnS quantum dots for selective fluorometric determination of acrylamide. Mikrochim Acta 2017; 185:48. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-017-2543-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Uliana CV, Peverari CR, Afonso AS, Cominetti MR, Faria RC. Fully disposable microfluidic electrochemical device for detection of estrogen receptor alpha breast cancer biomarker. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 99:156-162. [PMID: 28755608 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel fully disposable microfluidic electrochemical array device (µFED) was developed and successfully applied for detection of the biomarker estrogen receptor alpha (ERα). The µFED was constructed using low-cost materials and an inexpensive home cutter printer enabled the manufacture of dozens of µFEDs in less than 2h, at a cost of less than US$ 0.20 in material per device. The µFED incorporates counter and reference electrodes and eight carbon-based working electrodes, which were modified with DNA sequences known as estrogen response elements (DNA-ERE), where ERα binds specifically. Paramagnetic particles heavily decorated with anti-ERα antibody and horseradish peroxidase (MP-Ab-HRP) were used to efficiently capture ERα from the sample solution. The ERα-MP-Ab-HRP bioconjugate formed was injected into the µFED and incubated with the DNA-ERE-modified electrodes, followed by amperometric detection with application of -0.2V vs. Ag|AgCl while a mixture of H2O2 and hydroquinone was injected into the microfluidic device. An ultralow limit of detection of 10.0 fg mL-1 was obtained with the proposed method. The performance of the assay, in terms of sensitivity and reproducibility, was studied using undiluted calf serum, and excellent recoveries in the range of 94.7-108% were achieved for the detection of ERα in MCF-7 cell lysate. The µFED system can be easily constructed and applied for multiplex biomarker detection, making the device an excellent cost-effective alternative for cancer diagnosis, especially in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina V Uliana
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila R Peverari
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
| | - André S Afonso
- Institute of Science, Engineering and Technology, UFVJM, Teófilo Otoni 39803-371, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcia R Cominetti
- Department of Gerontology, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo C Faria
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil.
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Rezaei Kolahchi A, Khadem Mohtaram N, Pezeshgi Modarres H, Mohammadi MH, Geraili A, Jafari P, Akbari M, Sanati-Nezhad A. Microfluidic-Based Multi-Organ Platforms for Drug Discovery. MICROMACHINES 2016; 7:E162. [PMID: 30404334 PMCID: PMC6189912 DOI: 10.3390/mi7090162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Development of predictive multi-organ models before implementing costly clinical trials is central for screening the toxicity, efficacy, and side effects of new therapeutic agents. Despite significant efforts that have been recently made to develop biomimetic in vitro tissue models, the clinical application of such platforms is still far from reality. Recent advances in physiologically-based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PBPK-PD) modeling, micro- and nanotechnology, and in silico modeling have enabled single- and multi-organ platforms for investigation of new chemical agents and tissue-tissue interactions. This review provides an overview of the principles of designing microfluidic-based organ-on-chip models for drug testing and highlights current state-of-the-art in developing predictive multi-organ models for studying the cross-talk of interconnected organs. We further discuss the challenges associated with establishing a predictive body-on-chip (BOC) model such as the scaling, cell types, the common medium, and principles of the study design for characterizing the interaction of drugs with multiple targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Rezaei Kolahchi
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Nima Khadem Mohtaram
- Laboratory for Innovations in MicroEngineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada.
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Hassan Pezeshgi Modarres
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Mohammad Hossein Mohammadi
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran 11155-9516, Iran.
| | - Armin Geraili
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran 11155-9516, Iran.
| | - Parya Jafari
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran 11155-9516, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Akbari
- Laboratory for Innovations in MicroEngineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada.
