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Wu T, Karimi-Maleh H, Dragoi EN, Puri P, Zhang D, Zhang Z. Traditional methods and biosensors for detecting disinfection by-products in water: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 237:116935. [PMID: 37625534 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, pollution caused by disinfection by-products (DBPs) has become a global concern. Initially, there were fewer contaminants, and the mechanism of their generation was unclear; however, the number of contaminants has increased exponentially as a result of rapid industrialization and numerous economic activities (e.q., during the outbreak of COVID-19 a surge in the use of chlorinated disinfectants was observed). DBP toxicity results in various adverse health effects and organ failure in humans. In addition, it profoundly affects other forms of life, including animals, plants, and microorganisms. This review comprehensively discusses the pre-treatment methods of traditional and emerging DBPs and the technologies applied for their detection. Additionally, this paper provides a detailed discussion of the principles, applicability, and characteristics of traditional large-scale instrumentation methods (such as gas/liquid/ion chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry) for detecting DBPs based on their respective detection techniques. At the same time, the design, functionality, classification, and characteristics of rapid detection technologies (such as biosensors) are also detailed and analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 611731, Xiyuan Ave, Chengdu, China
| | - Hassan Karimi-Maleh
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 611731, Xiyuan Ave, Chengdu, China; School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon.
| | - Elena Niculina Dragoi
- Cristofor Simionescu Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University, Bld. D Mangeron no 700050, Iasi, Romania
| | - Paridhi Puri
- University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, 140413, Punjab, India
| | - Dongxing Zhang
- Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Yesun Industry Zone, Guanlan Street, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518110, China.
| | - Zhouxiang Zhang
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 611731, Xiyuan Ave, Chengdu, China
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Peng F, Lu Y, Dong X, Wang Y, Li H, Yang Z. Advances and research needs for disinfection byproducts control strategies in swimming pools. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 454:131533. [PMID: 37146331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The control of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in swimming pools is of great significance due to the non-negligible toxicity and widespread existence of DBPs. However, the management of DBPs remains challenging as the removal and regulation of DBPs is a multifactorial phenomenon in pools. This study summarized recent studies on the removal and regulation of DBPs, and further proposed some research needs. Specifically, the removal of DBPs was divided into the direct removal of the generated DBPs and the indirect removal by inhibiting DBP formation. Inhibiting DBP formation seems to be the more effective and economically practical strategy, which can be achieved mainly by reducing precursors, improving disinfection technology, and optimizing water quality parameters. Alternative disinfection technologies to chlorine disinfection have attracted increasing attention, while their applicability in pools requires further investigation. The regulation of DBPs was discussed in terms of improving the standards on DBPs and their preccursors. The development of online monitoring technology for DBPs is essential for implementing the standard. Overall, this study makes a significant contribution to the control of DBPs in pool water by updating the latest research advances and providing detailed perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Peng
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Yi Lu
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Xuelian Dong
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Yingyang Wang
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Haipu Li
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha 410083, PR China.
| | - Zhaoguang Yang
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha 410083, PR China.
