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Thormann W, Mosher RA. Dynamic computer simulations of electrophoresis: 2010-2020. Electrophoresis 2021; 43:10-36. [PMID: 34287996 PMCID: PMC9292373 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The transport of components in liquid media under the influence of an applied electric field can be described with the continuity equation. It represents a nonlinear conservation law that is based upon the balance laws of continuous transport processes and can be solved in time and space numerically. This procedure is referred to as dynamic computer simulation. Since its inception four decades ago, the state of dynamic computer simulation software and its use has progressed significantly. Dynamic models are the most versatile tools to explore the fundamentals of electrokinetic separations and provide insights into the behavior of buffer systems and sample components of all electrophoretic separation methods, including moving boundary electrophoresis, CZE, CGE, ITP, IEF, EKC, ACE, and CEC. This article is a continuation of previous reviews (Electrophoresis 2009, 30, S16–S26 and Electrophoresis 2010, 31, 726–754) and summarizes the progress and achievements made during the 2010 to 2020 time period in which some of the existing dynamic simulators were extended and new simulation packages were developed. This review presents the basics and extensions of the three most used one‐dimensional simulators, provides a survey of new one‐dimensional simulators, outlines an overview of multi‐dimensional models, and mentions models that were briefly reported in the literature. A comprehensive discussion of simulation applications and achievements of the 2010 to 2020 time period is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Thormann
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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2
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Krait S, Konjaria ML, Scriba GKE. Advances of capillary electrophoresis enantioseparations in pharmaceutical analysis (2017-2020). Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1709-1725. [PMID: 33433919 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis is a powerful technique for the analysis of polar chiral compounds and has been widely accepted for analytical enantioseparations of drug compounds in pharmaceuticals and biological media. In addition, many mechanistic studies have been conducted in an attempt to rationalize enantioseparations in combination with spectroscopic and computational techniques. The present review will focus on recent examples of mechanistic aspects and summarize recent applications of stereoselective pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis published between January 2017 and November 2020. Various separation modes including electrokinetic chromatography in combination with several detection modes including laser-induced fluorescence, mass spectrometry and contactless conductivity detection will be discussed. A general trend also observed in other analytical techniques is the application of quality by design principles in method development and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulaiman Krait
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Philosophenweg 14, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Mari-Luiza Konjaria
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Philosophenweg 14, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Gerhard K E Scriba
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Philosophenweg 14, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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3
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Krait S, Salgado A, Villani C, Naumann L, Neusüß C, Chankvetadze B, Scriba GK. Unusual complexation behavior between daclatasvir and γ-Cyclodextrin. A multiplatform study. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1628:461448. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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4
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Separation of rotamers of 5-nitrosopyrimidines and estimation of binding constants of their complexes with β-cyclodextrin by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1570:164-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.07.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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5
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Steflova J, Storch G, Wiesner S, Stockinger S, Berg R, Trapp O. Investigation of Strain-Promoted Azide–Alkyne Cycloadditions in Aqueous Solutions by Capillary Electrophoresis. J Org Chem 2018; 83:604-613. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Steflova
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse
5−13, 81377 München, Germany
- Department
of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Golo Storch
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse
5−13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Sarah Wiesner
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse
5−13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Skrollan Stockinger
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse
5−13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Regina Berg
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse
5−13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse
5−13, 81377 München, Germany
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6
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Wuethrich A, Quirino JP. Derivatisation for separation and detection in capillary electrophoresis (2015-2017). Electrophoresis 2017; 39:82-96. [PMID: 28758685 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Derivatisation is an integrated part of many analytical workflows to enable separation and detection of the analytes. In CE, derivatisation is adapted in the four modes of pre-capillary, in-line, in-capillary, and post-capillary derivatisation. In this review, we discuss the progress in derivatisation from February 2015 to May 2017 from multiple points of view including sections about the derivatisation modes, derivatisation to improve the analyte separation and analyte detection. The advancements in derivatisation procedures, novel reagents, and applications are covered. A table summarising the 46 reviewed articles with information about analyte, sample, derivatisation route, CE method and method sensitivity is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Wuethrich