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada.
| | - Amir Sanati-Nezhad
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
- Center for Bioengineering Research and Education, Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
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Electrochemical detection of Piscirickettsia salmonis genomic DNA from salmon samples using solid-phase recombinase polymerase amplification. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:8611-8620. [PMID: 27220649 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9639-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical detection of solid-phase isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) of Piscirickettsia salmonis in salmon genomic DNA is reported. The electrochemical biosensor was constructed by surface functionalization of gold electrodes with a thiolated forward primer specific to the genomic region of interest. Solid-phase RPA and primer elongation were achieved in the presence of the specific target sequence and biotinylated reverse primers. The formation of the subsequent surface-tethered duplex amplicons was electrochemically monitored via addition of streptavidin-linked HRP upon completion of solid-phase RPA. Successful quantitative amplification and detection were achieved in less than 1 h at 37 °C, calibrating with PCR-amplified genomic DNA standards and achieving a limit of detection of 5 · 10-8 μg ml-1 (3 · 103 copies in 10 μl). The presented system was applied to the analysis of eight real salmon samples, and the method was also compared to qPCR analysis, observing an excellent degree of correlation. Graphical abstract Schematic of use of electrochemical RPA for detection of Psiricketessia salmonis in salmon liver.
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Joda H, Beni V, Willems A, Frank R, Höth J, Lind K, Strömbom L, Katakis I, O Sullivan CK. Modified primers for rapid and direct electrochemical analysis of coeliac disease associated HLA alleles. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 73:64-70. [PMID: 26043316 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Direct detection of PCR product via hybridisation assay, would facilitate the development of rapid tools for genetic analysis. Here, a PCR primer designed to generate a PCR amplicon tagged with single stranded DNA tails at each end of the duplex, which can be used for direct hybridisation with a surface immobilised probe and an enzyme labelled reporter probe is presented. Four modified sequence specific primers (SSP) pairs were designed for the selective amplification of coeliac disease associated alleles (DQA1*05, DQB1*02, DQB1*03:02 alleles), and human growth hormone (positive control). Multiplex PCR products were electrochemically detected in less than 5 min at 37 °C via direct hybridisation to short probes immobilised on individual electrodes of a genosensor array, and subsequent hybridisation to an enzyme labelled reporter probe. The developed electrochemical genosensor array exploiting the modified primers for the direct detection of PCR products was applied to the genotyping of real patient samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdi Joda
- Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avinguda Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Valerio Beni
- Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avinguda Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Andreas Willems
- Inno-Train Diagnostik GmbH, Niederhöchstädter Strasse, 62, 61476 Kronberg/Taunus, Germany
| | - Rainer Frank
- Inno-Train Diagnostik GmbH, Niederhöchstädter Strasse, 62, 61476 Kronberg/Taunus, Germany
| | - Julian Höth
- Fraunhofer ICT-IMM, Carl-Zeiss Strasse, 18-20, 55129 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kristina Lind
- TATAA Biocenter AB, Odinsgatan 28, 03, Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | - Ioanis Katakis
- Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avinguda Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ciara K O Sullivan
- Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avinguda Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain.
