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Yu Z, Cao Y, Tian Y, Ji W, Chen KE, Wang Z, Ren J, Xiao H, Zhang L, Liu W, Fan L, Zhang Q, Cao C. Real-time and quantitative protein detection via polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and online intrinsic fluorescence imaging. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1291:342219. [PMID: 38280790 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
The detection of intrinsic protein fluorescence is a powerful tool for studying proteins in their native state. Thanks to its label-free and stain-free feature, intrinsic fluorescence detection has been introduced to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), a fundamental and ubiquitous protein analysis technique, to avoid the tedious detection process. However, the reported methods of intrinsic fluorescence detection were incompatible with online PAGE detection or standard slab gel. Here, we fulfilled online intrinsic fluorescence imaging (IFI) of the standard slab gel to develop a PAGE-IFI method for real-time and quantitative protein detection. To do so, we comprehensively investigated the arrangement of the deep-UV light source to obtain a large imaging area compatible with the standard slab gel, and then designed a semi-open gel electrophoresis apparatus (GEA) to scaffold the gel for the online UV irradiation and IFI with low background noise. Thus, we achieved real-time monitoring of the protein migration, which enabled us to determine the optimal endpoint of PAGE run to improve the sensitivity of IFI. Moreover, online IFI circumvented the broadening of protein bands to enhance the separation resolution. Because of the low background noise and the optimized endpoint, we showcased the quantitative detection of bovine serum albumin (BSA) with a limit of detection (LOD) of 20 ng. The standard slab gel provided a high sample loading volume that allowed us to attain a wide linear range of 0.03-10 μg. These results indicate that the PAGE-IFI method can be a promising alternative to conventional PAGE and can be widely used in molecular biology labs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixian Yu
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yiren Cao
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Youli Tian
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Weicheng Ji
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ke-Er Chen
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zihao Wang
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jicun Ren
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hua Xiao
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Weiwen Liu
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Liuyin Fan
- Student Innovation Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Qiang Zhang
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Chengxi Cao
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; School of Life Science and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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2
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Wang ST, Gao H, Shen BB, Wang H, Fang WJ. Elimination of light chain tailing in reducing capillary electrophoresis with sodium dodecyl sulfate analysis of a monoclonal antibody. Electrophoresis 2022; 43:1850-1858. [PMID: 35776503 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis with sodium dodecyl sulfate (CE-SDS) is a common analytical technique for investigating the purity and molecular size heterogeneity of monoclonal antibody (mAb) drugs. In reducing CE-SDS analysis of mAb-A, the light chain (LC) peak exhibited severe tailing, seriously affecting the purity analysis. The purposes of this investigation are to clarify the source of tailing and develop a more appropriate CE-SDS method to eliminate LC tailing. The degree of LC tailing was closely related to the mAb concentration, SDS concentration, and injection amount, and more hydrophobic detergents, such as sodium hexadecyl sulfate (SHS) and sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS), could be used instead of SDS to obtain better peak shapes. The results also indicated that the tailing was caused by the binding problem associated with SDS, and SHS/STS could provide a more stable and uniform complexation for the LC. In summary, the method we developed successfully eliminated the LC tailing and provided a robust characterization of mAb-A in reducing CE-SDS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Tao Wang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Han Gao
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China.,Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Bin-Bin Shen
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China.,Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Haibin Wang
- Zhejiang Bioray Biopharmaceutical Co., Taizhou, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Jie Fang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China.,Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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Gao H, Wang ST, Hu F, Shen BB, Sun MF, Wang H, Li L, Fang WJ. Investigation of an Uncommon Artifact during Reducing Capillary Electrophoresis-Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Analysis of a Monoclonal Antibody with Dynamic Light Scattering and Reversed Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Pharm Res 2022; 39:1959-1968. [PMID: 35701679 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03303-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSES In reducing capillary electrophoresis sodium dodecyl sulfate (CE-SDS) analysis of a monoclonal antibody (mAb-1), the peak area ratio of heavy chain (HC) to light chain (LC) was out of balance, while multiple artifact peaks were observed following the migration of HC. The main purposes of this study were to describe the techniques utilized to eliminate this artifact and clarify the root cause for this interesting phenomenon. METHODS We optimized the CE-SDS analysis of mAb-1 by a vairety of techniques including changing the concentration of protein or replacing SDS with a more hydrophobic surfactant (i.e., sodium hexadecyl sulfate (SHS) or sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS) instead of SDS) in sample and/or the sieving gel buffer. