1
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Hanif M, Hartinger CG. From the hypothesis-driven development of organometallic anticancer drugs to new methods in mode of action studies. Med Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adioch.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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2
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Development and Validation of Liquid Chromatography-Based Methods to Assess the Lipophilicity of Cytotoxic Platinum(IV) Complexes. INORGANICS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics6040130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipophilicity is a crucial parameter for drug discovery, usually determined by the logarithmic partition coefficient (Log P) between octanol and water. However, the available detection methods have restricted the widespread use of the partition coefficient in inorganic medicinal chemistry, and recent investigations have shifted towards chromatographic lipophilicity parameters, frequently without a conversion to derive Log P. As high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) instruments are readily available to research groups, a HPLC-based method is presented and validated to derive the partition coefficient of a set of 19 structurally diverse and cytotoxic platinum(IV) complexes exhibiting a dynamic range of at least four orders of magnitude. The chromatographic lipophilicity parameters φ0 and Log kw were experimentally determined for the same set of compounds, and a correlation was obtained that allows interconversion between the two lipophilicity scales, which was applied to an additional set of 34 platinum(IV) drug candidates. Thereby, a φ0 = 58 corresponds to Log P = 0. The same approaches were successfully evaluated to determine the distribution coefficient (Log D) of five ionisable platinum(IV) compounds to sample pH-dependent effects on the lipophilicity. This study provides straight-forward HPLC-based methods to determine the lipophilicity of cytotoxic platinum(IV) complexes in the form of Log P and φ0 that can be interconverted and easily expanded to other metal-based compound classes.
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3
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Klencsár B, Li S, Balcaen L, Vanhaecke F. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma – Mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS) for quantitative metabolite profiling of non-metal drugs. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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4
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Holtkamp HU, Morrow SJ, Kubanik M, Hartinger CG. Hyphenation of capillary electrophoresis to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with a modified coaxial sheath-flow interface. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1561:76-82. [PMID: 29798804 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoretic analyses benefit significantly from hyphenation to mass spectrometric techniques. While the coupling to ESI-MS is routinely performed, for example by using a coaxial sheath-flow interface, hyphenating it to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry is more technically challenging. We use a commercially available coaxial sheath-flow interface (CSFI) and a simple PTFE-based end-cap for easy, inexpensive CE-ICP-MS hyphenation with improved sensitivity and analytical performance compared to commercially available interfaces. We have optimized key nebulizer parameters such as capillary position, sheath liquid flow rate, and carrier gas flow rate, and compared the CSFI with a commercially available interface. In a set of proof-of-principle experiments employing the anticancer agent cisplatin it was demonstrated that the signal to noise response and sensitivity were considerably improved leading to detection limits for 195Pt of 0.08 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah U Holtkamp
- University of Auckland, School of Chemical Sciences, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand(1)
| | - Stuart J Morrow
- University of Auckland, School of Chemical Sciences, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand(1)
| | - Mario Kubanik
- University of Auckland, School of Chemical Sciences, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand(1)
| | - Christian G Hartinger
- University of Auckland, School of Chemical Sciences, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand(1).
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5
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Giringer K, Holtkamp HU, Movassaghi S, Tremlett WDJ, Lam NYS, Kubanik M, Hartinger CG. Analysis of ruthenium anticancer agents by MEEKC-UV and MEEKC-ICP-MS: Impact of structural motifs on lipophilicity and biological activity. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:1201-1207. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Giringer
- School of Chemical Sciences; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Hannah U. Holtkamp
- School of Chemical Sciences; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Sanam Movassaghi
- School of Chemical Sciences; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | | | - Nelson Y. S. Lam
- School of Chemical Sciences; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Mario Kubanik
- School of Chemical Sciences; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
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6
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Klencsár B, Balcaen L, Cuyckens F, Lynen F, Vanhaecke F. Development and validation of a novel quantification approach for gradient elution reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem ICP-mass spectrometry (RP-HPLC-ICP-MS/MS) and its application to diclofenac and its related compounds. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 974:43-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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7