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Hsieh K, Ferguson BS, Eisenstein M, Plaxco KW, Soh HT. Integrated electrochemical microsystems for genetic detection of pathogens at the point of care. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:911-20. [PMID: 25785632 DOI: 10.1021/ar500456w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The capacity to achieve rapid, sensitive, specific, quantitative, and multiplexed genetic detection of pathogens via a robust, portable, point-of-care platform could transform many diagnostic applications. And while contemporary technologies have yet to effectively achieve this goal, the advent of microfluidics provides a potentially viable approach to this end by enabling the integration of sophisticated multistep biochemical assays (e.g., sample preparation, genetic amplification, and quantitative detection) in a monolithic, portable device from relatively small biological samples. Integrated electrochemical sensors offer a particularly promising solution to genetic detection because they do not require optical instrumentation and are readily compatible with both integrated circuit and microfluidic technologies. Nevertheless, the development of generalizable microfluidic electrochemical platforms that integrate sample preparation and amplification as well as quantitative and multiplexed detection remains a challenging and unsolved technical problem. Recognizing this unmet need, we have developed a series of microfluidic electrochemical DNA sensors that have progressively evolved to encompass each of these critical functionalities. For DNA detection, our platforms employ label-free, single-step, and sequence-specific electrochemical DNA (E-DNA) sensors, in which an electrode-bound, redox-reporter-modified DNA "probe" generates a current change after undergoing a hybridization-induced conformational change. After successfully integrating E-DNA sensors into a microfluidic chip format, we subsequently incorporated on-chip genetic amplification techniques including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) to enable genetic detection at clinically relevant target concentrations. To maximize the potential point-of-care utility of our platforms, we have further integrated sample preparation via immunomagnetic separation, which allowed the detection of influenza virus directly from throat swabs and developed strategies for the multiplexed detection of related bacterial strains from the blood of septic mice. Finally, we developed an alternative electrochemical detection platform based on real-time LAMP, which not is only capable of detecting across a broad dynamic range of target concentrations, but also greatly simplifies quantitative measurement of nucleic acids. These efforts represent considerable progress toward the development of a true sample-in-answer-out platform for genetic detection of pathogens at the point of care. Given the many advantages of these systems, and the growing interest and innovative contributions from researchers in this field, we are optimistic that iterations of these systems will arrive in clinical settings in the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuangwen Hsieh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, ‡Institute
for Collaborative Biotechnologies, §Interdepartmental Program in Biomolecular
Science and Engineering, ∥Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and ⊥Materials
Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - B. Scott Ferguson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, ‡Institute
for Collaborative Biotechnologies, §Interdepartmental Program in Biomolecular
Science and Engineering, ∥Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and ⊥Materials
Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Michael Eisenstein
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, ‡Institute
for Collaborative Biotechnologies, §Interdepartmental Program in Biomolecular
Science and Engineering, ∥Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and ⊥Materials
Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Kevin W. Plaxco
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, ‡Institute
for Collaborative Biotechnologies, §Interdepartmental Program in Biomolecular
Science and Engineering, ∥Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and ⊥Materials
Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - H. Tom Soh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, ‡Institute
for Collaborative Biotechnologies, §Interdepartmental Program in Biomolecular
Science and Engineering, ∥Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and ⊥Materials
Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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Díaz-González M, Muñoz-Berbel X, Jiménez-Jorquera C, Baldi A, Fernández-Sánchez C. Diagnostics Using Multiplexed Electrochemical Readout Devices. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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14
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Joda H, Beni V, Alakulppi N, Partanen J, Lind K, Strömbom L, Latta D, Höth J, Katakis I, O’Sullivan CK. Medium-high resolution electrochemical genotyping of HLA-DQ2/DQ8 for detection of predisposition to coeliac disease. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:2757-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7650-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Zór K, Heiskanen A, Caviglia C, Vergani M, Landini E, Shah F, Carminati M, Martínez-Serrano A, Moreno TR, Kokaia M, Benayahu D, Keresztes Z, Papkovsky D, Wollenberger U, Svendsen WE, Dimaki M, Ferrari G, Raiteri R, Sampietro M, Dufva M, Emnéus J. A compact multifunctional microfluidic platform for exploring cellular dynamics in real-time using electrochemical detection. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra12632g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine detection from PC12 cell populations and monitoring of yeast redox metabolism demonstrate the multifunctionality of the compact microfluidic cell culture and electrochemical analysis platform with in-built fluid handling and detection unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Zór