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) were used to study the protein-surfactant complex. RESULTS The artifact could be partially mitigated by reducing the protein concentration and replacing SDS with SHS or STS in the sample and/or the sieving gel buffer solutions. Due to replacing a more hydrophobic surfactant, the HC-surfactant complex formed was more resistant to dissociation, preventing additional hydrophobic HC-HC interaction and aggregation, thus eliminating the artifact problem. CONCLUSIONS DLS and RP-HPLC are powerful supplementary techniques in characterizing the protein-surfactant complex, and hydrophobic surfactants such as SHS and STS could afford more normal electropherograms during the analysis of mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Gao
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Si-Tao Wang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Feng Hu
- Zhejiang Bioray Biopharmaceutical Co., Taizhou, 317000, China
| | - Bin-Bin Shen
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Min-Fei Sun
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Haibin Wang
- Zhejiang Bioray Biopharmaceutical Co., Taizhou, 317000, China
| | - Lei Li
- Zhejiang Bioray Biopharmaceutical Co., Taizhou, 317000, China
| | - Wei-Jie Fang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L. Crihfield
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Lisa A. Holland
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
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5
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Shen BB, Zhang Z, Yuan JJ, Zheng A, Zeng S, Gao JQ, Bao W, Barnard J, Wang H, Fang WJ. Formation of an Unprecedented Impurity during CE-SDS Analysis of a Recombinant Protein. Pharm Res 2020; 37:228. [PMID: 33098017 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02947-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSES The main purposes of this article are to describe an unprecedented phenomenon in which significant amount of a shoulder peak impurity was observed during normal non-reducing capillary electrophoresis-sodium dodecyl sulfate (CE-SDS) analysis of a recombinant fusion protein X, and to evaluate the root cause for this phenomenon. METHODS A series of experiments were conducted to study the nature of this degradation. Effects of iodoacetamide (IAM), heating temperature, duration, and SDS on the formation of this specific impurity were evaluated using a variety of characterization techniques. RESULTS The formation of the impurity as observed in CE-SDS was actually due to alkylation of lysine and serine residues with IAM, as confirmed by peptide mapping and LC-MS/MS, which increased the molecular weight and therefore decreased the electrophoretic mobility. The amount of impurity was also strongly dependent on sample preparation conditions including the presence or absence of SDS. CONCLUSIONS Our study clearly suggested that even though IAM has been used extensively as an alkylation reagent in the traditional non-reducing CE-SDS analysis of monoclonal antibodies and other proteins, alkylation with IAM could potentially lead to additional impurity peak, and therefore complicating analysis. Therefore, before performing CE-SDS and other analyses, the effects of sample preparation procedures on analytical results must be evaluated. For protein X, IAM should be excluded for CE-SDS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Bin Shen
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Zhongwei Zhang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Jun-Jie Yuan
- Zhejiang Hisun Bioray Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318000, China
| | - Aiping Zheng
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Su Zeng
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jian-Qing Gao
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wenhan Bao
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - James Barnard
- Drug Product Development, Biological, Allergan, Irvine, California, 92612, USA
| | - Haibin Wang
- Zhejiang Hisun Bioray Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318000, China
| | - Wei-Jie Fang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
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6
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Zhang L, Fei M, Tian Y, Li S, Zhu X, Wang L, Xu Y, Xie MH. Characterization and elimination of artificial non-covalent light Chain dimers in reduced CE-SDS analysis of pertuzumab. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 190:113527. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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7
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Delvaux C, Massonnet P, Kune C, Haler JRN, Upert G, Mourier G, Gilles N, Quinton L, De Pauw E, Far J. Combination of Capillary Zone Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry, Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry, and Theoretical Calculations for Cysteine Connectivity Identification in Peptides Bearing Two Intramolecular Disulfide Bonds. Anal Chem 2020; 92:2425-2434. [PMID: 31885261 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Disulfide bonds between cysteine residues are commonly involved in the stability of numerous peptides and proteins and are crucial for providing biological activities. In such peptides, the appropriate cysteine connectivity ensures the proper conformation allowing an efficient binding to their molecular targets. Disulfide bond connectivity characterization is still challenging and is a critical issue in the analysis of structured peptides/proteins targeting pharmaceutical or pharmacological utilizations. This study describes the development of new and fast gas-phase and in-solution electrophoretic methods coupled to mass spectrometry to characterize the cysteine connectivity of disulfide bonds. For this purpose, disulfide isomers of three peptides bearing two intramolecular disulfide bonds but different cysteine connectivity have been investigated. Capillary zone electrophoresis and ion mobility both coupled to mass spectrometry were used to perform the separation in both aqueous and gas phases, respectively. The separation efficiency of each technique has been critically evaluated and compared. Finally, theoretical calculations were performed to support and explain the experimental data based on the predicted physicochemical properties of the different peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Delvaux
