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Allmaier G, Blaas D, Bliem C, Dechat T, Fedosyuk S, Gösler I, Kowalski H, Weiss VU. Monolithic anion-exchange chromatography yields rhinovirus of high purity. J Virol Methods 2017; 251:15-21. [PMID: 28966037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
For vaccine development, 3D-structure determination, direct fluorescent labelling, and numerous other studies, homogeneous virus preparations of high purity are essential. Working with human rhinoviruses (RVs), members of the picornavirus family and the main cause of generally mild respiratory infections, we noticed that our routine preparations appeared highly pure on analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), exclusively showing the four viral capsid proteins (VPs). However, the preparations turned out to contain substantial amounts of contaminating material when analyzed by orthogonal analytical methods including capillary zone electrophoresis, nano electrospray gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis (nES GEMMA), and negative stain transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Because these latter analyses are not routine to many laboratories, the above contaminations might remain unnoticed and skew experimental results. By using human rhinovirus serotype A2 (RV-A2) as example we report monolithic anion-exchange chromatography (AEX) as a last polishing step in the purification and demonstrate that it yields infective, highly pure, virus (RV-A2 in the respective fractions was confirmed by peptide mass fingerprinting) devoid of foreign material as judged by the above criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Allmaier
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien (Vienna University of Technology), Vienna, Austria
| | - Dieter Blaas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina Bliem
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien (Vienna University of Technology), Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Dechat
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sofiya Fedosyuk
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irene Gösler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinrich Kowalski
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Victor U Weiss
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien (Vienna University of Technology), Vienna, Austria.
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Weiss VU, Bliem C, Gösler I, Fedosyuk S, Kratzmeier M, Blaas D, Allmaier G. In vitro RNA release from a human rhinovirus monitored by means of a molecular beacon and chip electrophoresis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:4209-17. [PMID: 27020928 PMCID: PMC4875947 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9459-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Liquid-phase electrophoresis either in the classical capillary format or miniaturized (chip CE) is a valuable tool for quality control of virus preparations and for targeting questions related to conformational changes of viruses during infection. We present an in vitro assay to follow the release of the RNA genome from a human rhinovirus (common cold virus) by using a molecular beacon (MB) and chip CE. The MB, a probe that becomes fluorescent upon hybridization to a complementary sequence, was designed to bind close to the 3′ end of the viral genome. Addition of Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid), a well-known additive for reduction of bleaching and blinking of fluorophores in fluorescence microscopy, to the background electrolyte increased the sensitivity of our chip CE set-up. Hence, a fast, sensitive and straightforward method for the detection of viral RNA is introduced. Additionally, challenges of our assay will be discussed. In particular, we found that (i) desalting of virus preparations prior to analysis increased the recorded signal and (ii) the MB–RNA complex signal decreased with the time of virus storage at −70 °C. This suggests that 3′-proximal sequences of the viral RNA, if not the whole genome, underwent degradation during storage and/or freezing and thawing. In summary, we demonstrate, for two independent virus batches, that chip electrophoresis can be used to monitor MB hybridization to RNA released upon incubation of the native virus at 56 °C. Schematic of the study strategy: RNA released from HRV-A2 is detected by chip electrophoresis through the increase in fluorescence after genom complexation to a cognate molecular beacon ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor U Weiss
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina Bliem
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irene Gösler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sofiya Fedosyuk
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Kratzmeier
- Agilent Technologies, Hewlett-Packard-Straße 8, 76337, Waldbronn, Germany
| | - Dieter Blaas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Günter Allmaier
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
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Park YH, Lee DH, Um E, Park JK. On-chip generation of monodisperse giant unilamellar lipid vesicles containing quantum dots. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:1353-8. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youn-Hee Park
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hyun Lee
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Eujin Um
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Kyun Park
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon Republic of Korea
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhushan S Pattni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Vladimir V Chupin
- Laboratory for Advanced Studies of Membrane Proteins, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology , Dolgoprudny 141700, Russia