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Joselito P Quirino
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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7
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Peluso P, Mamane V, Aubert E, Cossu S. Recent trends and applications in liquid-phase chromatography enantioseparation of atropisomers. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:1830-1850. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Peluso
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare ICB CNR - Sede Secondaria di Sassari; Sassari Italy
| | - Victor Mamane
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg; UMR CNRS; Strasbourg Cedex France
| | - Emmanuel Aubert
- Cristallographie, Résonance Magnétique et Modélisations (CRM ), UMR CNRS; Université de Lorraine; Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy France
| | - Sergio Cossu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi; Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia; Mestre Venezia Italy
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Fischer F, Siegle AF, Checinski M, Fischer C, Kral K, Thede R, Trapp O, Hapke M. Synthesis of Naphthylpyridines from Unsymmetrical Naphthylheptadiynes and the Configurational Stability of the Biaryl Axis. J Org Chem 2016; 81:3087-102. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Fischer
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock (LIKAT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander F. Siegle
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marek Checinski
- CreativeQuantum GmbH (Adlershof), Wegedornstrasse
32, D-12524 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine Fischer
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock (LIKAT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Karolin Kral
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock (LIKAT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Richard Thede
- Institut für
Biochemie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marko Hapke
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock (LIKAT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
- Johannes Kepler Universität Linz, Institut für
Katalyse, Altenberger Straße 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
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9
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Bailly L, Petit E, Maeno M, Shibata N, Trapp O, Cardinael P, Chataigner I, Cahard D. Enantiomerization of Allylic Trifluoromethyl Sulfoxides Studied by HPLC Analysis and DFT Calculations. Chirality 2015; 28:136-42. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Bailly
- UMR 6014 CNRS C.O.B.R.A., FR3038 INC3M, CNRS; Université de Rouen & INSA de Rouen; Mont Saint Aignan France
| | - Emilie Petit
- UMR 6014 CNRS C.O.B.R.A., FR3038 INC3M, CNRS; Université de Rouen & INSA de Rouen; Mont Saint Aignan France
| | - Mayaka Maeno
- UMR 6014 CNRS C.O.B.R.A., FR3038 INC3M, CNRS; Université de Rouen & INSA de Rouen; Mont Saint Aignan France
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Science, Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya Institute of Technology; Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya Japan
| | - Norio Shibata
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Science, Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya Institute of Technology; Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya Japan
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Pascal Cardinael
- Normandie Université, Laboratoire SMS EA 3233; Université de Rouen; Chromatography Unit, FR3038 INC3M Mont Saint Aignan France
| | - Isabelle Chataigner
- UMR 6014 CNRS C.O.B.R.A., FR3038 INC3M, CNRS; Université de Rouen & INSA de Rouen; Mont Saint Aignan France
| | - Dominique Cahard
- UMR 6014 CNRS C.O.B.R.A., FR3038 INC3M, CNRS; Université de Rouen & INSA de Rouen; Mont Saint Aignan France
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10
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Stockinger S, Troendlin J, Rominger F, Trapp O. On-Column Reaction Set-Up for High-Throughput Screenings and Mechanistic Investigations. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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Shibukawa M, Miyake A, Eda S, Saito S. Determination of the cis–trans Isomerization Barriers of l-Alanyl-l-proline in Aqueous Solutions and at Water/Hydrophobic Interfaces by On-Line Temperature-Jump Relaxation HPLC and Dynamic On-Column Reaction HPLC. Anal Chem 2015; 87:9280-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masami Shibukawa
- Graduate School of Science
and Technology, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Ayaka Miyake
- Graduate School of Science
and Technology, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Sayaka Eda
- Graduate School of Science
and Technology, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Shingo Saito
- Graduate School of Science
and Technology, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
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12
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Walz S, Weis S, Franz M, Rominger F, Trapp O. Investigation of the enantiomerization barriers of the phthalimidone derivatives EM12 and lenalidomide by dynamic electrokinetic chromatography. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:796-804. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Walz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Sylvia Weis
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Mareike Franz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
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13