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, Quartier Agora , University of Liège , Allée du Six Août 11 , B-4000 Liège , Belgium
| | - Philippe Massonnet
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, Quartier Agora , University of Liège , Allée du Six Août 11 , B-4000 Liège , Belgium.,Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging (M4I) Institute , Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry , Maastricht , Limburg , Netherlands
| | - Christopher Kune
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, Quartier Agora , University of Liège , Allée du Six Août 11 , B-4000 Liège , Belgium
| | - Jean R N Haler
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, Quartier Agora , University of Liège , Allée du Six Août 11 , B-4000 Liège , Belgium.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Florida International University , Miami , Florida 33199 , United States
| | - Gregory Upert
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique , DRF/Institut Joliot/SIMOPRO, Université Paris Sud , 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette , France
| | - Gilles Mourier
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique , DRF/Institut Joliot/SIMOPRO, Université Paris Sud , 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette , France
| | - Nicolas Gilles
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique , DRF/Institut Joliot/SIMOPRO, Université Paris Sud , 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette , France
| | - Loïc Quinton
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, Quartier Agora , University of Liège , Allée du Six Août 11 , B-4000 Liège , Belgium
| | - Edwin De Pauw
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, Quartier Agora , University of Liège , Allée du Six Août 11 , B-4000 Liège , Belgium
| | - Johann Far
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, Quartier Agora , University of Liège , Allée du Six Août 11 , B-4000 Liège , Belgium
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8
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Römer J, Montealegre C, Schlecht J, Kiessig S, Moritz B, Neusüß C. Online mass spectrometry of CE (SDS)-separated proteins by two-dimensional capillary electrophoresis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:7197-7206. [PMID: 31616969 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02102-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) is the fundamental technique for protein separation by size. Applying this technology in capillary format, gaining high separation efficiency in a more automated way, is a key technology for size separation of proteins in the biopharmaceutical industry. However, unequivocal identification by online mass spectrometry (MS) is impossible so far, due to strong interference in the electrospray process by SDS and other components of the SDS-MW separation gel buffer. Here, a heart-cut two-dimensional electrophoretic separation system applying an electrically isolated valve with an internal loop of 20 nL is presented. The peak of interest in the CE (SDS) separation is transferred to the CZE-MS, where electrospray-interfering substances of the SDS-MW gel are separated prior to online electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. An online SDS removal strategy for decomplexing the protein-SDS complex is implemented in the second dimension, consisting of the co-injection of organic solvent and cationic surfactant. This online CE (SDS)-CZE-MS system allows MS characterization of proteoforms separated in generic CE (SDS), gaining additional separation in the CZE and detailed MS information. In general, the system can be applied to all kinds of proteins separated by CE (SDS). Here, we present results of the CE (SDS)-CZE-MS system on the analysis of several biopharmaceutically relevant antibody impurities and fragments. Additionally, the versatile application spectrum of the system is demonstrated by the analysis of extracted proteins from soybean flour. The online hyphenation of CE (SDS) resolving power and MS identification capabilities will be a powerful tool for protein and mAb characterization. Graphical abstract Two-dimensional capillary electrophoresis system hyphenated with mass spectrometry for the characterization of CE (SDS)-separated proteins. As first dimension, a generic and high MS-interfering CE (SDS) separation is performed for size separation. After heart-cut transfer of the unknown CE (SDS) protein peak, via a four-port nanoliter valve to a volatile electrolyte system as second dimension, interference-free mass spectrometric data of separated mAb fragments and soybean proteins are obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Römer
- Faculty of Chemistry, Aalen University, Beethovenstraße 1, 73430, Aalen, Germany
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Cristina Montealegre
- Faculty of Chemistry, Aalen University, Beethovenstraße 1, 73430, Aalen, Germany
| | - Johannes Schlecht
- Faculty of Chemistry, Aalen University, Beethovenstraße 1, 73430, Aalen, Germany
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstraße 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Steffen Kiessig
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstraße 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Moritz
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstraße 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Neusüß
- Faculty of Chemistry, Aalen University, Beethovenstraße 1, 73430, Aalen, Germany.