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Li J, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Bian Y, Hu C, Wang ZH, Feng XS. Haloacetic Acids in the Aquatic Environment. SEPARATION & PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2022.2141649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, Pei-ching 100021, China
| | - Yu Bian
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Cong Hu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Wang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
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Ali I, Alharbi OML, Marsin Sanagi M. Nano-capillary electrophoresis for environmental analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2015; 14:79-98. [PMID: 32214934 PMCID: PMC7087629 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-015-0547-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Many analytical techniques have been used to monitor environmental pollutants. But most techniques are not capable to detect pollutants at nanogram levels. Hence, under such conditions, absence of pollutants is often assumed, whereas pollutants are in fact present at low but undetectable concentrations. Detection at low levels may be done by nano-capillary electrophoresis, also named microchip electrophoresis. Here, we review the analysis of pollutants by nano-capillary electrophoresis. We present instrumentations, applications, optimizations and separation mechanisms. We discuss the analysis of metal ions, pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, explosives, viruses, bacteria and other contaminants. Detectors include ultraviolet-visible, fluorescent, conductivity, atomic absorption spectroscopy, refractive index, atomic fluorescence spectrometry, atomic emission spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, mass spectrometry, time-of-flight mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. Detection limits ranged from nanogram to picogram levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, 110025 India
| | - Omar M. L. Alharbi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Taibah University, P.O. Box 30002, Madinah Al-Munawarah, 41477 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd. Marsin Sanagi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor Malaysia
- Ibnu Sina Institute for Fundamental Science Studies, Nanotechnology Research Alliance, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor Malaysia
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Koczka PI, Bodoki E, Gáspár A. Application of capacitively coupled contactless conductivity as an external detector for zone electrophoresis in poly(dimethylsiloxane) chips. Electrophoresis 2015; 37:398-405. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Péter I. Koczka
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
| | - Ede Bodoki
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy; Cluj Napoca Romania
| | - Attila Gáspár
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
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Zhang X, Zhang H, Liu Y, Guo L, Ye J, Chu Q. Sensitive Determination of Five Priority Haloacetic Acids by Electromembrane Extraction with Capillary Electrophoresis. CHINESE J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201400633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Henson CM, Emmert GL, Simone PS. A fully-automated analyzer for determining haloacetic acid concentrations in drinking water. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 117:586-595. [PMID: 25303464 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A fully-automated, on-line, real-time analyzer has been developed for preconcentration and analysis of haloacetic acids (HAAs). Preconcentration of HAAs is achieved by sample acidification and solid phase extraction onto a hydrophobic polymeric resin using sequential injection analysis (SIA). The HAAs preconcentrate is then analyzed using post-column reaction-ion chromatography (PCR-IC), which is selective for HAAs. Systematic optimization of SIA preconcentration parameters are described followed by detailed method detection limit (MDL), accuracy, precision, and linearity studies. MDL values for the individual HAA9 species range from 0.4 to 0.9 μg L(-1). Side-by-side comparison studies of HAAs analysis in 14 real-world drinking water samples from Alabama, Arkansas, Kentucky, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, New York, Pennsylvania and Tennessee are presented that compare the optimized SIA-PCR-IC to USEPA Method 552.3. Trace levels of HAAs detected in select samples are reported, and the bias values calculated between the two methods are typically less than 5 μg L(-1) for eight of the nine individual HAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Henson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Gary L Emmert
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Paul S Simone
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA.
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Zhai H, Li J, Chen Z, Su Z, Liu Z, Yu X. A glass/PDMS electrophoresis microchip embedded with molecular imprinting SPE monolith for contactless conductivity detection. Microchem J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hung SH, Her GR. A convenient and sensitive method for haloacetic acid analysis in tap water by on-line field-amplified sample-stacking CE-ESI-MS. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:3635-43. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sih-Hua Hung
- Department of Chemistry; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Guor-Rong Her
- Department of Chemistry; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
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Sun H, Jiang F, Chen L, Zheng J, Wu Y, Liu M. Determination of Three Phthalate Esters in Environmental Samples by Coal Cinder Extraction and Cyclodextrin Modified Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 52:547-52. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Liu X, Wei X, Zheng W, Jiang S, Templeton MR, He G, Qu W. An optimized analytical method for the simultaneous detection of iodoform, iodoacetic acid, and other trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids in drinking water. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60858. [PMID: 23613747 PMCID: PMC3628783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An optimized method is presented using liquid-liquid extraction and derivatization for the extraction of iodoacetic acid (IAA) and other haloacetic acids (HAA9) and direct extraction of iodoform (IF) and other trihalomethanes (THM4) from drinking water, followed by detection by gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD). A Doehlert experimental design was performed to determine the optimum conditions for the five most significant factors in the derivatization step: namely, the volume and concentration of acidic methanol (optimized values = 15%, 1 mL), the volume and concentration of Na2SO4 solution (129 g/L, 8.5 mL), and the volume of saturated NaHCO3 solution (1 mL). Also, derivatization time and temperature were optimized by a two-variable Doehlert design, resulting in the following optimized parameters: an extraction time of 11 minutes for IF and THM4 and 14 minutes for IAA and HAA9; mass of anhydrous Na2SO4 of 4 g for IF and THM4 and 16 g for IAA and HAA9; derivatization time of 160 min and temperature at 40°C. Under optimal conditions, the optimized procedure achieves excellent linearity (R(2) ranges 0.9990-0.9998), low detection limits (0.0008-0.2 µg/L), low quantification limits (0.008-0.4 µg/L), and good recovery (86.6%-106.3%). Intra- and inter-day precision were less than 8.9% and 8.8%, respectively. The method was validated by applying it to the analysis of raw, flocculated, settled, and finished waters collected from a water treatment plant in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Public Health and Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environment Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Wei