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Holtkamp HU, Morrow SJ, Kubanik M, Hartinger CG. Cobalt complexes as internal standards for capillary zone electrophoresis–mass spectrometry studies in biological inorganic chemistry. J Biol Inorg Chem 2017; 22:789-798. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-016-1426-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Guichard N, Guillarme D, Bonnabry P, Fleury-Souverain S. Antineoplastic drugs and their analysis: a state of the art review. Analyst 2017; 142:2273-2321. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an00367f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We provide an overview of the analytical methods available for the quantification of antineoplastic drugs in pharmaceutical formulations, biological and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Guichard
- Pharmacy
- Geneva University Hospitals (HUG)
- Geneva
- Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Geneva
- University of Lausanne
- Geneva
- Switzerland
| | - Pascal Bonnabry
- Pharmacy
- Geneva University Hospitals (HUG)
- Geneva
- Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
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9
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Mohorič U, Beutner A, Krickl S, Touraud D, Kunz W, Matysik FM. Surfactant-free microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (SF-MEEKC) with UV and MS detection - a novel approach for the separation and ESI-MS detection of neutral compounds. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:8681-8689. [PMID: 27866256 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-0057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC) is a powerful tool to separate neutral species based on differences in their hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties. However, as a major drawback the conventionally used SDS based microemulsions are not compatible with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). In this work, a surfactant-free microemulsion (SFME) consisting of water, ethanol, and 1-octanol is used for surfactant-free microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (SF-MEEKC). Ammonium acetate was added to the SFME enabling electrophoretic separations. The stability of SFMEs containing ammonium acetate was investigated using small-angle X-ray scattering and dynamic light scattering. A method for the separation of a model system of hydrophobic and hydrophilic neutral vitamins, namely the vitamins B2 and D3, and the cationic vitamin B1 was developed using UV/VIS detection. The influence of the ammonium acetate concentration on the separation performance was studied in detail. The method was characterized concerning reproducibility of migration times and peak areas and concerning the linearity of the calibration data. Furthermore, SF-MEEKC was coupled to ESI-MS investigating the compatibility between SFMEs and the ESI process. The signal intensities of ESI-MS measurements of the model analytes were comparable for SFMEs and aqueous systems. Finally, the vitamin D3 content of a drug treating vitamin D3 deficiency was determined by SF-MEEKC coupled to ESI-MS using 25-hydroxycholecalciferol as an internal standard. Graphical abstract The concept of surfactant-free microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urška Mohorič
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Beutner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Krickl
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Didier Touraud
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Werner Kunz
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Frank-Michael Matysik
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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10
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Hoffmeister BR, Hejl M, Adib-Razavi MS, Jakupec MA, Galanski M, Keppler BK. Bis- and Tetrakis(carboxylato)platinum(IV) complexes with mixed axial ligands - synthesis, characterization, and cytotoxicity. Chem Biodivers 2016; 12:559-74. [PMID: 25879501 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201400291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A series of twelve novel diamminetetrakis(carboxylato)platinum(IV) and 18 novel bis(carboxylato)dichlorido(ethane-1,2-diamine)platinum(IV) complexes with mixed axial carboxylato ligands was synthesized and characterized by multinuclear (1) H-, (13) C-, (15) N-, and (195) Pt-NMR spectroscopy. Their cytotoxic potential was evaluated (by MTT assay) against three human cancer cell lines derived from ovarian teratocarcinoma (CH1/PA-1), lung (A549), and colon carcinoma (SW480). In the cisplatin-sensitive CH1/PA-1 cancer cell line, diamminetetrakis(carboxylato)platinum(IV) complexes showed IC50 values in the low micromolar range, whereas, for the most lipophilic compounds of the bis(carboxylato)dichlorido(ethane-1,2-diamine)platinum(IV) series, IC50 values in the nanomolar range were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn R Hoffmeister
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, AT-1090 Vienna (phone: +43-1-427752600; fax: +43-1-427752680)
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11
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Abstract
Microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC) is a special mode of capillary electrophoresis employing a microemulsion as carrier electrolyte. Analytes may partition between the aqueous phase of the microemulsion and its oil droplets which act as a pseudostationary phase. The technique is well suited for the separation of neutral species, in which case charged oil droplets (obtained by addition of an anionic or cationic surfactant) are present. A single set of separation parameters may be sufficient for separation of a wide range of analytes belonging to quite different chemical classes. Fine-tuning of resolution and analysis time may be achieved by addition of organic solvents, by changes in the nature of the surfactants (and cosurfactants) used to stabilize the microemulsion, or by various additives that may undergo some additional interactions with the analytes. Besides the separation of neutral analytes (which may be the most important application area of MEEKC), it can also be employed for cationic and/or anionic species. In this chapter, MEEKC conditions are summarized that have proven their reliability for routine analysis. Furthermore, the mechanisms encountered in MEEKC allow an efficient on-capillary preconcentration of analytes, so that the problem of poor concentration sensitivity of ultraviolet absorbance detection is circumvented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Buchberger
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Universität Linz, TNF-Tower, T 209, Altenbergerstraße 69, Linz, 4040, Austria.