| | - Vladimir P Torchilin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Weiss VU, Reitschmidt S, Friesz V, Križaj I, Günter Allmaier, Marchetti-Deschmann M. Chip electrophoretic separation of highly homologous ammodytoxin isoforms: three neurotoxic phospholipases A2 of Vipera ammodytes ammodytes venom. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:2137-45. [PMID: 24431226 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Ammodytoxins (Atxs), a group of Ca(2+) -dependent neurotoxic phospholipases A2 of Vipera ammodytes ammodytes venom, are mainly responsible for venom toxicity. Within the Atx group, LD50 values between three isoforms, A, B, and C are differing with AtxA exhibiting an LD50 value by an order of magnitude lower (more toxic) than the other two isoforms. This difference in toxicity justifies the necessity to prepare suitable antibodies and thus isoform separation to characterize the Atx content of Vipera ammodytes ammodytes venom is of importance. However, a high homology between the three Atx isoforms (differences in only two, respectively, three residues within the last 18 amino acids at the C-terminus, total length 122 residues) hindered the successful separation of isoforms to date. As the investigated phospholipases A2 were reported to exhibit differences in pI values, we concentrate with the current work on the separation of Atx isoforms after fluorescence labeling via chip electrophoresis on a commercially available instrument to build the basis for a fast and easy to handle screening method. In the course of our work, we were able to show that samples of AtxA, AtxB, and AtxC declared to be homogenous by standard analytical techniques consisted indeed of more than one isoform of which the relative amounts were calculated by using the newly developed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor U Weiss
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
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Weiss VU, Lehner A, Grombe R, Marchetti-Deschmann M, Allmaier G. Chip electrophoresis of gelatin-based nanoparticles. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:2152-61. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor U. Weiss
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics; Vienna University of Technology; Vienna; Austria
| | - Angela Lehner
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics; Vienna University of Technology; Vienna; Austria
| | - Ringo Grombe
- EC - Joint Research Centre - Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements; Geel; Belgium
| | | | - Günter Allmaier
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics; Vienna University of Technology; Vienna; Austria
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Subirats X, Weiss VU, Gösler I, Puls C, Limbeck A, Allmaier G, Kenndler E. Characterization of rhinovirus subviral A particles via capillary electrophoresis, electron microscopy and gas phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis: part II. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:1600-9. [PMID: 23483563 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are valuable tools in the investigation of early viral infection steps due to their far reaching (although still incomplete) characterization. During endocytosis, native virions first loose one of the four capsid proteins (VP4); corresponding particles sediment at 135S and were termed subviral A particles. Subsequently, the viral RNA genome leaves the viral shell giving rise to empty capsids. In continuation of our previous work with HRV serotype 2 (HRV2) intermediate subviral particles, in which we were able to discriminate by CE even between two intermediates (AI and AII) of virus uncoating, we further concentrated on the characterization of AI particles with the electrophoretic mobility of around -17.2 × 10(-9) m(2) /Vs at 20°C. In the course of our present work we related these particles to virions as previously described at the subviral A stage of uncoating (and as such sedimenting at 135S) by determination of their protein and RNA content--in comparison to native virions AI particles did not include VP4, however, still 93% of their initial RNA content. Binding of an mAb specific for subviral particles demonstrated antigenic rearrangements on the capsid surface at the AI stage. Furthermore, we investigated possible factors stabilizing intermediates of virus uncoating. We could exclude the influence of the previously suspected so-called contaminant of virus preparation on HRV2 subviral particle formation. Instead, we regarded other factors being part of the virus preparation system and found a dependence of AI particle formation on the presence of divalent cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Subirats
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria.
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Franzen U, Østergaard J. Physico-chemical characterization of liposomes and drug substance–liposome interactions in pharmaceutics using capillary electrophoresis and electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1267:32-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Weiss VU, Subirats X, Pickl-Herk A, Bilek G, Winkler W, Kumar M, Allmaier G, Blaas D, Kenndler E. Characterization of rhinovirus subviral A particles via capillary electrophoresis, electron microscopy and gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis: Part I. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:1833-41. [PMID: 22740471 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During infection, enteroviruses, such as human rhinoviruses (HRVs), convert from the native, infective form with a sedimentation coefficient of 150S to empty subviral particles sedimenting at 80S (B particles). B particles lack viral capsid protein 4 (VP4) and the single-stranded RNA genome. On the way to this end stage, a metastable intermediate particle is observed in the cell early after infection. This subviral A particle still contains the RNA but lacks VP4 and sediments at 135S. Native (150S) HRV serotype 2 (HRV2) as well as its empty (80S) capsid have been well characterized by capillary electrophoresis. In the present paper, we demonstrate separation of at least two forms of subviral A particles on the midway between native virions and empty 80S capsids by CE. For one of these intermediates, we established a reproducible way for its preparation and characterized this particle in terms of its electrophoretic mobility and its appearance in transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, the conversion of this intermediate to 80S particles was investigated. Gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis (GEMMA) yielded additional insights into sample composition. More data on particle characterization including its protein composition and RNA content (for unambiguous identification of the detected intermediate as subviral A particle) will be presented in the second part of the publication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor U Weiss
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