- Key Laboratory of Public Health and Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environment Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Public Health and Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environment Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Songhui Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health and Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environment Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Michael R. Templeton
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gengsheng He
- Key Laboratory of Public Health and Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weidong Qu
- Key Laboratory of Public Health and Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environment Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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12
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Kubáň P, Hauser PC. Contactless conductivity detection for analytical techniques: Developments from 2010 to 2012. Electrophoresis 2012; 34:55-69. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Kubáň
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno; Czech Republic
| | - Peter C. Hauser
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; Basel; Switzerland
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Ding Y, Bai L, Suo X, Meng X. Post separation adjustment of pH to enable the analysis of aminoglycoside antibiotics by microchip electrophoresis with amperometric detection. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:3245-53. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 07/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Ding
- College of Life Sciences; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing; China
| | - Liang Bai
- College of Life Sciences; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing; China
| | - Xingmei Suo
- School of Information Engineering; Minzu University of China; Beijing; China
| | - Xiangying Meng
- College of Life Sciences; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing; China
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Mark JJP, Scholz R, Matysik FM. Electrochemical methods in conjunction with capillary and microchip electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1267:45-64. [PMID: 22824222 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Electromigrative techniques such as capillary and microchip electrophoresis (CE and MCE) are inherently associated with various electrochemical phenomena. The electrolytic processes occurring in the buffer reservoirs have to be considered for a proper design of miniaturized electrophoretic systems and a suitable selection of buffer composition. In addition, the control of the electroosmotic flow plays a crucial role for the optimization of CE/MCE separations. Electroanalytical methods have significant importance in the field of detection in conjunction with CE/MCE. At present, amperometric detection and contactless conductivity detection are the predominating electrochemical detection methods for CE/MCE. This paper reviews the most recent trends in the field of electrochemical detection coupled to CE/MCE. The emphasis is on methodical developments and new applications that have been published over the past five years. A rather new way for the implementation of electrochemical methods into CE systems is the concept of electrochemically assisted injection which involves the electrochemical conversions of analytes during the injection step. This approach is particularly attractive in hyphenation to mass spectrometry (MS) as it widens the range of CE-MS applications. An overview of recent developments of electrochemically assisted injection coupled to CE is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas J P Mark
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Mai TD, Bomastyk B, Duong HA, Pham HV, Hauser PC. Automated capillary electrophoresis with on-line preconcentration by solid phase extraction using a sequential injection manifold and contactless conductivity detection. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 727:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kubáň P, Makarõtševa N, Kiplagat IK, Kaljurand M. Determination of five priority haloacetic acids by capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection and solid phase extraction preconcentration. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:666-73. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Kubáň
- Department of Chemistry; Tallinn University of Technology; Tallinn; Estonia
| | | | - Isaac K. Kiplagat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Mendel University in Brno; Brno; Czech Republic
| | - Mihkel Kaljurand
- Department of Chemistry; Tallinn University of Technology; Tallinn; Estonia
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Elbashir AA, Aboul-Enein HY. Recent advances in applications of capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (CE-C⁴D): an update. Biomed Chromatogr 2012; 26:990-1000. [PMID: 22430262 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis with a capacitively contactless conductivity detector (CE-C⁴D) is becoming a significant useful technique for the analysis of analytes in various fields such as pharmaceutical, biomedical, food and environmental. This review is an update describing the recent developments in the application of CE with a C⁴D detector.
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Masár M, Bomastyk B, Bodor R, Horčičiak M, Danč L, Troška P, Kuss HM. Determination of chloride, sulfate and nitrate in drinking water by microchip electrophoresis. Mikrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-012-0788-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Bernad JO, Damascelli A, Núñez O, Galceran MT. In-line preconcentration capillary zone electrophoresis for the analysis of haloacetic acids in water. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:2123-30. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Wu Y, Jiang F, Chen L, Zheng J, Deng Z, Tao Q, Zhang J, Han L, Wei X, Yu A, Zhang H. Determination of phenylenediamine isomers in hair dyes by coal cinders micro-column extraction and MEKC. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:2141-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4932-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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