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12
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Holtkamp H, Hartinger CG. Capillary electrophoresis in metallodrug development. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2015; 16:16-22. [PMID: 26547417 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a separation method based on differential migration of analytes in electric fields. The compatibility with purely aqueous separation media makes it a versatile tool in metallodrug research. Many metallodrugs undergo ligand exchange reactions that can easily be followed with this method and the information gained can even be improved by coupling the CE to advanced detectors, such as mass spectrometers. This gives the method high potential to facilitate the development of metallodrugs, especially when combined with innovative method development and experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Holtkamp
- University of Auckland, School of Chemical Sciences, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Christian G Hartinger
- University of Auckland, School of Chemical Sciences, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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13
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Cao W, Hu SS, Li XY, Pang XQ, Cao J, Ye LH, Dai HB, Liu XJ, Da JH, Chu C. Highly sensitive analysis of flavonoids by zwitterionic microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography coupled with light-emitting diode-induced fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1358:277-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.06.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Li M, Ji H, Li J, Yuan H, Xiao D. A high-sensitivity LIF detector with silver mirror coating detection window and small-angle optical deflection from collinear system for CE. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:3163-70. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- College of Chemistry; Sichuan University; Chengdu P. R. China
| | - Hongyun Ji
- College of Chemistry; Sichuan University; Chengdu P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Chemistry; Sichuan University; Chengdu P. R. China
| | - Hongyan Yuan
- College of Chemical Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu P. R. China
| | - Dan Xiao
- College of Chemistry; Sichuan University; Chengdu P. R. China
- College of Chemical Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu P. R. China
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15
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Yang H, Ding Y, Cao J, Li P. Twenty-one years of microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (1991-2012): A powerful analytical tool. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:1273-94. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (China Pharmaceutical University); Nanjing; P. R. China
| | - Yao Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (China Pharmaceutical University); Nanjing; P. R. China
| | - Jun Cao
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou; P. R. China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (China Pharmaceutical University); Nanjing; P. R. China
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16
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Banfic J, Adib-Razavi MS, Galanski M, Keppler BK. Platinum(IV) Complexes Featuring Axial (1, 4-13C2)Succinato Ligands - Synthesis, Characterization, and Preliminary Investigations in Cancer Cell Lysates. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201300058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Hoffmeister BR, Adib-Razavi MS, Jakupec MA, Galanski M, Keppler BK. Diamminetetrakis(carboxylato)platinum(IV) complexes--synthesis, characterization, and cytotoxicity. Chem Biodivers 2013; 9:1840-8. [PMID: 22976974 PMCID: PMC3499686 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201200019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of eight novel diamminetetrakis(carboxylato)platinum(IV) complexes was synthesized and characterized by multinuclear 1H-, 13C-, 15N-, and 195Pt-NMR spectroscopy. Their antiproliferative potency was evaluated in three human cancer cell lines representing ovarian (CH1), lung (A549), and colon carcinoma (SW480). In cisplatin-sensitive CH1 cancer cells, cytotoxicity was found in the low micromolar range, whereas, in inherently cisplatin-resistant A549 and SW480 cells, the activity was very low or negligible. Astonishingly, raise in lipophilicity of the complexes, as found in the case of cisplatin analogs, did not result in a significant enhancement of the cytotoxic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn R Hoffmeister
- University of Vienna, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Währinger Strasse 42, AT-1090 Vienna
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18
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Cao J, Li P, Chen J, Tan T, Dai HB. Enhanced separation of Compound Xueshuantong capsule using functionalized carbon nanotubes with cationic surfactant solutions in MEEKC. Electrophoresis 2012; 34:324-30. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cao
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou; P. R. China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing; P. R. China
| | - Jue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing; P. R. China
| | - Ting Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing; P. R. China
| | - Han-Bin Dai
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou; P. R. China
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Anticancer metallodrug research analytically painting the "omics" picture--current developments and future trends. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:1791-808. [PMID: 23070042 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6450-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Anticancer metallodrug development has for a long time been characterised by the similarity of new drug candidates to cisplatin and DNA as the primary target. Recent advances in bioanalytical techniques with high sensitivity and selectivity have revealed that metal-based drugs can undergo a wide range of biomolecular interactions beyond DNA and have generated interest in proteins as possible targets for metallodrugs. In fact, implementation of metallomics approaches that are able to reveal the fate of the compounds in biological systems can help to move drug development towards more targeted and rational design of novel metallodrugs. Additionally, proteomic screening and gene expression analysis can provide insight into physiological response to drug treatment and identify the reasons for drug resistance. Herein, we review selected applications which led to a better understanding of the mode of action of clinically established metal-based anticancer agents and novel metallodrug candidates.