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High resolution separations of charge variants and disulfide isomers of monoclonal antibodies and antibody drug conjugates using ultra-high voltage capillary electrophoresis with high electric field strength. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1523:72-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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10
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Application of nanocomposite polymer hydrogels for ultra-sensitive fluorescence detection of proteins in gel electrophoresis. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Cutting-edge capillary electrophoresis characterization of monoclonal antibodies and related products. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1032:61-78. [PMID: 27265157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Out of all categories, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), biosimilar, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) and Fc-fusion proteins attract the most interest due to their strong therapeutic potency and specificity. Because of their intrinsic complexity due to a large number of micro-heterogeneities, there is a crucial need of analytical methods to provide comprehensive in-depth characterization of these molecules. CE presents some obvious benefits as high resolution separation and miniaturized format to be widely applied to the analysis of biopharmaceuticals. CE is an effective method for the separation of proteins at different levels. capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE), capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF) and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) have been particularly relevant for the characterization of size and charge variants of intact and reduced mAbs, while CE-MS appears to be a promising analytical tool to assess the primary structure of mAbs and related products. This review will be dedicated to detail the current and state-of-the-art CE-based methods for the characterization of mAbs and related products.
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12
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Cai H, Song Y, Zhang J, Shi T, Fu Y, Li R, Mussa N, Li ZJ. Optimization of microchip-based electrophoresis for monoclonal antibody product quality analysis revealed needs for extra surfactants during denaturation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 120:46-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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14
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Tamizi E, Jouyban A. The potential of the capillary electrophoresis techniques for quality control of biopharmaceuticals-A review. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:831-58. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Tamizi
- Biotechnology Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Abolghasem Jouyban
- Pharmacy Faculty and Drug Applied Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
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15
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Hasan F, Vidanapathirana P, Das S, Fernand VE, Siraj N, Losso JN, Warner IM. Ionic liquids as buffer additives in ionic liquid-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis separation of mixtures of low and high molecular weight proteins. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra11559k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Three novel ionic liquids (ILs) [CnPBr] (n= 4, 6, 8) have been synthesized and were used as buffer additives in IL-PAGE separation of mixture of acidic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Hasan
- Department of Chemistry
- Louisiana State University
- Baton Rouge
- USA
| | | | - Susmita Das
- Department of Chemistry
- Louisiana State University
- Baton Rouge
- USA
| | - Vivian E. Fernand
- Department of Chemistry
- Louisiana State University
- Baton Rouge
- USA
- Department of Chemistry and Physics
| | - Noureen Siraj
- Department of Chemistry
- Louisiana State University
- Baton Rouge
- USA
| | - Jack N. Losso
- Department of Food Science
- Louisiana State University
- Baton Rouge
- USA
| | - Isiah M. Warner
- Department of Chemistry
- Louisiana State University
- Baton Rouge
- USA
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16
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Zhao SS, Chen DDY. Applications of capillary electrophoresis in characterizing recombinant protein therapeutics. Electrophoresis 2013; 35:96-108. [PMID: 24123141 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The use of recombinant protein for therapeutic applications has increased significantly in the last three decades. The heterogeneity of these proteins, often caused by the complex biosynthesis pathways and the subsequent PTMs, poses a challenge for drug characterization to ensure its safety, quality, integrity, and efficacy. CE, with its simple instrumentation, superior separation efficiency, small sample consumption, and short analysis time, is a well-suited analytical tool for therapeutic protein characterization. Different separation modes, including CIEF, SDS-CGE, CZE, and CE-MS, provide complementary information of the proteins. The CE applications for recombinant therapeutic proteins from the year 2000 to June 2013 are reviewed and technical concerns are discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Sherry Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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17
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Investigation of monoclonal antibody fragmentation artifacts in non-reducing SDS-PAGE. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 83:89-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Fekete S, Gassner AL, Rudaz S, Schappler J, Guillarme D. Analytical strategies for the characterization of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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High-throughput analysis of therapeutic and diagnostic monoclonal antibodies by multicapillary SDS gel electrophoresis in conjunction with covalent fluorescent labeling. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:1485-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6213-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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20