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology
- Technical University of Denmark
- DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - A. Heiskanen
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology
- Technical University of Denmark
- DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - C. Caviglia
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology
- Technical University of Denmark
- DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - M. Vergani
- Dipartimento di Elettronica
- Informazione e Bioingegneria
- Politecnico di Milano
- Milan, Italy
| | - E. Landini
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics, and System Engineering
- University of Genova
- Genova, Italy
| | - F. Shah
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology
- Technical University of Denmark
- DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - M. Carminati
- Dipartimento di Elettronica
- Informazione e Bioingegneria
- Politecnico di Milano
- Milan, Italy
| | - A. Martínez-Serrano
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center of Molecular Biology “Severo Ochoa”
- University Autónoma de Madrid
- Madrid, Spain
| | - T. Ramos Moreno
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center of Molecular Biology “Severo Ochoa”
- University Autónoma de Madrid
- Madrid, Spain
- Wallenberg Neuroscience Center
- Lund University
| | - M. Kokaia
- Wallenberg Neuroscience Center
- Lund University
- Lund, Sweden
| | - D. Benayahu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology
- Tel Aviv University
- Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Zs. Keresztes
- Research Center for Natural Sciences
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences
- Budapest, Hungary
| | - D. Papkovsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology
- University College Cork
- Cork, Ireland
| | - U. Wollenberger
- Department of Molecular Enzymology
- University of Potsdam
- Potsdam (Golm), Germany
| | - W. E. Svendsen
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology
- Technical University of Denmark
- DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - M. Dimaki
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology
- Technical University of Denmark
- DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - G. Ferrari
- Dipartimento di Elettronica
- Informazione e Bioingegneria
- Politecnico di Milano
- Milan, Italy
| | - R. Raiteri
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics, and System Engineering
- University of Genova
- Genova, Italy
| | - M. Sampietro
- Dipartimento di Elettronica
- Informazione e Bioingegneria
- Politecnico di Milano
- Milan, Italy
| | - M. Dufva
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology
- Technical University of Denmark
- DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - J. Emnéus
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology
- Technical University of Denmark
- DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Ricci F, Adornetto G, Palleschi G. A review of experimental aspects of electrochemical immunosensors. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Powers AD, Palecek SP. Protein analytical assays for diagnosing, monitoring, and choosing treatment for cancer patients. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2012; 3:503-534. [PMID: 25147725 DOI: 10.1260/2040-2295.3.4.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer treatment is often hindered by inadequate methods for diagnosing the disease or insufficient predictive capacity regarding therapeutic efficacy. Targeted cancer treatments, including Bcr-Abl and EGFR kinase inhibitors, have increased survival for some cancer patients but are ineffective in other patients. In addition, many patients who initially respond to targeted inhibitor therapy develop resistance during the course of treatment. Molecular analysis of cancer cells has emerged as a means to tailor treatment to particular patients. While DNA analysis can provide important diagnostic information, protein analysis is particularly valuable because proteins are more direct mediators of normal and diseased cellular processes. In this review article, we discuss current and emerging protein assays for improving cancer treatment, including trends toward assay miniaturization and measurement of protein activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia D Powers
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Sean P Palecek
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison
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Olasagasti F, Ruiz de Gordoa JC. Miniaturized technology for protein and nucleic acid point-of-care testing. Transl Res 2012; 160:332-45. [PMID: 22683416 PMCID: PMC7104926 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2012.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The field of point-of-care (POC) testing technology is developing quickly and producing instruments that are increasingly reliable, while their size is being gradually reduced. Proteins are a common target for POC analyses and the detection of protein markers typically involves immunoassays aimed at detecting different groups of proteins such as tumor markers, inflammation proteins, and cardiac markers; but other techniques can also be used to analyze plasma proteins. In the case of nucleic acids, hybridization and amplification strategies can be used to record electromagnetic or electric signals. These techniques allow for the identification of specific viral or bacterial infections as well as specific cancers. In this review, we consider some of the latest advances in the analysis of specific nucleic acid and protein biomarkers, taking into account their trend toward miniaturization and paying special attention to the technology that can be implemented in future applications, such as lab-on-a-chip instruments.