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Zawatzky K, Kamuf M, Trapp O. Chiral 1,2-dialkenyl diaziridines: synthesis, enantioselective separation, and nitrogen inversion barriers. Chirality 2014; 27:156-62. [PMID: 25378198 DOI: 10.1002/chir.22405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
trans-1,2-Disubstituted diaziridines form stable enantiomers at ambient conditions because of the two stereogenic pyramidal nitrogen atoms. Functionalized trans-1,2-disubstituted diaziridines can be utilized as a chiral switching moiety between two enantiomeric states in more complex molecular structures. However, the synthesis of functionalized diaziridines is quite challenging, because of the limited tolerance of reaction conditions that can be applied. Here we present a strategy to make trans-1,2-disubstituted diaziridines accessible as versatile building blocks in C-C-bond formations, i.e., the Heck reaction, and therefore introducing aryl substituents. The synthesis of trans-1,2-dialkenyl diaziridines with terminal alkenyl substituents and their stereodynamic properties are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Zawatzky
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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14
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Maier F, Trapp O. Selektorinduzierte dynamische Deracemisierung eines selektandmodifizierten tropos-BIPHEPO-Liganden: Anwendung in der organokatalysierten asymmetrischen Doppelaldolreaktion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201402293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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15
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Maier F, Trapp O. Selector-Induced Dynamic Deracemization of a Selectand-Modified Tropos BIPHEPO-Ligand: Application in the Organocatalyzed Asymmetric Double-Aldol-Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:8756-60. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201402293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Gmeiner J, Seibicke M, Lang C, Gärtner U, Trapp O. An Immobilised Grubbs 2ndGeneration Catalyst for Application in Flow-Through Devices. Adv Synth Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201301182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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Stockinger S, Trapp O. Comparison of a Molecular and an Immobilized Gadolinium(III)-tris[(1R,4S)-3-heptafluorobutanoyl-camphor] as Catalyst in the Asymmetric Danishefsky-Hetero-Diels-Alder-Reaction. Chirality 2014; 26:243-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Skrollan Stockinger
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Heidelberg Germany
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Stockinger S, Gmeiner J, Zawatzky K, Troendlin J, Trapp O. From stereodynamics to high-throughput screening of catalysed reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:14301-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc04892j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this review we summarised recent developments in high-throughput kinetic monitoring of reactions including the dynamics of interconverting stereoisomers and the simultaneous combination of (catalysed) reactions with chemical analysis in on-column reaction chromatographic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skrollan Stockinger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Gmeiner
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Zawatzky
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Troendlin
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Stockinger S, Trapp O. Integrating reaction and analysis: investigation of higher-order reactions by cryogenic trapping. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:1837-42. [PMID: 24062850 PMCID: PMC3778332 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A new approach for the investigation of a higher-order reaction by on-column reaction gas chromatography is presented. The reaction and the analytical separation are combined in a single experiment to investigate the Diels-Alder reaction of benzenediazonium-2-carboxylate as a benzyne precursor with various anthracene derivatives, i.e. anthracene, 9-bromoanthracene, 9-anthracenecarboxaldehyde and 9-anthracenemethanol. To overcome limitations of short reaction contact times at elevated temperatures a novel experimental setup was developed involving a cooling trap to achieve focusing and mixing of the reactants at a defined spot in a fused-silica capillary. This trap functions as a reactor within the separation column in the oven of a gas chromatograph. The reactants are sequentially injected to avoid undefined mixing in the injection port. An experimental protocol was developed with optimized injection intervals and cooling times to achieve sufficient conversions at short reaction times. Reaction products were rapidly identified by mass spectrometric detection. This new approach represents a practical procedure to investigate higher-order reactions at an analytical level and it simultaneously provides valuable information for the optimization of the reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skrollan Stockinger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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20
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Wernisch S, Trapp O, Lindner W. Application of cinchona-sulfonate-based chiral zwitterionic ion exchangers for the separation of proline-containing dipeptide rotamers and determination of on-column isomerization parameters from dynamic elution profiles. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 795:88-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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21
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Peluso P, Cossu S. Comparative HPLC Enantioseparation of Thirty-Six Aromatic Compounds on Four Columns of the Lux® Series: Impact of Substituents, Shapes and Electronic Properties. Chirality 2013; 25:709-18. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Peluso