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Birnbaumer G, Küpcü S, Jungreuthmayer C, Richter L, Vorauer-Uhl K, Wagner A, Valenta C, Sleytr U, Ertl P. Rapid liposome quality assessment using a lab-on-a-chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:2753-2762. [PMID: 21691661 DOI: 10.1039/c0lc00589d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Although liposomes have many outstanding features such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, low toxicity and structural diversity, and are successfully applied in many areas of chemistry and biotechnology, a lack of characterization standards and quality control tools are still inhibiting the translation of liposome technology into clinical routine. The greatest obstacle to clinical scale commercialization is the inability to ensure liposome formulation stability because small size variations or altered surface chemistries can significantly influence in vivo distribution and excretion kinetics that could in turn lead to unpredictable therapy outcomes. To enhance the product development process we have developed a microfluidic biochip containing embedded dielectric microsensors capable of providing quantitative results on formulation composition and stability based on the monitoring of the unique electric properties of liposomes. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations confirmed that microfluidics offer reproducible and well-defined measurement conditions where a moving liposome suspension within a microchannel behaves like a bulk material. Results of this study demonstrate the ability of microfluidics, in combination with dielectric spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis methods, to identify nine different liposomes. We also show that various liposome modifications such as membrane-bound surface proteins, lipid bilayer soluble drugs, as well as protein and dye encapsulations, can be detected in the absence of any labels or indicators. Since shelf-life stability of a liposome formulation is regarded of prime importance for regulatory approval and clinical application, we further provide a possible practical application of the developed liposome analysis platform as a high-throughput tool for industrial quality insurance purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Birnbaumer
- Department of Health & Environment, Nano Systems, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Donau-City Street 1, 1220 Vienna, Austria
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Liposomal nanocontainers as models for viral infection: monitoring viral genomic RNA transfer through lipid membranes. J Virol 2011; 85:8368-75. [PMID: 21680510 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00329-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
After uptake into target cells, many nonenveloped viruses undergo conformational changes in the low-pH environment of the endocytic compartment. This results in exposure of amphipathic viral peptides and/or hydrophobic protein domains that are inserted into and either disrupt or perforate the vesicular membranes. The viral nucleic acids thereby gain access to the cytosol and initiate replication. We here demonstrate the in vitro transfer of the single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome of human rhinovirus 2 into liposomes decorated with recombinant very-low-density lipoprotein receptor fragments. Membrane-attached virions were exposed to pH 5.4, mimicking the in vivo pH environment of late endosomes. This triggered the release of the RNA whose arrival in the liposomal lumen was detected via in situ cDNA synthesis by encapsulated reverse transcriptase. Subsequently, cDNA was PCR amplified. At a low ratio between virions and lipids, RNA transfer was positively correlated with virus concentration. However, membranes became leaky at higher virus concentrations, which resulted in decreased cDNA synthesis. In accordance with earlier in vivo data, the RNA passes through the lipid membrane without causing gross damage to vesicles at physiologically relevant virus concentrations.
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Subirats X, Blaas D, Kenndler E. Recent developments in capillary and chip electrophoresis of bioparticles: Viruses, organelles, and cells. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:1579-90. [PMID: 21647924 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In appropriate aqueous buffer solutions, biological particles usually exhibit a particular electric surface charge due to exposed charged or chargeable functional groups (amino acid residues, acidic carbohydrate moieties, etc.). Consequently, these bioparticles can migrate in solution under the influence of an electric field allowing separation according to their electrophoretic mobilities or their pI values. Based on these properties, electromigration methods are of eminent interest for the characterization, separation, and detection of such particles. The present review discusses the research papers published between 2008 and 2010 dealing with isoelectric focusing and zone electrophoresis of viruses, organelles and microorganisms (bacteria and yeast cells) in the capillary and the chip format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Subirats
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria.
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Weiss VU, Bilek G, Pickl-Herk A, Subirats X, Niespodziana K, Valenta R, Blaas D, Kenndler E. Liposomal leakage induced by virus-derived peptides, viral proteins, and entire virions: rapid analysis by chip electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2011; 82:8146-52. [PMID: 20806784 DOI: 10.1021/ac101435v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Permeabilization of model lipid membranes by virus-derived peptides, viral proteins, and entire virions of human rhinovirus was assessed by quantifying the release of a fluorescent dye from liposomes via a novel chip electrophoretic assay. Liposomal leakage readily occurred upon incubation with the pH-sensitive synthetic fusogenic peptide GALA and, less efficiently, with a 24mer peptide (P1-N) derived from the N-terminus of the capsid protein VP1 of human rhinovirus 2 (HRV2) at acidic pH. Negative stain transmission electron microscopy showed that liposomes incubated with the rhinovirus-derived peptide remained largely intact. At similar concentrations, the GALA peptide caused gross morphological changes of the liposomes. On a molar basis, the leakage-inducing efficiency of the P1 peptide was by about 2 orders of magnitude inferior to that of recombinant VP1 (from HRV89) and entire HRV2. This underscores the role in membrane destabilization of VP1 domains remote from the N-terminus and the arrangement of the peptide in the context of the icosahedral virion. Our method is rapid, requires tiny amounts of sample, and allows for the parallel determination of released and retained liposomal cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor U Weiss
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
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