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Bytzek AK, Hartinger CG. Capillary electrophoretic methods in the development of metal-based therapeutics and diagnostics: new methodology and applications. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:622-34. [PMID: 22451055 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, capillary electrophoresis (CE) has matured to a standard method in medicinal inorganic chemistry. More and more steps of the drug discovery process are followed by CE. However, not only the number of applications has steadily increased but also the variety of used methodology has significantly broadened and, as compared to a few years ago, a wider scope of separation modes and hyphenated systems has been used. Herein, a summary of the newly utilized CE methods and their applications in metallodrug research in the timeframe 2006-2011 is presented, following related reviews from 2003 and 2007 (Electrophoresis, 2003, 24, 2023-2037; Electrophoresis 2007, 28, 3436-3446). Areas covered include impurity profiling, quality control of pharmaceutical formulations, lipophilicity estimation, interactions between metallodrugs and proteins or nucleotides, and characterization and also quantification of metabolites in biological matrices and real-world samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Bytzek
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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21
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Meermann B, Sperling M. Hyphenated techniques as tools for speciation analysis of metal-based pharmaceuticals: developments and applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:1501-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5915-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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22
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Yu L, Chu K, Ye H, Liu X, Yu L, Xu X, Chen G. Recent advances in microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Espada A, Molina-Martin M. Capillary electrophoresis and small molecule drug discovery: a perfect match? Drug Discov Today 2012; 17:396-404. [PMID: 22387356 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is an analytical technique based on the separation of the analytes within a capillary owing to their different electrophoretic mobilities. It is widely used in pharmaceutical analyses owing to its versatility and high separation power. However, its penetration into the drug discovery scene has been relatively limited until recent years. Several factors have contributed to this low implementation, including the maturity of liquid chromatography, the scarcity of experienced CE practitioners, and certain limitations intrinsic to the technique. Recently, instrumental improvements and the growing demand for analytical information have lead to a continuously expanding range of routine electrophoretic applications throughout pharmaceutical discovery and development. In this article we review CE fundamentals, review well-established CE methodologies in drug discovery of small molecules and discuss trends that, in our opinion, might emerge in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Espada
- Analytical Technologies Department, Centro de Investigación Lilly SA, Avda de la Industria 30, 28108-Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain
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24
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Abramkin S, Valiahdi SM, Jakupec MA, Galanski M, Metzler-Nolte N, Keppler BK. Solid-phase synthesis of oxaliplatin-TAT peptide bioconjugates. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:3001-5. [PMID: 22281694 DOI: 10.1039/c2dt12024k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Platinum-based drugs play a crucial role in the fight against cancer. Oxaliplatin, which is used in the treatment of colorectal carcinoma, was the last platinum-based agent to be approved worldwide. However, the efficiency of the therapy is limited for example by a low accumulation of the drug in cancer cells. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are known to ease the cellular membrane transport and are used as vectors for low-molecular-weight drugs and drug carriers; of them, TAT peptides are the best-studied group. In this work, a TAT-peptide fragment (YGRKKRRQRRR) was for the first time conjugated to a platinum(IV) analog of oxaliplatin as a vehicle for membrane penetration. Solid-phase peptide synthesis and subsequent coupling with the platinum complex afforded mono- and difunctionalized conjugates, which were separated by preparative HPLC and characterized by analytical HPLC, ESI-MS, and (1)H NMR spectroscopy. Both conjugates are active in the low micromolar range in CH1 and SW480 human cancer cells, requiring much lower concentrations than the untargeted analogs for equal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Abramkin
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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25
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Varbanov HP, Valiahdi SM, Kowol CR, Jakupec MA, Galanski M, Keppler BK. Novel tetracarboxylatoplatinum(iv) complexes as carboplatin prodrugs. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:14404-14415. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt31366a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Chen Z, Lin Z, Zhang L, Cai Y, Zhang L. Analysis of plant hormones by microemulsion electrokinetic capillary chromatography coupled with on-line large volume sample stacking. Analyst 2012; 137:1723-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an16313f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Geiger
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, 207
Pleasant Street South East, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Amy L. Hogerton
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, 207
Pleasant Street South East, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Michael T. Bowser
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, 207
Pleasant Street South East, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Kubáň P, Timerbaev AR. CE of inorganic species - A review of methodological advancements over 2009-2010. Electrophoresis 2011; 33:196-210. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2011] [Revised: 07/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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29
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Varbanov H, Valiahdi SM, Legin AA, Jakupec MA, Roller A, Galanski MS, Keppler BK. Synthesis and characterization of novel bis(carboxylato)dichloridobis(ethylamine)platinum(IV) complexes with higher cytotoxicity than cisplatin. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:5456-64. [PMID: 21940073 PMCID: PMC3206992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of six novel bis(carboxylato)dichloridobis(ethylamine)platinum(IV) complexes was synthesized and characterized in detail by elemental analysis, FT-IR, ESI-MS, HPLC, multinuclear (1H, 13C, 15N, 195Pt) NMR spectroscopy and in one case by X-ray diffraction. Cytotoxic properties of the complexes were evaluated in four human tumor cell lines originating from ovarian carcinoma (CH1 and SK-OV-3), colon carcinoma (SW480) and non-small cell lung cancer (A549) by means of the MTT colorimetrical assay. In addition, their octanol/water partition coefficients (log P values) were determined. Remarkably the most active (and also most lipophilic) compounds, having 4-propyloxy-4-oxobutanoato and 4-(2-propyloxy)-4-oxobutanoato axial ligands, showed IC50 values down to the low nanomolar range.