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Han H, Chen X. Microchip electrophoresis-SDS methods with high-resolution and silver stain sensitivity for quality screening and quantitation of protein products. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:765-72. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Zhu Z, Lu JJ, Liu S. Protein separation by capillary gel electrophoresis: a review. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 709:21-31. [PMID: 22122927 PMCID: PMC3227876 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 10/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) has been used for protein separation for more than two decades. Due to the technology advancement, current CGE methods are becoming more and more robust and reliable for protein analysis, and some of the methods have been routinely used for the analysis of protein-based pharmaceuticals and quality controls. In light of this progress, we survey 147 papers related to CGE separations of proteins and present an overview of this technology. We first introduce briefly the early development of CGE. We then review the methodology, in which we specifically describe the matrices, coatings, and detection strategies used in CGE. CGE using microfabricated channels and incorporation of CGE with two-dimensional protein separations are also discussed in this section. We finally present a few representative applications of CGE for separating proteins in real-world samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaifang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019
| | - Joann J. Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019
| | - Shaorong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019
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22
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Zhang T, Gai Q, Qu F, Zhang Y. Ionic liquid-assisted SDS-PAGE to improve human serum protein separation. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:2904-10. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 05/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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23
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Han H, Livingston E, Chen X. High Throughput Profiling of Charge Heterogeneity in Antibodies by Microchip Electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2011; 83:8184-91. [DOI: 10.1021/ac201741w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Han
- Integrated Biologics Profiling, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Eliza Livingston
- Integrated Biologics Profiling, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Integrated Biologics Profiling, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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24
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Rustandi RR, Wang Y. Use of CE-SDS gel for characterization of monoclonal antibody hinge region clipping due to copper and high pH stress. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:3078-84. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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25
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Hapuarachchi S, Fodor S, Apostol I, Huang G. Use of capillary electrophoresis–sodium dodecyl sulfate to monitor disulfide scrambled forms of an Fc fusion protein during purification process. Anal Biochem 2011; 414:187-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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26
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Intact protein analysis in the biopharmaceutical field. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:810-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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27
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Sin MLY, Gao J, Liao JC, Wong PK. System Integration - A Major Step toward Lab on a Chip. J Biol Eng 2011; 5:6. [PMID: 21612614 PMCID: PMC3117764 DOI: 10.1186/1754-1611-5-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microfluidics holds great promise to revolutionize various areas of biological engineering, such as single cell analysis, environmental monitoring, regenerative medicine, and point-of-care diagnostics. Despite the fact that intensive efforts have been devoted into the field in the past decades, microfluidics has not yet been adopted widely. It is increasingly realized that an effective system integration strategy that is low cost and broadly applicable to various biological engineering situations is required to fully realize the potential of microfluidics. In this article, we review several promising system integration approaches for microfluidics and discuss their advantages, limitations, and applications. Future advancements of these microfluidic strategies will lead toward translational lab-on-a-chip systems for a wide spectrum of biological engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy LY Sin
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Jian Gao
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shandong Polytechnic University, Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Joseph C Liao
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, S-287, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Pak Kin Wong
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Biomedical Engineering and Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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28
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Wang Q, Lacher NA, Muralidhara BK, Schlittler MR, Aykent S, Demarest CW. Rapid and refined separation of human IgG2 disulfide isomers using superficially porous particles. J Sep Sci 2011; 33:2671-80. [PMID: 20730829 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A rapid reversed-phase HPLC separation of recombinant human immunoglobulin gamma 2 (IgG2) disulfide isomers using columns packed with superficially porous particles is reported. Under optimal conditions, a separation of monoclonal IgG2 disulfide isomers was achieved in 10 min using a Poroshell™ 300SB-C8 column via a combination of high column temperature (85°C), mobile phases with high eluotropic strength (e.g. isopropanol) and high flow rate (1.5 mL/min). Thermodynamic stability analyses of chromatographically enriched IgG2 disulfide isomers revealed differences in their individual denaturation temperatures, which correlate with the observed temperature-dependent refinement of peak profiles by reversed-phase HPLC. This reversed-phase HPLC method in conjunction with other orthogonal analytical techniques (e.g. capillary gel electrophoresis, peptide mapping, ion exchange chromatography, etc.) is being used to characterize disulfide isomers in the development of therapeutic IgG2 antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Analytical R&D, Global Biologics, Pfizer Inc., Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA.