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Key Words
- poc, point-of-care
- lfi, lateral flow immunochromatography
- psa, prostate-specific antigen
- hcg, human chorionic gonadotropin
- tsh, thyroid-stimulating hormone
- seb, staphylococcal enterotixin b
- fret, förster resonance energy transfer
- mmp, matrix metalloproteinase 9
- bnp, b-type natriuretic peptide
- crp, c-reactive protein
- pdms, polydimethylsiloxane
- ig, immunoglobulin
- hb a1c, hemoglobin a1c
- ag, antigen
- ab, antibody
- tnfα, tumor necrosis factor α
- pct, procalcitonin
- il, interleukin
- pcr, polymerase chain reaction
- ca, cancer antigen
- cea, carcinoembryonic antigen
- nmp, nuclear matrix protein
- s100β, s100 calcium binding protein beta
- elisa, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- vegf, vascular endothelial growth factor
- pmma, methyl methacrylate
- ctni, cardiac troponin i
- egf, epidermal growth factor
- ip, interferon-inducible
- mcp, monocyte chemoattractant protein
- timp-1, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1
- rantes, regulated upon activation, normal t cell expressed and secreted
- mip-1 β, macrophage inflammatory protein-beta
- ctnt, cardiac troponin t
- hrp, horseradish peroxidase
- si-fet, silicon field-effect-transistor
- afp, alpha fetoprotein
- act, antichymotrypsin
- mia, magnetic immunoassay
- apc, allophycocyanin
- he4, human epididymis protein 4
- tmb, 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine
- hp, hairpin
- lamp, loop-mediated isothermal amplification
- mrsa, methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus
- fmdv, foot-and-mouth disease virus
- mμlamp, multiplex microfluidic lamp
- had, helicase-dependent amplification
- nasba, nucleic acid sequence based amplification
- lfm, lateral flow chromatography microarrays
- hsp, heat shock proteins
- spr, surface plasmon resonance
- mems, micro-electro-mechanical systems
- mimed, magnetic integrated microfluidic electrochemical detectors
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Olasagasti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Farmazia Fakultatea/Facultad de Farmacia, UPV-EHU, Gasteiz, Spain.
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Tanweer F, Louise Green V, David Stafford N, Greenman J. Application of microfluidic systems in management of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2012; 35:756-63. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.22906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Civit L, Fragoso A, Hölters S, Dürst M, O'Sullivan CK. Electrochemical genosensor array for the simultaneous detection of multiple high-risk human papillomavirus sequences in clinical samples. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 715:93-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Hervás M, López MA, Escarpa A. Electrochemical immunosensing on board microfluidic chip platforms. Trends Analyt Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Electrochemical genosensor based on three-dimensional DNA polymer brushes monolayers. Electrochem commun 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2011.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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23
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A simple and compact blue diode laser powered excitation source for fluorescence detection in capillary electrochromatographic microchip separation. Microchem J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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24
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Juskova P, Foret F. Application of thin metal film elements in bioanalysis. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:2779-89. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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Laboria N, Fragoso A, O'Sullivan CK. Storage Properties of Peroxidase Labeled Antibodies for the Development of Multiplexed Packaged Immunosensors for Cancer Markers. ANAL LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2010.539732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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26
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Beni V, Gelaw TK, O'Sullivan CK. Study of the combination of the deposition/stripping of sacrificial metal nano-structures and alkanethiol as a route for genosensor surface preparation. Electrochem commun 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2011.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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27
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Ortiz M, Fragoso A, O'Sullivan CK. Detection of Antigliadin Autoantibodies in Celiac Patient Samples Using a Cyclodextrin-Based Supramolecular Biosensor. Anal Chem 2011; 83:2931-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac102956p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mayreli Ortiz
- Nanobiotechnology and Bioanalysis Group, Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avinguda Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Alex Fragoso
- Nanobiotechnology and Bioanalysis Group, Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avinguda Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ciara K. O'Sullivan
- Nanobiotechnology and Bioanalysis Group, Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avinguda Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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Kellner C, Botero ML, Latta D, Drese K, Fragoso A, O'Sullivan CK. Automated microsystem for electrochemical detection of cancer markers. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:926-30. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
A biosensor is a sensing device that incorporates a biological sensing element and a transducer to produce electrochemical, optical, mass, or other signals in proportion to quantitative information about the analytes in the given samples. The microfluidic chip is an attractive miniaturized platform with valuable advantages, e.g., low cost analysis requiring low reagent consumption, reduced sample volume, and shortened processing time. Combination of biosensors and microfluidic chips enhances analytical capability so as to widen the scope of possible applications. This review provides an overview of recent research activities in the field of biosensors integrated on microfluidic chips, focusing on the working principles, characteristics, and applicability of the biosensors. Theoretical background and applications in chemical, biological, and clinical analysis are summarized and discussed.
