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Cherian P, Zhu J, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, Hill RA, Klaassen CD, Liebler DC, Marks JG, Shank RC, Slaga TJ, Snyder PW, Heldreth B. Amended Safety Assessment of Parabens as Used in Cosmetics. Int J Toxicol 2020; 39:5S-97S. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581820925001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety (Panel) assessed the safety of 21 parabens as preservatives in cosmetic products. All of these ingredients are reported to function in cosmetics as preservatives; however, 5 are reported to also function as fragrance ingredients. The Panel reviewed relevant data relating to the safety of these ingredients under the reported conditions of use in cosmetic formulations. The Panel concluded that 20 of the 21 parabens included in this report are safe in cosmetics in the present practices of use and concentration described in this safety assessment when the sum of the total parabens in any given formulation does not exceed 0.8%. However, the available data are insufficient to support a conclusion of safety for benzylparaben in cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Cherian
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Scientific Analyst/Writer, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jinqiu Zhu
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Toxicologist, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Wilma F. Bergfeld
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Donald V. Belsito
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ronald A. Hill
- Former Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Daniel C. Liebler
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - James G. Marks
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ronald C. Shank
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Thomas J. Slaga
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Paul W. Snyder
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Toxicologist, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bart Heldreth
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Executive Director, Washington, DC, USA
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Matyjaszczyk-Gwarda K, Wójcik T, Łukawska M, Chlopicki S, Walczak M. Lipophilicity profiling of anthracycline antibiotics by microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography-effects on cardiotoxicity and endotheliotoxicity. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:3108-3116. [PMID: 31650569 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Accurate profiling of the lipophilicity of amphoteric compounds might be complex and laborious. In the present work the lipophilicity of 12 anthracycline antibiotics-four parent drugs: doxorubicin, daunorubicin, epidoxorubicin, and epidaunorubicin and eight novel formamidyne derivatives with attached morpholine, hexamethylenoimine or piperidine rings-was determined based on novel approach using MEEKC. In the second stage, lipophilicity was correlated with anthracycline toxicity towards two cell lines. In rat cardiomyoblast cell line (h9c2) a significant correlation between the logP and toxicity was found. The anthracycline lipophilicity was not correlated with toxicity towards the endothelial hybrid cell line (EAhy.926). In conclusion, the lipophilicity of anthracyclines seems to determine their toxicity towards cardiomyoblasts but not on endothelial cells, suggesting a different mechanism of anthracyclines intercellular transport or extrusion in cardiomyoblast and endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Matyjaszczyk-Gwarda
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.,Chair and Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wójcik
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Łukawska
- Łukasiewicz Research Network-Institute of Biotechnology and Antibiotics, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.,Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Walczak
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.,Chair and Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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Giringer K, Holtkamp HU, Movassaghi S, Tremlett WDJ, Lam NYS, Kubanik M, Hartinger CG. Analysis of ruthenium anticancer agents by MEEKC-UV and MEEKC-ICP-MS: Impact of structural motifs on lipophilicity and biological activity. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:1201-1207. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Giringer
- School of Chemical Sciences; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Hannah U. Holtkamp
- School of Chemical Sciences; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Sanam Movassaghi
- School of Chemical Sciences; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | | | - Nelson Y. S. Lam
- School of Chemical Sciences; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Mario Kubanik
- School of Chemical Sciences; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
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Penny WM, Steele HB, Ross JBA, Palmer CP. Phospholipid bilayer affinities and solvation characteristics by electrokinetic chromatography with a nanodisc pseudostationary phase. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:738-746. [PMID: 27859480 PMCID: PMC5500191 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipid bilayer nanodiscs composed of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and synthetic maleic acid-styrene copolymer belts have been introduced as a pseudostationary phase (PSP) in electrokinetic chromatography and demonstrated good performance. The nanodiscs provide a suitable migration range and high theoretical plate counts. Using this nanodisc pseudostationary phase, the affinity of the bilayer structure for probe solutes was determined and characterized. Good correlation is observed between retention factors and octanol water partition coefficients for particular categories of solutes, but the general correlation is weak primarily because the nanodiscs show stronger affinity than octanol for hydrogen bond donors. This suggests that a more appropriate application of this technology is to measure and characterize interactions between solutes and lipid bilayers directly. Linear solvation energy relationship analysis of the nanodisc-solute interactions in this study demonstrates that the nanodiscs provide a solvation environment with low cohesivity and weak hydrogen bond donating ability, and provide relatively strong hydrogen bond acceptor strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Penny