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare ICB CNR - UOS di Sassari; Sassari Italy
| | - Sergio Cossu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi; Università Ca' Foscari di Venezia; Venezia Italy
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22
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Kamuf M, Trapp O. Stereodynamics of small 1,2-dialkyldiaziridines. Chirality 2013; 25:224-9. [PMID: 23401088 DOI: 10.1002/chir.22131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Diaziridines are very interesting representatives of organic compounds containing stereogenic nitrogen atoms. In particular, 1,2-dialkyldiaziridines show extraordinarily high stereointegrity. The lone electron pairs of the nitrogen atoms are in trans configuration, avoiding a four-electron repulsive interaction. Furthermore, the trans configuration of the substituents at the nitrogen atoms is energetically favored because of reduced steric interactions. Therefore only two stereoisomers (enantiomers) are observed. At elevated temperatures the enantiomers are interconverting because of the limited stereointegrity of the chirotopic nitrogen atoms. The enantiomerization rate constants and the activation parameters of interconversion are of great interest. Here, we investigated the stereodynamics of a set of small 1,2-dialkyldiaziridines bearing short substituents (Me, Et, iPr, tBu), using enantioselective dynamic gas chromatography (DGC). Separation of enantiomers of all compounds, including the highly volatile 1,2-dimethyldiaziridine, was achieved using heptakis(2,3-di-O-ethyl-6-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-β-cyclodextrin in 50% PS086 (w/w) as chiral stationary phase in fused silica capillaries with a length of up to 50 m. Measurements at variable temperatures were performed and reaction rate constants were determined using the unified equation of chromatography implemented in the software DCXplorer. The activation barriers at room temperature for 1-(tert-butyl)-2-ethyldiaziridine, ΔG(╪)(298K) = 123.8 kJ mol(-1) (ΔH(╪) = 115.5±2.9 kJ mol(-1), ΔS(╪) = -28±1 J mol(-1) K(-1)), and 1-ethyl-2-isopropyldiaziridine, ΔG(╪)(298K) = 124.2 kJ mol(-1) (ΔH(╪) = 113.1±2.4 kJ mol(-1), ΔS(╪) = -37±2 J mol(-1) K(-1)), were determined, representing some of the highest values observed for nitrogen inversion in diaziridines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kamuf
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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23
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Viktorova EN, Korolev AA, Orekhov VA, Kanat’eva AY, Kurganov AA. Separating ultra-high molecular weight polymers on monolithic capillary columns. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s003602441302012x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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24
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25
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Fuessl S, Trapp O. Integration of on-column catalysis and EKC analysis: Investigation of enantioselective sulfoxidations. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:1060-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Fritzsche S, Ohla S, Glaser P, Giera DS, Sickert M, Schneider C, Belder D. Asymmetric Organocatalysis and Analysis on a Single Microfluidic Nanospray Chip. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:9467-70. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201102331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Fritzsche S, Ohla S, Glaser P, Giera DS, Sickert M, Schneider C, Belder D. Asymmetrische Organokatalyse und Analyse in einem mikrofluidischen Nanospray-Chip. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201102331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Svobodová J, Dubský P, Tesařová E, Gaš B. Accuracy and sensitivity of the determination of rate constants of interconversion in achiral and chiral environments by dynamic enantioselective electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:595-603. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Lang C, Gärtner U, Trapp O. Catalysts by the meter: rapid screening approach of N-heterocyclic carbeneligand based catalysts. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:391-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc02306j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Protein separation on a polar-copolymerized C8 stationary phase. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:3415-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4462-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kamuf M, Trapp O. Stereodynamics of tetramezine. Chirality 2010; 23:113-7. [PMID: 20845424 DOI: 10.1002/chir.20885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The antidepressant drug tetramezine [1,2-bis-(3,3-dimethyldiaziridin-1-yl)ethane] consists of two bridged diaziridine moieties with four stereogenic nitrogen centers, which are stereolabile and, therefore, are prone to interconversion. The adjacent substituents at the nitrogen atoms of the diaziridines moieties exist only in an antiperiplanar conformation, which results in a coupled interconversion. Therefore, three stereoisomers exist (meso form and two enantiomeric forms), which epimerize when the diaziridine moieties are regarded as stereogenic units due to the coupled interconversion. Here, we have investigated the epimerization between the meso and enantiomeric forms by dynamic gas chromatography. Temperature-dependent measurements were performed, and reaction rate constants were determined using the unified equation of chromatography implemented in the software DCXplorer. The activation barriers of the epimerization were found to be ΔG(≠) = 100.7 kJ mol(-1) at 25°C and ΔG(≠) = 104.5 kJ mol(-1) at 37°C, respectively. The activation enthalpy and entropy were determined to be ΔH(≠) = 70.3 ± 0.4 kJ mol(-1) and ΔS(≠) = -102 ± 2 J mol(-1) K(-1) .
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kamuf
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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