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30
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Stakenborg T, Liu C, Henry O, Borgen E, Laddach N, Roeser T, Ritzi-Lehnert M, Fermér C, Hauch S, O'Sullivan CK, Lagae L. Automated genotyping of circulating tumor cells. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2010; 10:723-9. [PMID: 20843197 DOI: 10.1586/erm.10.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cancer remains a prominent health concern in modern societies. Continuous innovations and introduction of new technologies are essential to level or reduce current healthcare spending. A diagnostic platform to detect circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in peripheral blood may be most promising in this respect. CTCs have been proposed as a minimally invasive, prognostic and predictive marker to reflect the biological characteristics of tumors and are implemented in an increasing number of clinical studies. Still, their detection remains a challenge as they may occur at concentrations below one single cell per ml of blood. To facilitate their detection, here we describe microfluidic modules to isolate and genotype CTCs directly from clinical blood samples. In a first cell isolation and detection module, the CTCs are immunomagnetically enriched, separated and counted. In a second module and after cell lysis, the mRNA is reversely transcripted to cDNA, followed by a multiplex ligation probe amplification of 20 specific genetic markers and two control fragments. Following the multiplex ligation probe amplification reaction, the amplified fragments are electrochemically detected in a third and final module. Besides the design of the modules, their functionality is described using control samples. Further testing using clinical samples and integration of all modules in a single, fully automated smart miniaturized system will enable minimal invasive testing for frequent detection and characterization of CTCs.
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31
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Bipodal PEGylated alkanethiol for the enhanced electrochemical detection of genetic markers involved in breast cancer. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 26:1500-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.07.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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32
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Arora A, Simone G, Salieb-Beugelaar GB, Kim JT, Manz A. Latest Developments in Micro Total Analysis Systems. Anal Chem 2010; 82:4830-47. [PMID: 20462185 DOI: 10.1021/ac100969k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arun Arora
- KIST Europe, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Campus E71, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany, FRIAS, Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany, IMTEK, Institute for Microsystem Technology, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany, and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology/Lab-on-a-Chip Group, Twente University, Building Carré, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppina Simone
- KIST Europe, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Campus E71, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany, FRIAS, Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany, IMTEK, Institute for Microsystem Technology, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany, and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology/Lab-on-a-Chip Group, Twente University, Building Carré, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Georgette B. Salieb-Beugelaar
- KIST Europe, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Campus E71, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany, FRIAS, Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany, IMTEK, Institute for Microsystem Technology, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany, and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology/Lab-on-a-Chip Group, Twente University, Building Carré, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jung Tae Kim
- KIST Europe, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Campus E71, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany, FRIAS, Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany, IMTEK, Institute for Microsystem Technology, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany, and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology/Lab-on-a-Chip Group, Twente University, Building Carré, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Manz
- KIST Europe, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Campus E71, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany, FRIAS, Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany, IMTEK, Institute for Microsystem Technology, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany, and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology/Lab-on-a-Chip Group, Twente University, Building Carré, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
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33