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Harmen B Steele
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - J B Alexander Ross
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Christopher P Palmer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
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Martel S, Begnaud F, Schuler W, Gillerat F, Oberhauser N, Nurisso A, Carrupt PA. Limits of rapid log P determination methods for highly lipophilic and flexible compounds. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 915:90-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
Microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC) is a special mode of capillary electrophoresis employing a microemulsion as carrier electrolyte. Analytes may partition between the aqueous phase of the microemulsion and its oil droplets which act as a pseudostationary phase. The technique is well suited for the separation of neutral species, in which case charged oil droplets (obtained by addition of an anionic or cationic surfactant) are present. A single set of separation parameters may be sufficient for separation of a wide range of analytes belonging to quite different chemical classes. Fine-tuning of resolution and analysis time may be achieved by addition of organic solvents, by changes in the nature of the surfactants (and cosurfactants) used to stabilize the microemulsion, or by various additives that may undergo some additional interactions with the analytes. Besides the separation of neutral analytes (which may be the most important application area of MEEKC), it can also be employed for cationic and/or anionic species. In this chapter, MEEKC conditions are summarized that have proven their reliability for routine analysis. Furthermore, the mechanisms encountered in MEEKC allow an efficient on-capillary preconcentration of analytes, so that the problem of poor concentration sensitivity of ultraviolet absorbance detection is circumvented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Buchberger
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Universität Linz, TNF-Tower, T 209, Altenbergerstraße 69, Linz, 4040, Austria.
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Das C, Krishnamoorthy K. Disassembly of micelles in nanoscopic space to prepare concentric nanotubes with variable hydrophobic interiors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:5905-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc00841c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bajda M, Guła A, Więckowski K, Malawska B. Determination of lipophilicity of γ-butyrolactone derivatives with anticonvulsant and analgesic activity using micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:3079-85. [PMID: 24037952 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Revised: 07/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The lipophilicity of a library of 30 derivatives of dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one (γ-butyrolactone) was determined by MEKC. Calibration curve prepared for ten reference drugs enabled to calculate partition coefficient (log P) for novel compounds. The results of MEKC analysis were compared with lipophilicity coefficients determined by RP-TLC (R(M0)) and computational (Mlog P, Clog P) methods. Good correlation was observed between the results obtained by both experimental methods: the MEKC parameters log k and relative lipophilicity R(MO). The relationship between determined log P values and results of the computational prediction was weaker. Analysis of the relationship between lipophilicity and anticonvulsant activity showed statistically significant differences between mean values of log P coefficients for group of active (2.18) and inactive (1.51) compounds in the maximal electroshock test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Bajda
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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Yang H, Ding Y, Cao J, Li P. Twenty-one years of microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (1991-2012): A powerful analytical tool. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:1273-94. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (China Pharmaceutical University); Nanjing; P. R. China
| | - Yao Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (China Pharmaceutical University); Nanjing; P. R. China
| | - Jun Cao
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou; P. R. China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (China Pharmaceutical University); Nanjing; P. R. China
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Pallicer JM, Pascual R, Port A, Rosés M, Ràfols C, Bosch E. The contribution of the hydrogen bond acidity on the lipophilicity of drugs estimated from chromatographic measurements. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 48:484-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Opletalová V, Kastner P, Kučerová-Chlupáčová M, Palát K. Study of hydrophobic properties of biologically active open analogues of flavonoids. J Mol Graph Model 2013; 39:61-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Glatz Z. Application of short-end injection procedure in CE. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:631-42. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Glatz
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science and CEITEC; Masaryk University; Brno; Czech Republic