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29
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Felhofer JL, Blanes L, Garcia CD. Recent developments in instrumentation for capillary electrophoresis and microchip-capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:2469-86. [PMID: 20665910 PMCID: PMC2928674 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Over the last years, there has been an explosion in the number of developments and applications of CE and microchip-CE. In part, this growth has been the direct consequence of recent developments in instrumentation associated with CE. This review, which is focused on the contributions published in the last 5 years, is intended to complement the articles presented in this special issue dedicated to instrumentation and to provide an overview of the general trends and some of the most remarkable developments published in the areas of high-voltage power supplies, detectors, auxiliary components, and compact systems. It also includes a few examples of alternative uses of and modifications to traditional CE instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Felhofer
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, United States of America
| | - Lucas Blanes
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Carlos D. Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, United States of America
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Bagal D, Valliere-Douglass JF, Balland A, Schnier PD. Resolving Disulfide Structural Isoforms of IgG2 Monoclonal Antibodies by Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2010; 82:6751-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ac1013139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dhanashri Bagal
- Molecular Structure, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, and Process and Product Development, Amgen, Seattle, Washington 98119
| | - John F. Valliere-Douglass
- Molecular Structure, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, and Process and Product Development, Amgen, Seattle, Washington 98119
| | - Alain Balland
- Molecular Structure, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, and Process and Product Development, Amgen, Seattle, Washington 98119
| | - Paul D. Schnier
- Molecular Structure, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, and Process and Product Development, Amgen, Seattle, Washington 98119
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31
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He Y, Lacher NA, Hou W, Wang Q, Isele C, Starkey J, Ruesch M. Analysis of identity, charge variants, and disulfide isomers of monoclonal antibodies with capillary zone electrophoresis in an uncoated capillary column. Anal Chem 2010; 82:3222-30. [PMID: 20345127 DOI: 10.1021/ac9028856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A set of related capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) methods have been developed for the analysis of identity, charge variants, and disulfide isoforms of IgG monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). These methods utilize an uncoated capillary column. The combined use of concentrated zwitterionic (e-amino-caproic acid) buffer and acid flushing was effective in minimizing the adsorption of protein to the inner wall of a bare capillary. Under these conditions, a selective and reproducible separation of multiple IgG1 and IgG2 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was obtained with a long capillary column (40 cm effective length), allowing the reliable identification of different mAbs by migration time. A rapid ( approximately 10 min) and selective separation of charged variants of IgG mAbs was attained using a short capillary column (10 cm effective length). Finally, the addition of urea in the separation buffer resulted in the separation of disulfide isoforms of IgG2 mAbs by CZE. CZE methods using an uncoated capillary column offer a versatile, generic, and economical approach to the evaluation of identity, charge heterogeneity, and disulfide isoforms of IgG antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan He
- Analytical R&D, Pfizer BioTherapeutics R&D Pharmaceutical Sciences, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, USA.
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