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Laboria N, Fragoso A, Kemmner W, Latta D, Nilsson O, Luz Botero M, Drese K, O’Sullivan CK. Amperometric Immunosensor for Carcinoembryonic Antigen in Colon Cancer Samples Based on Monolayers of Dendritic Bipodal Scaffolds. Anal Chem 2010; 82:1712-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac902162e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Laboria
- Nanobiotechnology & Bioanalysis Group, Departament d’Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avinguda Paisos Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain, Research Group Surgical Oncology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Buch, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125 Berlin, Germany, Fluidics & Simulation, Institut für Mikrotechnik Mainz GmbH, Carl Zeiss Strasse 18-20, 55129 Mainz, Germany, Fujirebio Diagnostics AB, Majnabbeterminalen 414 55 Göteborg, Sweden, and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis
| | - Alex Fragoso
- Nanobiotechnology & Bioanalysis Group, Departament d’Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avinguda Paisos Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain, Research Group Surgical Oncology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Buch, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125 Berlin, Germany, Fluidics & Simulation, Institut für Mikrotechnik Mainz GmbH, Carl Zeiss Strasse 18-20, 55129 Mainz, Germany, Fujirebio Diagnostics AB, Majnabbeterminalen 414 55 Göteborg, Sweden, and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis
| | - Wolfgang Kemmner
- Nanobiotechnology & Bioanalysis Group, Departament d’Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avinguda Paisos Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain, Research Group Surgical Oncology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Buch, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125 Berlin, Germany, Fluidics & Simulation, Institut für Mikrotechnik Mainz GmbH, Carl Zeiss Strasse 18-20, 55129 Mainz, Germany, Fujirebio Diagnostics AB, Majnabbeterminalen 414 55 Göteborg, Sweden, and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis
| | - Daniel Latta
- Nanobiotechnology & Bioanalysis Group, Departament d’Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avinguda Paisos Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain, Research Group Surgical Oncology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Buch, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125 Berlin, Germany, Fluidics & Simulation, Institut für Mikrotechnik Mainz GmbH, Carl Zeiss Strasse 18-20, 55129 Mainz, Germany, Fujirebio Diagnostics AB, Majnabbeterminalen 414 55 Göteborg, Sweden, and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis
| | - Olle Nilsson
- Nanobiotechnology & Bioanalysis Group, Departament d’Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avinguda Paisos Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain, Research Group Surgical Oncology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Buch, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125 Berlin, Germany, Fluidics & Simulation, Institut für Mikrotechnik Mainz GmbH, Carl Zeiss Strasse 18-20, 55129 Mainz, Germany, Fujirebio Diagnostics AB, Majnabbeterminalen 414 55 Göteborg, Sweden, and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis
| | - Mary Luz Botero
- Nanobiotechnology & Bioanalysis Group, Departament d’Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avinguda Paisos Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain, Research Group Surgical Oncology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Buch, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125 Berlin, Germany, Fluidics & Simulation, Institut für Mikrotechnik Mainz GmbH, Carl Zeiss Strasse 18-20, 55129 Mainz, Germany, Fujirebio Diagnostics AB, Majnabbeterminalen 414 55 Göteborg, Sweden, and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis
| | - Klaus Drese
- Nanobiotechnology & Bioanalysis Group, Departament d’Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avinguda Paisos Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain, Research Group Surgical Oncology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Buch, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125 Berlin, Germany, Fluidics & Simulation, Institut für Mikrotechnik Mainz GmbH, Carl Zeiss Strasse 18-20, 55129 Mainz, Germany, Fujirebio Diagnostics AB, Majnabbeterminalen 414 55 Göteborg, Sweden, and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis
| | - Ciara K. O’Sullivan
- Nanobiotechnology & Bioanalysis Group, Departament d’Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avinguda Paisos Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain, Research Group Surgical Oncology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Buch, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125 Berlin, Germany, Fluidics & Simulation, Institut für Mikrotechnik Mainz GmbH, Carl Zeiss Strasse 18-20, 55129 Mainz, Germany, Fujirebio Diagnostics AB, Majnabbeterminalen 414 55 Göteborg, Sweden, and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis
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