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Li RH, Liu DH, Yang ZH, Zhou ZQ, Wang P. Vortex-assisted surfactant-enhanced-emulsification liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of triazine herbicides in water samples by microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:2176-83. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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Bytzek AK, Hartinger CG. Capillary electrophoretic methods in the development of metal-based therapeutics and diagnostics: new methodology and applications. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:622-34. [PMID: 22451055 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, capillary electrophoresis (CE) has matured to a standard method in medicinal inorganic chemistry. More and more steps of the drug discovery process are followed by CE. However, not only the number of applications has steadily increased but also the variety of used methodology has significantly broadened and, as compared to a few years ago, a wider scope of separation modes and hyphenated systems has been used. Herein, a summary of the newly utilized CE methods and their applications in metallodrug research in the timeframe 2006-2011 is presented, following related reviews from 2003 and 2007 (Electrophoresis, 2003, 24, 2023-2037; Electrophoresis 2007, 28, 3436-3446). Areas covered include impurity profiling, quality control of pharmaceutical formulations, lipophilicity estimation, interactions between metallodrugs and proteins or nucleotides, and characterization and also quantification of metabolites in biological matrices and real-world samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Bytzek
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Yu L, Chu K, Ye H, Liu X, Yu L, Xu X, Chen G. Recent advances in microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Espada A, Molina-Martin M. Capillary electrophoresis and small molecule drug discovery: a perfect match? Drug Discov Today 2012; 17:396-404. [PMID: 22387356 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is an analytical technique based on the separation of the analytes within a capillary owing to their different electrophoretic mobilities. It is widely used in pharmaceutical analyses owing to its versatility and high separation power. However, its penetration into the drug discovery scene has been relatively limited until recent years. Several factors have contributed to this low implementation, including the maturity of liquid chromatography, the scarcity of experienced CE practitioners, and certain limitations intrinsic to the technique. Recently, instrumental improvements and the growing demand for analytical information have lead to a continuously expanding range of routine electrophoretic applications throughout pharmaceutical discovery and development. In this article we review CE fundamentals, review well-established CE methodologies in drug discovery of small molecules and discuss trends that, in our opinion, might emerge in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Espada
- Analytical Technologies Department, Centro de Investigación Lilly SA, Avda de la Industria 30, 28108-Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain
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Altria KD, Barker NR, Hayworth M, Henderson AD. Use of a Single Capillary Electrophoresis Method as a Routine Identity Test for Batch Release of a Range of Pharmaceutical Products. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-011-2149-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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18
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Nussbaumer S, Fleury-Souverain S, Schappler J, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL, Bonnabry P. Quality control of pharmaceutical formulations containing cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin by micellar and microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC, MEEKC). J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:253-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ryan R, McEvoy E, Sheila Donegan, Power J, Altria K. Recent developments in the methodology and application of MEEKC. Electrophoresis 2010; 32:184-201. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 08/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Pantůčková P, Gebauer P, Boček P, Křivánková L. Recent advances in CE-MS: Synergy of wet chemistry and instrumentation innovations. Electrophoresis 2010; 32:43-51. [PMID: 21171112 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
CE with MS detection is a hyphenated technique which greatly improves the ability of CE to deal with real samples, especially with those coming from biology and medicine, where the target analytes are present as trace amounts in very complex matrices. CE-MS is now almost a routine technique performed on commercially available instruments. It faces currently a tremendous development of the technique itself as well as of its wide application area. Great interest in CE-MS is reflected in the scientific literature by many original research articles and also by numerous reviews. The review presented here has a general scope and belongs to a series of regularly published reviews on the topic. It covers the literature from the last 2 years, since January 2008 till June 2010. It brings a critical selection of related literature sorted into groups reflecting the main topics of actual scientific interest: (i) innovations in CE-ESI-MS, (ii) use of alternative interfaces, and (iii) ways to enhance sensitivity. Special attention is paid to novel electrolyte systems amenable to CE-MS including nonvolatile BGEs, to advanced CE separation principles such as MEKC, MEEKC, chiral CE, and to the use of preconcentration techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Pantůčková
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
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