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Analysis of anticancer drugs: a review. Talanta 2011; 85:2265-89. [PMID: 21962644 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, the number of patients receiving chemotherapy has considerably increased. Given the toxicity of cytotoxic agents to humans (not only for patients but also for healthcare professionals), the development of reliable analytical methods to analyse these compounds became necessary. From the discovery of new substances to patient administration, all pharmaceutical fields are concerned with the analysis of cytotoxic drugs. In this review, the use of methods to analyse cytotoxic agents in various matrices, such as pharmaceutical formulations and biological and environmental samples, is discussed. Thus, an overview of reported analytical methods for the determination of the most commonly used anticancer drugs is given.
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Balcerzak M. Methods for the Determination of Platinum Group Elements in Environmental and Biological Materials: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2011.588922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Nussbaumer S, Fleury-Souverain S, Schappler J, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL, Bonnabry P. Quality control of pharmaceutical formulations containing cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin by micellar and microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC, MEEKC). J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:253-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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33
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From hydrolytically labile to hydrolytically stable RuII–arene anticancer complexes with carbohydrate-derived co-ligands. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 105:224-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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34
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Reithofer MR, Bytzek AK, Valiahdi SM, Kowol CR, Groessl M, Hartinger CG, Jakupec MA, Galanski MS, Keppler BK. Tuning of lipophilicity and cytotoxic potency by structural variation of anticancer platinum(IV) complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 105:46-51. [PMID: 21134601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A series of bis(carboxylato)dichlorido(ethane-1,2-diamine)platinum(IV) compounds with IC(50) values ranging between 142 μM and 18 nM was investigated with respect to their lipophilicity (by the shake flask method as well as microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography), reduction potential, as well as their cellular accumulation in cancer cells in vitro. In general, the antiproliferative properties of the complexes correlated with their lipophilicity as well as their accumulation, whereas differences in antiproliferative potency could not be explained by reduction potentials since they do not vary significantly within the investigated series of compounds. Only minor effects for complexes featuring polar end groups were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Reithofer
- University of Vienna, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Waehringer Str. 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Ryan R, McEvoy E, Sheila Donegan, Power J, Altria K. Recent developments in the methodology and application of MEEKC. Electrophoresis 2010; 32:184-201. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 08/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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36
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Pantůčková P, Gebauer P, Boček P, Křivánková L. Recent advances in CE-MS: Synergy of wet chemistry and instrumentation innovations. Electrophoresis 2010; 32:43-51. [PMID: 21171112 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
CE with MS detection is a hyphenated technique which greatly improves the ability of CE to deal with real samples, especially with those coming from biology and medicine, where the target analytes are present as trace amounts in very complex matrices. CE-MS is now almost a routine technique performed on commercially available instruments. It faces currently a tremendous development of the technique itself as well as of its wide application area. Great interest in CE-MS is reflected in the scientific literature by many original research articles and also by numerous reviews. The review presented here has a general scope and belongs to a series of regularly published reviews on the topic. It covers the literature from the last 2 years, since January 2008 till June 2010. It brings a critical selection of related literature sorted into groups reflecting the main topics of actual scientific interest: (i) innovations in CE-ESI-MS, (ii) use of alternative interfaces, and (iii) ways to enhance sensitivity. Special attention is paid to novel electrolyte systems amenable to CE-MS including nonvolatile BGEs, to advanced CE separation principles such as MEKC, MEEKC, chiral CE, and to the use of preconcentration techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Pantůčková
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
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